Toll Like Receptors, Phagocytosis and inflammation (Innate Immune System) - Immunology
Вставка
- Опубліковано 22 лип 2024
- This video is part 2 of Innate immunity - Cellular Factors (Toll-like Receptors, Phagocytosis and Inflammation)
Content:
Introduction: 0:00
Toll Like Receptors: 0:20
Phagocytosis: 4:45
Immune system part in Inflammation: 12:40
-------------------------------
💎Channel membership: / @taimtalksmed
📷 Follow my IG: / taimtalksmed
💝 Donation link: www.buymeacoffee.com/taimtalk...
-------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All information in my immunology videos are from:
- Book: Immunology, Eighth Edition by David Male, Jonathan Brostoff, David Roth and Ivan Roitt
- Additional research in PubMed
- University lecture materials
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TLR dimerization: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Toll Like Receptors:
Location:
- Epithelial Cells of mucous membrane
- Endothelial Cells
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
- Neutrophils
Membrane bound TLR:
TLR 1/2 and TLR2/6:
- Peptidoglycan/Lipotechoic acid
- Lipoproteins
TLR 4:
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Fungal Mannan
- Viral Envelope Protein
TLR 5:
- Bacterial flagellin
Intracellular receptors:
TLR 3:
- Double Stranded RNA from virus
TLR 7:
- Single Stranded RNA
TLR 8:
- Double stranded RNA from virus
TLR 9:
- Unmethylated CpG islands
Toll Like Receptors trigger:
1. Release of cytokines (TNF, IL1 and IL12)
2. Chemokines (IL8)
3. Antiviral Cytokines (IFN a/b)
Phagocytosis:
Professional Phagocytes:
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages/Monocytes
- Mast Cells
- Dendritic Cells
Steps in Phagocytosis:
Step 1: Binding
- Non specific surface receptors (Mannose Receptor, Toll Like receptor, CD14)
- Indirect Opsonization (C3b)
- Direct Opsonization: Fc receptor to antibody
Step 2: Engulfment
- Pseudopods around bacteria
Step 3: Phagosome
- Formation of phagosome
Step 4: Digestion
- Oxygen Dependent digestion (Reactive Oxygen Species)
- Oxygen independent digestion
- Lysosome (Cell wall breakdown)
- Enzymes (Proteolytic, Hydrolytic)
- Antimicrobial Peptides (Defensins)
- Acidic Reactions (Low pH)
- Lactoferrin (Neutrophils)
Step 5: Antigen Presentation
- Present on MHC class 1 or class 2
- Or release digested bacteria to Interstitial fluid. It’s then absorbed by the lymph vessels to the lymph node
Active macrophage release cytokines:
- Interleukin 8: Chemotaxis for Leukocytes
- Interleukin 1: Activate T-Ly and Macrophages
- Interleukin 6: Activate T- and B-Ly
- TNF-a: Activate Endothelium
- Interleukin 12: Activate Natural Killer cell
Interleukin 1, 6 and Tumor necrotic factor alpha: Endogenic Pyrogens (Cause Fever)
- Goes to Hypothalamus to release Prostaglandins E2
- Interleukin 6 goes to the liver to release acute phase proteins
Incomplete Phagocytosis:
Phagocytes can’t breakdown bacteria
- Listeria: release Listeriolysin
- Mycobacteria tuberculosis: catalase
Immune system in Inflammation:
- Swelling (Due to increase permeability of blood vessel)
- Pain (Due to diapedesis and edema pressing on pain receptors)
- Heat
- Redness
💙 Support the channel and get these AWESOME emotes : ua-cam.com/channels/Er7pkSXVsHcBLLBcJAGV-Q.htmljoin
📷 Instagram: instagram.com/taimtalksmed/
Great stuff! I like these kind of clearly explained videos. Looking forward to more!
am in med school and ur channel saves me every time thank u!
you make my concept clear. Really appreciate your efforts. 💙
My English is not that good but I understand you very well , great vedio
Where can I find you, ive heard that you’re a student RSU. Would like to connect with you
Thank you very much keep going please
Glad you're finding the videos helpful! :)
1st line of defense is skin etc
Neden neden türkler böyle video çekmiyor ya gerçekten üzücü