A Chemist Explains the ENTIRE History of Atomic Theory (in 48 Minutes)
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- Опубліковано 31 лип 2024
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#science #chemistry #history #atomictheory #oppenheimer #education
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
2:09 - Chapter 1 (The Philosophy)
4:59 - Chapter 2 (The Solid Sphere)
12:07 - Chapter 3 (The Electron)
17:26 - Chapter 4 (The Nucleus)
21:10 - Chapter 5 (The Shells)
25:08 - Chapter 6 (Isotopes)
28:46 - Chapter 7 (The Proton)
31:53 - Chapter 8 (A Particle or a Wave?)
36:48 - Chapter 9 (The Neutron)
42:16 - Chapter 10 (The Atomic Age)
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Photo of James Chadwick and of Otto Robert Frisch provided by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Unless otherwise indicated, this information has been authored by an employee or employees of the Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS), operator of the Los Alamos National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25396 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. Government has rights to use, reproduce, and distribute this information. The public may copy and use this information without charge, provided that this Notice and any statement of authorship are reproduced on all copies. Neither the Government nor LANS makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the use of this information.
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When we reached the atomists in a class I took my mind was blown by how much they were able to intuit via logic and reasoning. It was only the lack of tools to test these theories that allowed the idea to die out for centuries.
My exact reaction as well 🤯 They really were amazing thinkers.
Nah, the Greek philosophers had a lot of ridiculous ideas, if they got atoms kinda right it's just by luck.
@@CountBifford
I wouldn't say luck. The greek philosophers had a deep problem with the concept of infinity. Cutting something infinitely often into parts was something that frightened them. Infinity was something that led to strange and obviously wrong conclusions as can be seen by the famous paradoxes of Zeno of Elea.
Zeno set up a thought experiment as follows:
How do you walk from A to B? Well, you walk to a position halfway between A and B. Lets call it C. Once C is reached, you walk from C to B.
But how do you reach C? Easy. You walk to a point D, halfway in between A and C. How do you walk to D? Same idea: You walk from A to a point E, halfway in between A and D. And so on, and so on.
Since one can repeat this process infinitely often, it seems you will never get from A to B. The conclusion is unavoidable: It is impossible to walk from A to B and thus motion in itself is just an illusion.
The greek philosophers could not disprove this concept (Zeno came up with a number of other paradoxa, which shared the same concept - extrapolate some process to infinity) and it took centuries until mathematicians figured out, how to avoid the conclusion: inifinte series can have a finite limit.
@@CountBifford
That's how science works, though. Come up with as many ideas as you can, and the ones that don't work go away.
That's also how biological evolution happens. Random mutations produce millions of species. Those that don't work out away.
They also lacked the tools to do anything else with that idea. It died out for centuries because no one could build a bomb out of it.
As soon as the state discovers that your science can create a better weapon, then the scientists get money.
39:45 he said her full name like a true historian should. Polish people are grateful for this historical accuracy as "Skłodowska" is omitted very often these days.
Who’s she then?
@@annoyingbstard9407 A pole, she has always declared herself as a pole, even though she was, inextricably, a naturalized french, yet still a pole.
There is an awesome polish movie based on her biography, named just Curie afaik, i recommend it.
@@annoyingbstard9407
Marie Curie
We were given all this for free in school with no idea how hard won it was.
I find the history of the experimentation, and the struggle to explain those experimental results, just totally fascinating. It's really amazing what these people achieved, working in such a (relatively) primitive technological age.
@@KipIngram really criminal, is tgat the information is just given to us dogmatically instead of as a conclusion to the reasoning that got to it being presented,
Yes! I didn’t take much science is high school or college but I remember not really being told how much work had to go into constructing modern day science. That should be a required history class at least in one semester
@@daltongalloway I think its a good thing, that we learn the practical applications of the results of this hard work. This is why it was done.
@@Weisior definitely
Kudos for taking the time to try to pronounce the names of those involved correctly. That says a lot. Subscribed!
