The Empire of Salt - Origins of the Celts
Вставка
- Опубліковано 15 вер 2024
- The origins of the Celts has been debated for many years. The consensus typically places those origins with the Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures in Central Europe. Through recent genetic studies and historical sources I examine the origins of the Celts and how their ancient trade network played a key roll in their impressive spread.
To support the channel and get extra content, discussion, requests, etc.
/ fortressoflugh
Become a channel member for unique comments
You can also send me a SUPER THANKS
OR
Paypal donations (Greatly appreciated)
paypal.me/Fort...
You can find me on
Twitter/X
/ fortresslugh
Facebook
/ fortressoflugh
Website
www.fortressoflugh.com
The Hallstatt salt mine is one of the most important places in Europe that most have not heard of.
And a gorgeous location…
@@tonkabeancat1117 the whole town is wonderful.
Also the Wieliczka Salt Mine outside of Krakow, Poland - a gorgeous city! - and the Salzburg Salt Mine.
Halen (Hall) is salt in Welsh and stad(statt) is estate or town. Halen stad(Hallstatt).
@@gandolfthorstefn1780 There is a town in Austria literally called Wels
Another Fortress of Lugh classic.
Thank you for not forgetting us here in Austria. I live in Salzburg and was born in the rural area in the north of it. I also wanted to say: Just around the time when the Hallstatt era ended, a comet came down near lake Chiemsee in Bavaria (Chiemgau comet) The whole area was extinguished, absolutely devastated, people can hardly have survived and everything burnt down to the ground in a firestorm. The whole land between Salzburg and Munich was devastated and uninhabitable for decades. This must have disrupted much. Later, the land was re-inhabited of-course. But it was a major catastrophy.
Thank you ever so much for your work! Yes, we were Celts, too. This is the once Kingdom of Noricum speaking. 😃🤓😊😉
Sada i Germani postase Gali Kelti. Hrvati su Gali Galicani a svi ostali su potomci Hrvata Galicana
That's how much god hates the Germans. Everytime they have a streak he sends them a comet or a austrian.
@@IvoLucic-xz4fi Kingdom of Noricum here, yes. Salzburg had a Belenus cult which was a twin to Aquileia. And the rural "Walchen"= romanized Celts were still there when the Bavarians took over.
@@GermanaMirza pišeš gluposti koja halstatska kultura. Europu su stvorili Galicani Gali iz centralne Bosne to je jedina istina. Od Istre do Gali polja u Turskoj je GA LIJA Zemlja ILIJE GROMOVNIKA. Hram ILIJE GROMOVNIKA je bio u Splitu na brdu Marjan u Splitu ako nisi znao. Naša civilizacija je stara sedam tisuća pesto trideset dvije godine ako nisi znao koliko nam je star i kalendar 7532 godine. Ti pišeš o halstatskoj kulturi daj uspori. Slaveni su Slaveni zbog pozdrava Slava ILIJI i zato je ostalo Slaveni. Galski Nebeski zaštitnik i otac je ILIJA GROMOVNIK. ILIJIN Hram je bio u Splitu na brdu Marjan i izgradio ga je Marjan vodja drugoga Arijevskoga pohoda. Marjan je srušio kulu Babilonsku i Babilon i bio je najveći vojskovođa svih vremena. Od Atlantika do Pacifika je bilo Galsko Carstvo koje je osnovao Marjan. Božiji Hram je bio u Splitu a hram u Jeruzalemu je obična laž i izmišljotina. Split je bio prijestolnica Galskoga carstva ako nisi znao. Moraš upamtiti da Slaveni Gali imaju kalendar star 7532 godine i imaju najstarije pismo u Europi i na svijetu.
more history has been forgotten than recorded, that is why you and the work you do is valuable and needed thank you
He's been chewing the same gum for years, same as widespread theories.
I live in Lueneburg, Germany, federal state Lower Saxony, ca. 70000 inhabitants, which got rich as a salt producing place in the 13th and 14th centuries AD.
