How the Squid Lost Its Shell
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- Опубліковано 25 вер 2024
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The ancestors of modern, squishy cephalopods like the octopus and the squid all had shells. In ancient times, their shell was their greatest asset but it eventually proved to be their biggest weakness.
Special thanks to Franz Anthony for the beautiful cephalopod reconstructions. You can see more of Franz's tremendous work at 252mya.com
And thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: spinops.blogspo...
Produced for PBS Digital Studios.
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References:
www.ucmp.berkel...
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www.deepseanews...
www.researchga...
link.springer....
onlinelibrary.w...
journals.plos.o...
onlinelibrary.w...
arstechnica.co...
Squid Empire by Danna Staaf: www.cephalopodi...
When you changed your class from Tank to Assassin.
DANG IT YOU MADE ME THINK OF RICK MAY NOW IM SAAAAD
What game?
Torper Vazquez Outside. Got a 78 octillion player base really recommend it just don’t play as the human species not worth it
E
Let's rework the stats... took those points from defense and pour it into agility XD
That's not a shell, it's just a hat. Eventually they went out of fashion.
further proof that octopuses are just like humans
Octopus:- Oh, I miss those hats. But, as it turns out, hard, pointy things tend to hurt the head.
A Random Nautilus:- HEY! YOU TAKE THAT BACK!
styling' on em!
What is the name o "hat inside"?
Woah... When you think about it, evolutions are just things going out of fashion!
Exactly like military armies throughout the ages. First rely on armor but now rely on camoflage.
Except we still rely heavily on armour. The only difference is that instead of wearing the armour, we now drive inside of it.
@Question Question Well, yeah, there's that as well, but it's not the same per se. Bullet-resistant vests on today's infantrymen definitely lower the death toll significantly and are important, but the difference between wearing it and not wearing it isn't as stark as it used to be. A common soldier uses cover and doesn't rely on his armour to protect him, as it's specifically a last resort, unlike an average medieval soldier who very much did rely on that, very much incorporating it into their way of fighting. Modern tactics would be no different irregardless of if the soldiers wore armour or not, while medieval tactics had a very special role for men with heavy armour. From that perspective, tanks and armoured vehicles suit the role of plate armour a lot better.
@@justiniani.4501 ok and what about helmets to resist bullets, armor that can save you from an explosion and these things called *"shoes that are there to protect your feet from nails"*
@@eeenriquegabrielnegro8167 A helmet is a piece of protection. Same as the body armour, it's a last resort protection that cannot be relied on like a suit of armour was. It's literally the same as mentioning the protective clothing. One helmet does not change the soldier's role on the battlefield, and same goes for the shoes. You don't suddenly get the tank role because you wear them, you are still used as a basic infantryman. I'm the past, armour was a notable distinction that would put you either on the heavy infantry camp or the light infantry camp. Heavy infantry would be wearing heavy armour and holding the lines with their warm bodies and swallowing most of the damage while light infantry would be used for flanking maneuvers and supporting the lines. Today, the role of heavy infantry does not even exist, or at the very least, it's not determined by armour, because the role of damage absorbers is, again, fulfilled by tanks, not humans.
@@justiniani.4501 Example the light hawk XT its considered heavy armor tho its light weight
I think this is the best Eons video yet, incredibly interesting.
TierZoo you here .
watch how the turtle got its shell... it definitely is in a similar vain.
Can't believe my lad has good taste too, bless up💯💯
TierZoo are you gonna do a meta breakdown of the Permian era?
Keep on keepin’ on
*tiny adorable upside down ice cream cones*
*slurp*
*DO NOT HARM THE CONES*
OF DEATH
Evolving into monsterous 10+ meter deepsea creatures that are highly aggressive and even give spermwhales, their natural enemies, a good fight
Epic Teletubby r/cursedcomments
Imagine losing your shell
-this was made by snail gang
Agreed
- this was made by turtle gang
@Guythatlikesmint Official Absolutely my dudes
- this was made by clam gang
Imagine not being able to get thru small holes - this was made my slug gang
Hell yeah.
-This was made by Nautilus gang.
Pffft, losers without shells are soo trashy.
-this was made by armadillo gang
Nice try, but I like to think the squid came out of its shell when it started to believe in itself.
Conner Veit id thought u said Netherlands
hahahah :'D
And then it started to get eaten by sperm whales
It's so dark!!
Why?
Evolution is AWESOME!
Lol?????
Yep!
It him thoo
🤣
Didnt your dad make it?
Can you do a video on giant squids? (Lineage, how they got so huge, etc) This video sparked so many questions lol
We have no fossil evidence of creatures confirmed to be giant squid relatives. There are known cephalopods from the Cretaceous that looked similar to Architeuthis, but they lived in shallow seas and appear to be more closely related to Vampyroteuthis. We thus have no evidence of how Architeuthis evolved and what their ancestors were.