I love this content, some of the most comprehensive science stuff on UA-cam, I'm really happy I found it!
Glad to hear it, thanks for watching! Plenty more to come in the future 👨🔬
I'm really dumb when it comes to chemistry, but I've always admired chemists, and love history. This channel is going to be great 🧙🏿♂️⚗️🧪
It's refreshing to hear that! Always learn. Anytime I don't know something I think about, I research it. It's called, "Going Down The Rabbit Hole". ;)
when things are taught this way it makes me want to learn it all. to understand the old work and then see the new findings in their context
To explain the contextual circumstances that lead to a discovery is the best way to understand about a subject because it makes more sensable and intuitive. that's is the only way i can comprehend a new subject.
I flunked out of math class because the teacher was unable to provide any context to the quadratic formula. It looked like a random assortment of mathematic symbols with no coherency to me.
You earned my subscription! Fantastic explanations of the models and how things were uncovered. I thought I knew quite a bit and there were definitely some things I knew but this filled in a lot of gaps.
The only difference I think about your ending statement is that people have evil hearts and will take things that are good like nuclear power and make it into weapons. I know that we have recently been able to induce fusion reactions, but I think the ultimate source of energy will come when we are able to annihilate atoms via anti-matter, but this too I fear will become weaponized.
Thanks for the amazing content, I look forward to your next.
Wow, this was one of the best chemistry, history and physics videos I have seen for a while. Go on your videos are amazing🤩
I just discovered your channel. It’s people like you that make UA-cam worth exploring. I find your latest videos just fascinating. I’m sitting up here on my porch in West Virginia, having a ball watching what you’ve created. Thank you, my man!
Thanks for the kind words, and greetings from England! Really glad you're enjoying the videos.
From England, to the mountains of West Virginia, that’s awesome! Subscribed.
Opening with the big firecracker nice indeed. New 2 your channel will be here for a while great work indeed.
Watched this in a VR headset. Both the video and sound editing are just unbelievable. I hope your channel explodes in popularity.
Thanks mate, glad you enjoyed it! Now I’m curious as to what this video looks like when watched in VR 🤔
It looks gorgeous!@@Chemistorian
I am teaching this story to my students every year, you did an impressing job here! Everything is accurate, contributors, names and names pronunciations are all correct. Please make other similar contents on any scientific subject you may pick!
26:09 Kasimir Fajans! A name from my childhood! My father was a student of his and never stopped grousing about how Fajans didn't get the recognition he deserved for whatever it was he deserved recognition for.
Hey Man I love your videos and your idea of combining of history and chemistry. In class we are taught a bleek and boring lectures of such fundamental yet highly interesting topics, Thanks
Wow man. Fantastic video! And very good pronunciation of both German and French names. I’m very impressed. Well done!
Wow this channel is amazing, as someone very interested in history but also physics and chemistry, (just as a side hobby, I am by no means an academic) this checks all the boxes for a subscription!
Thanks!
This is an incredible video, it shows the lifelong passion that went into providing theories for the next generation to experiment and to and gain knowledge bringing humanity to where it is today. So many lives were consumed answering questions which have existed for millennia. We finally understand the properties of quantized matter. The only question is what we will do with this knowledge.
I'm a fairly new sub and I must say that your style of video essay seems to suit me rather well. The story you're telling here is fascinating and crucial to understanding the history of science. I'm familiar with some parts of the story already but I've also learned quite a bit. Thanks for that.
46:13 howdy friend, this was an excellent documentary - you’re an amazing educator / editor / producer / historian!
I did want to suggest two additional chapters at the end:
1. Cover Randal Mill’s “hydrino”, an even lower energy state for hydrogen.
2. Cover the Structured Atom Model (SAM) which provides GREAT intuitive insight into atomic behavior using a highly simplified model (it’s incredibly simple yet intuitively explains many otherwise peculiar facts about atom splitting and merging and max size).
Have a great week!