Some minor areas have considerably sunk recently so that several houses had to be pulled down. We literally live on salt mines. When you read in the news that a small German city vanished into the ground you know what had happened. 😮
God bless you against the immigrant crisis
Germans are good people you are allowed to be strong and protect yourselves you should not feel guilt for what your grandfathers did.
@@Boombox69inwhat goes around comes around Germanic folk kind had a habit of doin that 😅 kinda the whole reason England is called England
Always been the nature of the world
England is called England from Eggland. That's because before Indians Eggheads inhabited Eggland. There are still some around.
@@lowersaxon Europa unity is strength diversity divides!
Splendid work.
You really manage to build a world out of the evidence and sources.
With prehistoric Europe thats exactly what people crave as im sure we feel that its just out of reach.
Thanks.
If you like this topic, there is a historical fiction novel titled Salt Bronze and Iron about a Celt from Hallstat that goes on to fight as a mercenary throughout Europe. There are mythical/mystical elements to it but not ostentatiously.
you just keep dropping the bangers. absolutely golden, or should I say, salty, material.
I'm not a doctor, and over/under-consumption of many things can be harmful, but I wouldn't be surprised if someday we find out it's the way we process most salts that causes health problems and not salt itself.
Agreed. Typically when they treat salt they also add Potassium Ferrocyanide or some similar anti-caking agent. I've never seen a study but you'll often hear people experiencing less bloating and inflammation when switching to real salt like Celtic Sea Salt, Himalayan or etc. in their homes. I know I did.
It's better just to use real, non-treated salt and take a kelp or iodine supplement.
@@Toxicpoolofreekingmascul-lj4yd interesting. I rarely drink alcohol, but I do something that is infinitely more stupid.
I smoke cigarettes. I've tried to stop many times, and I have gone up to a year of cessitation.
Nothing that I try will ever help my blood pressure and other problems, because I'm an idiot.
I know a lot of people in their 80s and 90s that drink alcohol every day. They all drink wine, or small amounts of liquor.
My great aunt just turned 99 yrs old. She is very sharp, and still lives alone in her own house.
She drinks sherry, or fine whiskey every day (only after 5pm).
She quit smoking cigarettes in the 1960s.
Everything in moderation, I suppose.
Coarse celtic sea salt from the northern oceans is filled with goodness only need a tew teaspoons a day.
In combination with other trace minerals, it is necessary for health look up Dr Barbara ONeill
@@letsdothis9063the thing that finally worked for me (I quit 15 years ago after four serious attempts) was doing it randomly during Noro virus going through our family of five. I was bed-bound for three days, it was horrible. When I got up and finally wanted to eat/drink again the physical cigarette cravings were acute. I somehow decided to reframe the habit in my brain: getting really MAD at cigarettes and the fact they had me addicted through the nose was my reason to quit. I held onto that little bit of rage and vindictiveness so that every time a craving came along and I felt horrible, I pictured myself starving out the little beast that had me hooked. Like, I’m going to hurt you, you little bastard.
My mother in law did it three months ago at age 70 after having a tooth extracted. She couldn’t smoke because of the threat of getting dry socket, after two days when it became unbearable she used her fear of getting COPD/cancer to get her through the rest of the physical withdrawal process. It’s still hard for her at 3 months, but she did it.
My aunt right now almost completely swapped cigarettes out for a vape, which is still awful but less awful in that the amount of nicotine she consumes is at least 50% less. For her, it’s a very slow step down. She has to do it this way and so far so good. A neighbor offered her a pack of cigarettes a few days ago and she said no. All of us who love her are just supporting the heck out of her celebrating all those little victories.
You have to find your reason and you have to fight your own brain. Having supportive people around helps - they celebrate your day count and wins and that helps keep you accountable.