We do know that there are giant squids in the deep parts of the ocean.not as large as they used to give a still larger than the squids near the surface.
Hypothesis are they need to be that big to withstand the pressure of deep sea or are that big to have more volume compared to surface area so that way they can withstand the cold. But we don't really know why sea creatures in the deep get so big.
Giant squids are giant due to deep sea gigantism.
@@builderslapper yes but what I was referring to theories what causes deep sea gigantism.
Stretchy boi
Just like humans, squids were first wizards who wore funny hats.
is that how squidward got his name? or just a coincidence?
@@ElLoboLoco622 squidward most likely comes from squid + edward
Summary:
Fish- "You see those cephalopods? They have lame shells, they will never do anything interesting with those."
Cephalopods- "Hold my beer..."
LOL
Dat mean fisho man-guy-woman-girl-boy-child-thing
@@reberhardt111 wtf😂
Hold my shell
It’s funny cuz I’m pretty sure the fish were actually considered the weirdos on the block at the time, at least for a long while. Wasn’t really til the invention of Jaws, I believe, that fish began to T pose on the oceans
How Squidward Tentacles became bald.
Bald And Brash
Phono Mono; why don’t you have more likes? 😂
The Imperfect God more like, belongs in the trash!
@@theimperfectgod7140 more like, belongs in the trash
Morpheu. ......
0:27 Excuse me, but where am I on that list?
Lol
Isnt Zoidberg more a crab than an Octopodidae?
Sorry, this is Terran Bio-history. Xeno-Bio-History would be another video.
@@archdux did some one say EXTERMINATUS!?
Zoiberg is crustacean
I greatly appreciate your list of references in the description. Thanks!
Squid: *I swear I left my hat here, where is it?!*
Ask those goon turtles
Harmed crabs
Answer: the turtle stole it
Iain Hansen I love this comment.
That is just a lie! They widened their ribs or something and then... I don't remember! The episode was a while ago. Turtles are many things, but they are not shellfish! :)
Benjamin Olsson thanks captain obvious
I mean it is Turtles All The Way Down...infinite turtles require a lot of shells, probably
Benjamin Olsson It was a joke
*PBS* is making our world better.
Thanks, guys.
Eyyyyyyyyyyyyy
PBS is going to be entertaining me from cradle to grave
I'd say the guys actually doing the research are making the world better
"They looked like tiny, adorable, upside down ice cream cones."
I'm sorry, but is my ice cream supposed to have tentacles and eyes?!?!
Mine does, Idk what is up with your ice cream dude
Lovecraft Country!
Clearly you're not familiar with Japanese ice cream...
Mine had HAIR! Didn't stop me from eating it tho!
@@Im-Not-a-Dog oh no
When you said "Sifunkel", my brain stopped working and I said "Garmon and Sifunkel". Lols.
You spontaneously anagram famous musicians when your brain stops working?
same
I laughed way too hard at this.
@@PennyDreadful1 okay, I laughed really hard at the original comment, but yours had me literally wheezing. Thank you for the laughter, kind stranger.
Hello friend my old darkness
Title: "How the Squid Lost Its Shell"
My brain: "How Liquid Lost Its Smell"
They should definitely do a video on that too 🤣
• 流 浪 者 • wtf I read how liquid lost its shell 😂😂😂
No, you read that right
It's definitely not working properly
That's a gas
I'm shocked that there's so much information on evolution which people always tell me is only a theory and I'm also shocked how nice and thoughtful everyone seems in this comment section. This kind of sparks a new interest in science for me
Thomas Melone.
Evolution is, by definition, alteration from direct repetition of cycle.
Within life (biology), such changes are called biological evolution.
There are various and overlapping theories on why such change in life occurs over time.
Charles Darwin offered one theory (evolution through natural selection).
The ever expanding field of genetics (pioneered by Brother Mendel) offers further insights.
A man called Lamarck also offered theories on how adaptive and imitative behaviors might imprint upon physiology and then be passed on and amplified over successive generations (giraffes stretch their own necks).
Although long sidelined, with recent findings on neuro-physio plasticity and epigenetics, such ideas are also being increasingly considered and reseached.
Simply put, the myriad of forms in the heritage of life are beyond the constraints of a single book.
change in allele frequency, yes.....change from one species to another no. The Cambrian explosion is direct evidence against macroevolution. What we see in the fossil record is overwhelming stasis. Which is why the absurd idea of punctuated equilibrium was put forth. DNA is inert and could never form on its on. Impossible without the help of intelligence. Not ro mention if you did have information that record, edit, and translate/copy itself you would still need a cell for it to have any function. The ultimate chicken and the egg in nature. So the reason some people reject TOE is because when you scratch the surface of the theory it is full of wholes. Very, very far from fact.