"Science works because of its malleability," stated at the end of the program, well summarizes the whole presentation. The program is well done being clear and well documented. Enjoyable, too, are the film clips from the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, movies many of us viewed in our science classes 🙂.
Great video, thanks for making it
Incredible work, the way the video is put together is brilliant !
I've been looking for a video of this kind for some time. This one exceeds my wishes. Thank you for this work.
And you touch on some points of quantum physics too, nice!
I'd love to see a similar video avout the developments of quantum theories and physics.
Thank you for this excellent overview!
Awesome history, awesome presentation!
Really beautiful content. I love to watch it
Took me back to as level physics class, pleased i paid a bit of attention then. fascinating doc! Well explained, great edits, hope you can continue to make more!
There's a wee lane called Isotope Place on the campus of the University of Glasgow that's beside the building where the dinner was held at which the term isotope was invented and suggested
Excellent, that I loved and that's after watching a couple of others. Which I enjoyed bigtime. I can see that I'll be spending some time here. If you read this, then hey that was very well done. It must take quite a bit of research to put a video out for veiw. Please keep it up. I've been looking for something like this. Thanks.
This is awesome! Great work
Great Work! Really liked this video
Thanks for watching, I’m glad you enjoyed it! Plenty more to come in the future 😁
Excellent video. I hope you will do a part 2 taking it forward to include quarks and the standard model.
Spectacular video! Watched from start to finish at launch hour at work, and then again at night. Quick recomendation: upon your mention of the black body radiation, it was most commonly known, at that times, as the "Ultraviolet Catastrophe" where theory suggested that the spectral radiation wavelength in the ultraviolet spectrum of glowing metalic objects should've been infinite (meaning, in mundane terms, that they should emit infinite energy at uv levels). It was solved by the grandfather of quantum mechanics, the great Max Planck, by proposing a new theorical model with quantized levels of energy (hereby the name quantum).
Physics Explained has a marvelous video about the subject, and I suggest you look for and watch it.
Anyways, great content!
You are awesome dude , these videos are crazy
Fabulous documentary!!
Very Pro, Well done
Not 'maybe' but certainly science will bring us back out again, I believe.
It took me more than three hours to watch this incredible video because each frame of it is worth paying a huge attention to
My most favorite part of this video was where you were talking about the electron and standing waves. It was strangely beautiful. Thanks for making this exceptional video. I believe that it would have been so helpful if you had provided a link of those books from which you copied those excerpts. Its still great, though🎉❤
Great work! Thx
Good videos, hope more people see them.
Liked and subscribed.
I have literally nothing to do with chemistry, but this channel is so amazing!
Should be played at schools
Great video!
Thanks for calling Rutherford a new Zealander. A lot of sources call British because he did his research in Britain
amazing class. thank you
damn. what is with the curie’s and chemistry power couples
Stumbled into this video and 5 minutes in you got a sub. This is quality content 👌
This is great! Thank you!
Brilliant mate!
Just discovered this channel, great documentary
perfect video.
Great video! I just have one critique:
At 41:20 it sounds like Chadwick concluded that the Neutron consisted of a bound proton and electron. It is not mentioned when or why this view was replaced with the idea that the neutron was a fundamental particle of it's own (of course that would itself eventually be replaced with the quark model, but my understanding is that for some time in between the neutron was thought to be fundamental).
Epicurus imagined that atoms moved through space and as the did so they would swerve, and it is through the interactions of the particles that determined the nature of matter.
Excellent video, presentation, editing, narrative. You deserve MANY more subs. Shared to my social media sites, hope it helps!
Thanks for watching and sharing. I really appreciate your support!
love this ❤
Impressive presentation.
Banger of a video
This was an utterly wonderful video!! Thank you for taking the time! I'll be a new subscriber!
I must rewatch.
This excellent channel summarises the wide but numerically limited general understanding of science. It also underscores the extraordinary century 1950-1950.
The period means so much to me as I grew and learned with this time of discovery as part of my grandparents’ lives. It was wonderful that until the 1980s, as an ordinary human, I could at least follow the processes of almost everything made by extending published writings.