Keep trying. When you are finally ready to square up, dig down to that ancestral Celt in you and let him take charge. Take no prisoners ❤❤❤
I often felt as though the history of the celtic peoples predated the La Tene and even the Hallstat. I suspect what we call the celts now are just a continuation and evolution of the bell beaker folk/culture. Thank you for this video, there needs to be more investigation and compilation of the information on the Celts and their history, theirs is the history of at least a part of all western European peoples.
It’s a matter of semantics whether you call Celtic what diverged
to become it’s own distinct group of Indo-European or strictly what is developed by the Hallstatt culture. The latter definition distinguishes it from the Bell beaker cultures of the Atlantic which had later been succeeded in the iron age: that from there on all historically known Celtic languages are begat (though I argue one probable exception). I would picture the former definition to mind in the same fashion as to how bronze age Scandinavians would be labelled proto Germanic and speaking pre proto Germanic by basis of their unique/distinguished descent from PIEs.
Therefore we may see the Hallstatt culture as remarking the mature development of people which one would call Celtic, rather than viewing bronze age northwest Europe as non-celtic.
There is one recorded people in history, the Lusitani (speaking Lusitanian) who likely inherited their language from the Bell beaker colonists of Iberia and so with a separate origin to the Celtiberians.
These are hence a people who I would register Proto-Celtic.
@@mr.lagafact4731
Good post i can agree with.
The Bell-Beaker culture laid down the demographics out of which the latter Celts descend from, it laid down the common Indo-European dialects, which evolved to becoming Celtic languages, and laid down the shared cultural elements which allowed a continuous populational and cultural exchange between these people to over time become what we know as Celtic.
The Hallstatt culture was undoubtedly a very influential later culture among these sucessors of the Beakers, whose influence spread to the far corners of this group (and far beyond) and significantly contributed to the formation of the Celtic speaking populations.
But the point when we decide to consider when a people has become Celtic or not, is largely arbitrary.
I am not convinced that the Hallstatt elite was able to singlehandedly replace the local languages of Britain, Iberia and Gaul, as well as completely wipe out the previous toponomy, in fact Iberia Britain and Gaul have vastly more Celtic toponomy than anywhere east of Switzerland. It would be more likely that some form of proto-Celtic was already spoken in all of Western Europe, such as you said, Lusitanian, which despite all the debate i do consider "proto-Celtic" to be the most accurate label (In the most thorough analysis of the language it has been shown 65% of the lexicon to be Celtic in nature, 35% of which straight up contemporary Celtic cognants and 30% from earlier proto-Celtic forms, 20% undiferentiated Indo-European, and 10% from a pre-indoEuropean substrata).
I don't think Hallstatt had any significant impact in the language and i definitely don't see it as a vector for it's introduction in Iberia or Britain, considered Celtiberian, Gallaecian and Goidelic evolved from an earlier branch than the Lepontic spoken by Hallstatt.
Perhaps P-Celtic might have been influenced by Hallstatt, but Q-Celtic most certainly is continuous from the Atlantic Bronze Age.
Finally the label "Celtic" is a bit complex, as today we use it to refer to a language, but then when looking at archaeology we have a tendency to instead associate it with a material culture, whom most choose it to be Hallstatt, but ultimately it was a self-identification term. i think it's expecially worthwhile noting that the Lusitanians DID self-describe as "Celti" in their own epigraphic inscriptions. So weather or not we today consider their language as belonging in the Celtic family or not, they did self-identify as Celts, which is more than can be said about for example, the British Islands.
This.
@@mr.lagafact4731 Theres no evidence that the Lustitani are anything but celts. They just arent Celts. BUT WHY?
Those hats are something I did not expect for some reason. 😮 I read the book 'Salt' many years ago and found it fascinating. Although, at the time, I was more focused on Timbuktu and the Songhai empire. Thank you for another interesting and informative video.
As you said at the start of the video. It's crazy how undervalued salt is these days.
Supply & demand
Iodine
Actually it isn't. It's a serious business.
Salt is totally overvalued. In patriarchal societies salt is made from women tears. It's literally the most abundant resource. Only matriarchies struggle with salt.
Machines make things a lot easier.
Awesome video … greetings from southern Germany .. living about 6 miles away from The Heuneburg 😊
Fantastic job. Love the longer content. You’ve always got great topics, I learn a ton from this channel
Doing good work to show more perspectives of ancient history than just Roman or Greek. It's all you ever hear.
Really cool. A while back I was thinking about all those trade goods from ancient times and how their importance is totally lost on us in the modern age.
An absolutely epic & engaging presentation! Per usual
Salt is life. I have a friend who almost died when the doctor insisted that she go on a salt free diet!
Stand in the ocean
use only real salt - it c9ntains the minerals your body needs to use properly.. celtic Himalayan or Utah real salt mined. the so called salt in blue box is stripped down to just sodium. 🙏
Avoid doctors and lawyers as much as possible.....
"Basically the exact opposite of modern rulers." Lol. So true.
I had no idea Zefrank was also doing long form history videos! This is awesome! 👏
Even Salzburg means, you guessed it, salt town.
My favourite city in Austria, the Birthplace of Mozart.
Dear Kevin yet another masterpiece.. From Cape Town South Africa 🌹✌️😎
I feel like I’m taking a unique trip back in history everytime I watch your videos sir.
Gorgeous scholarly work of art , beautifully voiced and visual, I curtsy, Sir Kevin!
Love, peace and creativity, Geraldine
A people thrive on the industry nearest to them. This was a wonderful revelation on our Celtic ancestors and even their own forbearers.
As a parallel it now seems probable that the Yamnaya established their early wealth on salt, trading with the Eastern Mediterranean (likely a precursor to the Greek, Armenian spoken in the region along with other IE influences). What we thought occurred mostly via conquest by horsemen appears to at least in part been established by people with a knack for commercial and industrial abilities. This would have allowed the trade and exchange of ideas with the very industrious and culturally advanced Neolithic farmer populations of the Balkans and Anatolia and most importantly, Crete. For quite some time this must have occurred before any major migrations, likely in the koryos pattern.
And to think in the iron age, yet another Indo-European salt empire would spread and wield vast influence in the same region. The mighty Celts!
Universal laws of all tribes and their icons:
Truth (the Sword)
Rightness (the Stone)
Hospitality (the Cauldron)
Vendetta (the Spear)
Personally I believe it was a confederacy not an empire.
Foe-reign-ers seem to be the only thing that really unites tribes.
i believe the Celts were more a confederation than a Ethnic group.
Interesting
Listening in Ireland and great to hear the Gaelic references including our national game of hurling (shinty in Scotland). I wonder if our traditional music and dance, which is still thriving, have celtic roots too.
I'm Canadian with Irish heritage. There is no doubt in my mind that Irish culture is closest to the ancient Celts.
Thank you for your research and presentation.
Thank you for this. Not sure it's the right niche but if anyone's heavily in Celtic warfare and history I strongly recommend Schwerpunkt's relative series. I'd love to see a coop. Keep up with the great work
bot
@@cal2127how tf is this a bot? It’s a great recommendation.
@@cal2127🪞
Awesome video! Fascinating to see where the celts came from. Thanks for sharing!
Thank you for sharing this with us. In recent years due to the easy access to information technology it has become so easy for me to get so much information on the subjects I love which are history and archaeology. I have been able to not only trace my family back over 1000 years but also due to the scientific advances on DNA, genetics and languages I am now able to delve into my family's origins for thousands more years even though I am not able to trace the individual people from generation to generation. Amazing how the information on many levels melds together to form a solid and believable conclusion.
My traceable ancestors originated in Norway, Austria, Germany and France with a tiny bit of Irish and the story of the Indo Aryans and the Celts from this video allows the lense to focus and start to allow further details in the complex picture to be more visible and understandable. Thank you once again for this.