I’m sure our generation would give almost anything to return 500 years in the future. Will the sense of being part of the experimental apparatus be totally lost? Will future generations understand only perhaps 1% of how the world works or will our recent past be viewed still as extraordinary?
William Prout was right in a sense. Everything did start with hydrogen. The universe fused hydrogen into heavier and heavier elements in the cores of stars. Also through supernovae and kilonovae. And who knows what's produced in white dwarf mergers, neutron star-white dwarf mergers. blackhole-neutron star mergers. And even blackhole mergers. The universe even created Beryllium and Boron through cosmic ray fission.
Something I'm missing in this video is Einstein's "other" paper on Brownian motion, which provides additional support for the atomic model. The French scientist Jean Perrin then devised experiments that confirmed Einstein's work. As with a lot of these things, it straddles the line of what we think of as chemistry and physics. Whether it's as important as Einstein's other work... got me there. But what makes it cool is that the experiments can be done safely at home with simple equipment; no need for cathode rays, radioactive substances, electron/stm/AFM microscopes, etc.
underrated video
We'll make it out :)
that was a fantastic timeline and explainations, thank you!
Excellent video, I would love to see one on sub-atomic particles
I think the reason that the video stops where it it does is that there's no "quark chemistry" as such.
Thanks!
Thanks so much for the support! 🙌
new sub added!
We need more philosophers to support physics.
A+
A video that everyone should see, just like Davids Butlers - Atom (4k) video.
How did Dalton figure out the assumptions in chapter 2?
I understand from chapter 3 the electron onwards.
the unique circumstances surrounding the discovery of nuclear fission at the outset of ww2 turn it into something like what philosophy bros call a cogitohazard - we know this bomb could exist, therefore we have to make it
After that, they discovered quarks, gluons, bosons, and different vibration states of the nuclei. It is crazy what people can figure out by just smashing things into each other.
So, our universe is the result of someone's chemistry experiment gone wrong???
I've always found it kinda peculiar that Atom ends on -om, and most other particles end in -on. Protom, Electrom, Xenom, Argom, Neom, etcetera sounds more fitting to me.
It comes from way back in Greek - the root is "atomos," for "indivisible," but "elektron" refers to amber, which could be electrified. These things were named by scientists of quite a few nationalities, so Greek and Latin were common languages. Sometimes when things don't make sense in English, their root words do.
At 32:40, the video says that people have wavelengths, but the bigger the mass of matter, the smaller the wavelength. Does this mean that we have a high frequency wavelength while electrons have a low frequency wavelength?
Frequency and wavelength are in inverse relation. The longer is the wavelength, the lower is the frequency. So, electron being smal have high frequency, short(er) wavelength, while humans have long, low frequency wavelengths.
And not only that ^^^, but the so called de Broglie wavelength for any object of significant mass is so large compared to the length of the object itself, that it, in fact, does not REALLY exist.
Things are even more funny then that. Indeed humans can also described as waves, with un incredible high frequency. Now these waves also have a amplitude, which indicates the problability of observing the object at a location. Now the amplitude quickly becomes very small, which is why humans, are normally observed, where they are. But since it only becomes small, and not zero, you can observe someone, for instance, in a bar, when others, observe him at work. All part of quantum physics.
It's partially ironic, at least in English, that colourblindness is called Daltonism in other languages.
Since Daltonism is the name of the algorithm used in some games and software to _correct_ for colourblindness, not simulate it for designers.
This is what Sheldon wanted to explain to Penny
It's a warm summer evening in Ancient Greece...
Given how much he advanced the state of atomic science, it seems utterly wrong to me that Dalton is not honoured with an element in his name. 'Daltonium', it even sounds right. Surely some of the scientists who are honoured with an element named after them did less than this man?
Dalton has a unit of measurement named after him: the force between two atoms is often measured in Daltons, rather than Newtons.
14:10 I bet if you could bend the beam around really fast you could draw pictures with it. In fact, if you could draw several pictures a second, you could make moving pictures, like a flicker film.