Sounds so much like Mr Mythos. Brilliant channel, thanks. 💪🏻
I enjoy listening. While I do mindless things. I love that I get to turn down time into learn time. Thank you for the insightful videos! 👍
It's a shame the Romans extinguished Carthage. Otherwise, we'd likely have written accounts of the Phoenicians visiting early Britain.
Not that important. Not guaranteed either.
@@lowersaxon to you maybe.... To others very important.
@@Scottie444 exactly! Imagine knowing more details about their voyage that supposedly rounded the horn of Africa!
@@AKNeal81 gives me the horn just thinking about it.
Yes it's obvious, this is how the Eire, ire, become Ireland these Aryans split from other indo-euros and through pheonicia in many migrations ended up in places called hy latins (one of these groups of migrations) Hibernia
The winds of grace are always blowing but one needs to raise the sail
This is beautiful. I am stealing it. Thanks in advance. 😊❤
@@letsdothis9063be sure and credit the author, Ramakrishna
Thanks!
Thanks for that. And wel done. May I suggest you mention beer and brewing as a large part of the festive diplomacy of an extended trade network.
I have Alpine Celt blood. And your videos are helping me understand what that means. Thank you.
That’s good for you
That's cool. There's a good video on the subject of the Celts titled: *'Who were the Galatians'* by the Truth in History channel if you're interested in checking that out. You may find it interesting even if you're not yet a saved believer (John 3:16), a Christian. God bless. ✝️
Science doesn't know that much about "Celtic blood" in todays society
Lugh, a video on the Bretons would be amazing!!!
I will, as soon as time allows.
Very interesting. Thank you. Would you be able to provide a bibliography? What sources have you used for this?
It is also worth noting that early in the adoption of agriculture, salt shored up a major nutritional deficiency due to the decreased intake of meat (and especially blood) and plants they no longer ate as consistently in favor of cereals. It was actually pretty important as a regular dietary supplement in addition to its use as a preservative and disinfectant.
We absolutely must discuss that hat on minute 13:46. Was that a king wearing sensible sun protection? Fashion coming back around again!
I noticed that too, not sure what to make of it to be honest.
There is a lot which still connects us Czechs to Celtic Boii (as on your mape here 26:50). Genetically, there is still quite a lot left, indicating that the Slavic folk did not come to a pristine empty land. Some legends say that our king soon after arrival told to his scouts (who asked him what to do with those who still love there) - let them be, they will come to be us one day!
And we still use the name for our country, which was made by Boii - Bohemia, which apparently means "Boii-haeme", home of the Boii. Here areound Prague, the names of villages are still ringing with that word, like "Bojany" (pronounce Boii-ahny), or "Bojský potok", meaning Boii creek, and few others.
By the way, I'm still convinced that (on the same map I timestamped here) the Venice in Italy, where you have also the big "Boii" was named by the Boii immigrants to Italy from Bohemia: 1) we have here a town named "Benátky", but we also call the Venetia by the same name (Benátky)! 2) I am sure that we don't call these two towns by the same names without a reason. Usually the new settlers bring their old names to their new land. The inhabitants of the original older town bear that legacy and this continue calling it the same way, although their languages part in the meantime.
I'm not an expert, but naturally, if the original name here was something like "Boii-natia" (could mean Boii nation) it's easy to imagine how one could change to "Benátky", while the Italian went towards "Venetia".
Tjekker
Intriguing
Yes!
@@DataBeingCollected Bohemians
@@DataBeingCollected Bohemians!
Beautiful video
My last name means salt seller and traces origins back to the celts
Beautiful! Wats ur last name?
What's the name? I'm curious
@@raevenhendrix7904 I'll give you a hint, what is salt in gaelic? Its basically that with a two letters added and just as many removed. Just like what happens to many transliterations over the course of time as dialects and lingua francas shift.