It's called television! A picture tube is exactly that: a cathode ray tube with electrically charged paths to deflect electrons onto a fluorescent screen, which gives the picture. The invention was developed by a man named Philo Farnsworth.
@@jorymil Yea, I thought it was obvious my comment was sarcasm.
I am stunned and frankly disappointed to hear of Thompsons description of atomic structure. It seems disrespectful to talk about Thompsons Plum Pudding model and not at least mention his ideas on electron orbitals.
After the Scientific community were finally in agreement of the particle they called atoms, it took almost a CENTURY to eventually discover a subatomic particle, they called the electron. That's a very long time in man's understanding of the basic building blocks of life. Given these large time frames for scientific discovery, it's likey science will discover thing's we never knew existed in another hundred years! I wish I could live to see these discoveries.
Seems like Rutherford & his students don’t get enough credit for their work.
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Hello.... Are you currently in your postdoc? Or assistant professor? Can I contact you in anyway. I too love history of chemistry and want to do such studies. If I can contact you in anyway that would be too inspiring to me.
Since finishing my PhD, I no longer work in academia. Now, I take a personal interest in continuing to learn about chemistry and history, and this channel is all about sharing that interest with you guys! Best of luck with your studies👨🔬
@@Chemistorian thank you for your reply. I hope you'll be successful in what you are aiming for with your amazing passion and the sense of gratitude. Thank you again for sharing it all so beautifully 😊.
hello I know you might not read this comment there is a probability more than 0 that you would read it so just wanted to say thanks for making this video it was one of the most fascinating things i watched more fascinating than what any fictional movie could capture
Glad you enjoyed it, thanks for watching!
When the electron jumps to another orbit does it occur faster than speed of light.?
The Bohr model is inaccurate in this sense: the electron doesn't necessarily change position, and its position cannot be measured exactly. The Schrödinger/Heisenberg/Dirac model better explains what's going on.
Art Garfunkel @0:020
Problem w electrons as waves, waves require a medium
Everything builds on the previous only a matter of time...humans be like "mmm how big a boom can I imagine"
Imagine how terrifying the first quantum bomb will be.
Well... all bombs rely on quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics itself explains nuclear fission and fusion, so there's no new "quantum bomb" that's likely to be created.
11:20 How could Prout in 1816 be talking about helium when helium wasn't discovered until 1868?
You’re right, he wouldn’t know about helium. I was just demonstrating Prout’s ideas using our modern knowledge of the periodic table.
Why the nuclear bomb is not called neutron bomb ?
Since it was bombarded by neutron/s, and can much lighter atom than Uranium be split into other atom ?
Let say Carbon. Can any arbitrary neutron (that come from any atom) split this Carbon atom into different smaller atoms like we can see from Uranium when it becomes Berylium.
Atoms telling about atoms is just bizzare natiral theory.
For better or worse we indeed reached the atomic age.
i bet in an unknown handful of years, we will look back upon these preceding times and think "rofl what a meaningless generic catch-all term _Particle_ was"
Fission - it's like, splitsville, man! Far out. tavi.
Notice how the history of mathematics started with the ratio of the circumference of the circle to the area. Atoms were first conceptualized as spheres, and people started calculating ratios of spheres. The circle is a symbol of infinity in the human mind. What separates people from other animals? Some philosophers think the perception of infinity. I remember when Sam Revolinski developed a dimethyl tryptamine liquid liquid extraction and purification process. He ordered the tree bark containing solid DMT on amazon. Then, he submerged the bark in acetone solvent. After 3 days, he set the acetone and DMT solution under the air conditioner and allowed 3 days for the acetone solvent to evaporate, leaving a DMT powder. That's about the point mmm lemonz said the word of God comes before the US constitution. Chris Cramer had stinky breath one day. Do all people perceive that odors are ephemeral?
I know it's paradolia but anyone else see the face looking right in the clouds at 2:21
❤❤