Your surname probably goes back to 19th century or so, maybe at least to the end of the Middle Ages. But not earlier. Back then salt digging was a booming business, as my ancestors were peat diggers as well, looking for salt.
Your surname has not to do with the Celts. There is no interrupted record, or tale, of family history from the Celts
3:34 is Lake Bled in Slovenia. Worth the trip. You're welcome.
And we are still here, as far as Portugal 💪You’re getting a New light to Keltic Culrure. Bravo!!!
😂☠️😂☠️😂☠️😂@@Cymduu
That's not how DNA works bro
@@xp8969 dna works in your ass
well done, thank you
Made me think Celt/Salt?
me too!
El trabajo que hacen tu equipo y tú es fascinante, gracias
Welcome!
I am an O'Brien.. I have always seen it as O'brine; Of Salt.
Interesting. Does the O'Brien or variations exist before Bryan Borru ? (spellings vary)
Beautiful and fascinating documentary truly classic, thanks for creating this.
Awesome video thank you.
I am primarily Keltic in ancestry. Both Insular and CONTINENTAL Kelt!
En tant que Français je me sent lié à tous mes cousins celtiques, du nord du l'Angleterre au sud du Portugal, de l'est des pays bas au centre de la Turquie de l'est de la Roumanie è l'ouest de la France. Que de guerres fratricides nous avons mené. Il est temps de nous réunit sous un seul drapeau: Celui des Celtes.
En tant Acadienne, je agree, me
@@violenceislife1987 Merci cousine.
Excellent ❤❤❤
Recently, I learned that most of my heritage is French. I suppose that would make my distant ancestors Celtic. I enjoy learning about this group of people and how they lived. I especially enjoy learning about their religion.
thank you
It hurts my soul to be severed from my roots in Europe.
keep crying, euro-american
The empire of - salt - iron - bronze - and gold
Thank you for the information I did learn new things from listening to this 👍🏻
14:36 So, when was the sea beyond Rhine inundated? Hmmmm,... Doggerland? Is this account mentioning the inundation of Doggerland some nine thousand years ago? I consider this a licky find and thank you! 👍🏼
Very interesting!
"Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men." - Matthew 5:13 ✝️ 🇵🇲
Excellent video. Keep it up!
Excellent piece - hoping there is one on Germanic culture for my next walk 👍 - you have my subscription.
The Celts also colonized Anatolia (now Turkey). See: Galatians
Interesting how the take over, of this mine, coincides with the Tollense valley battlefield. A battle in which flint arrowhead users fought copper arrowhead users. There is a tradition where Jason & the Argonauts sailed up the Danube.
proud to have Celtic heritage ✊🏼
Salt is also how the Republic of Venice built its wealth!
I would be interested to know if the collapse of the salt network and loss of power among the eastern Celts could have been the reason for them being displaced by the Germanic tribes migrating south.
Excellent!
Chus man
25:41 very interesting tales about Halstadt - but with mentioning the elotes probably living in southern Germany, it's a re isn't mention of the meteorite falling down in that region, which prompted a hollowing out (depopulation) of the centre of that empire, which also prompted the famous Celtic answer to Roman emperor when he asked what the Celts were most afraid of: "We aren't afraid of nothing except for falling sky!"
The information about this horrible event on the internet are quite sparse, I saw some evidence of burnt/partially melted bronze implements some 20 years ago, but later I never found it again.
Who knows how this event undercut the Celtic might and their future prospects in Europe?
wow, probably my best video of 2024 so far, all combined...
yeah, I m a Frank Frank, ha, ha, and love salt, can t get enough of it
people keep telling me it s not healthy, but at 55 I look close to 35...
ok, not table salt, I m a connaisseur, I go for sea or himalayan salt, powered by the sun, no less, pinky.
Francion de saliere 1 rst King of the Franks surely had a serious advantage over his competitors
I think there s some legend he drank sea salt, and treated his warriors the same, salt sanitizes wounds,
but if you drink some, you ll heal faster too.
if you have 100 troops each, but your opponent loses his men from wounds...
you ll get to a place where your men have more experience and are yes, more many...
knighthood, values leads to Kingdom, but management insures you stay King.
so now you know....
God bless America and world peace!
great work bro!
Classic video
Reading the title I was like "Empire of Salt - Origins of the Sselts"
The Keltoi were amazing people. :)
the Celts were more a confederation (who interchanged culture ofc) than an Ethnic group.
haha well
@@ritasjourney it's hard to say. I'm open to change of opininons with evidence on contrary tho.
4:20 my opinion on language shifts has mainly to do with women and children.
I mean that bell beaker men wirh Neolithic farmer wives, both would teach their language to their children. Baby talk changes everything.
I heard a weird audio distortion around 19:40 and I think he’s referring to Occupied Palestine, like from the river to the sea off of the coast where they found the shipwreck
And salt tastes good.
Thanks for sharing 😊
Excelente material. Muy atractivas e interesantes tus ideas.
There has also been a discover of pots with depictions of some pretty cool and unique lyres and proto zithers from Hallstatt and continental Celts. Not to mention the long Germanic types that have been found in the continent and Britain. I appreciate that you feature bits and pieces of the musical aspect in your videos, this tradition is quite strong and extends further back then some people might realize.
Thanks for another incredible video:)
It seems like you're describing a kind of proto-EEU, with a common language and currency(i.e. salt) spreading throughout what is now continental Europe and reaching up into the British Isles (as it does today).
In other words, a Europe united through a trading network, a common currency, and a common language may not be a 20th-century invention, but instead a tradition that reaches back several thousand years BCE.
I also like how you show that the kings could not prosper if the commoners did not prosper, a tradition we carry on today by voting out Presidents, Prime Ministers or Chancellors if the people are not faring well under their rule.
Still today, the state of the economy is the single most accurate predictor of whether an incumbent ruler will keep their seat in the next election cycle, not only in Europe, but across the globe.
And they got into Turkey - Galatai means Gaul (ie Celt) in Anatolian Greek
I loved your video,
there is some errors in the subtitles.
so what you are saying is "He who controls the salt, controls the sprachbund of bronze age western Europe!"
The Celts/Gaels spread into Asia Minor and into the Levant and Galilee, the most southern land.
At 18 What incompetent rowers!
Roman really never conquered Celtic just suppressing the Culture and arts of the celt clan's😮
Well done 👍
The salt in my supermarket costs 2000 pounds a packet, so I can't afford it.
A lot of statements here. Will require some dedicated rewatches and notes.
I’m not sure your newer viewers fully understand the implications of what you’ve outlined here about Celtic civilisation.
Thank you for your continued efforts. I persevere also in mine.
Thought that was Alan Moore in the thumbnail.
35:06 is anyone else profoundly creeped out by this scene? I can't quite put my finger on it.
@7:31 "They seized it from a handful of locals"
I come from Murtal Styria, which belonged to the Kingdom of Noricum at the time of the Hallstadt culture (Hallstadt was part of this kingdom). Archilogical excavations in the last few decades in my region have revealed a lot of finds from before and during Roman times. The Kingdom of Noricum more or less voluntarily joined the Romans in the 1st century BC. In any case, the Roman records that have been preserved say that. With the incorporation of the Noricians, Roman blacksmithing experienced a boost as the Celts' blacksmiths produced much better steel weapons were able to do better than the Romans at that time. Some historians even believe that it was this knowledge that enabled the Romans to build their later world empire! The famous short sword of the Romans, Glatius (I think that's what it was called), was developed around this time.
also friend, I don't pretend to know your beliefs, but I have the strangest feeling you would go far in the OBOD-order of bards ovates and druids
Unfortunately, your video shows Viking reconstructionists rowing…too bad. Yet, knowing the limitations of production, it’s understandable.
This was a good presentation. Thank you.