+Steve Steverson Which is why self-reinforcing chemical reactions is the current topic of research when it comes to the origin of life. There are plenty of geological processes/structures which could/can concentrate pro-biological molecules - water pockets in soil/sediment/sand, crevices in rocks, etc.. There have been a few self-catalysing chemical cycles uncovered as well - i.e. a sequence of reactions which produce more and more of all their components. Sure it's not a whole cell yet but it took a billion years over the whole planet for a cell to arise just once. So the fact that such an event hasn't been replicated in the few hundred labs over the past few decades is hardly evidence that is can't have happened.
"DNA is inert and could never form on its on."
I think you'll find DNA is forming on it's own in you body right now. It definitely isn't inert, in fact most people argue that DNA is too unstable for chromosome-length molecules to remain intact until cell capable of homeostasis existed. Though it is all beside the point because an RNA-world where by RNA would both be the information-storing and metabolic enzymes of the first cell-like structures is much more likely. "true" cells with DNA for information storage and proteins for metabolic enzymes would have evolved later.
Keep learning, it gets better and better!
Evolution is a fact. The people who dismiss it as "only a theory" have no idea what a theory is.
Last time I was this early, squid still had shells.
Jaiden Lang don't they?...
Isolation party
5:46
RevolvingWorld i would argue the gladius is an internal shell but whatever
Potato Durp it's a vestigial shell. They didn't lose it, they modified it.
Last time i was this early *BANG*
Well whom ever had the idea for this topic, I thank you also. I have been collecting sphooceras for years. It allways struck me as odd that there shell was allways blunt. Now I know the reason for this and its name. Great artist painting as well.
Yes, thank you as well. This was an extremely interesting topic that I did not know that much about. It was fascinating!
To be fair... I'm not quite so full of myself that I think they just did this topic because I asked for it. I commented about cephalopods several times and mentioned the crystallized bone of a cephalopod that I held in a college class about a decade ago, that filled me with tons of awe. I also partly just struck a real silly fan boy tone because, hey, it's supportive of the show, and also, hey, I'm happy to be reminded of how I'm a bit of a fanboy for this show in general. Thanks again :)
Where and/or how do you collect ancient squid fossils? Because that sounds like something I wanna do.
Ɛ>
i keep learning more from youtube than i ever did in school....boy times have changed. fantastic video. you my friend have a new subscriber.
Its not a school's responsibility to tell you exactly why squids lost their shells. And you'd probably still complain if they did.
Americas public education system hasn't changed in over 100 years. It was designed to pump out factory workers to manufacture goods for the war effort, more or less. It definitely wasn't designed to make children intelligent, thoughtful, or self sufficient. Some of the greatest, if not *most* of the greatest minds of the 20th century had a loathing disdain for public education. It's not a place for smart people.
@@normanclature9819 Are you trying to debate evolution?
If u take marine bio u learn this u just have to apply yourself
Zachary Ward some schools don’t offer that. That’s also another problem, inconsistency in the school system.
0:15 "Hey look! If I fart in my shell I float."
"Woah, cool!"
"pbbbt"
-this was made by squid gang
😂😂😂😂
Evolution is amazing
Why. Its not like there is something preventing further change winthin a species
@Grenherb another study says that 99 % of all animals that ever lived are extinct. I need ur sources our in information is conflicting.
4HorsemenCome I’m sorry but making a random claim and proclaiming it’s a fact on the internet without evidence does not make it a fact. In fact you are very wrong. Also “kind” is a pseudoscientific term. Not scientific in the least it is a “term” made up by imbecilic creationists. Nice try tho.
Insane what happens in 100,000's of years
4HorsemenCome source.
Can you talk about the evolution of camels and the theory of them being adapted to cold conditions and then those same adaptations shifted to desert conditions?
gabriel gionet yes!
Deserts are generally freezing at night
i believe conifers had a similar thing happen where their adaptations to arid climates helped in the effectively dry cold winters they are associated with now, though they still live in deserts as well.
Haha, I like how the fishes (i.e. the lineage that we evolved from) are portrayed as the "scary alien threat" in this story XD
(although come to think of it, Dunkleosteus's appearance is indeed quite terrifying)
Yes, it is terrifying.
Imagine what we haven't found fossils for..
Splatoon Lore
Finally someone said it
Yeah climate change is rising the sea levels, can’t wait for inklings to be a real thing in the future
@@joeydovey2425 but it'll take 1000s of years
@@haruhisuzumiya6650 i'll wait.
Haruhi Suzumiya more like millions it took us 30 million years just to get into the Stone Age
I love EONS so much!!!
5:17 Ancient Ammonites: 'I see you're trying to evolve a new body shape. Would you like help?
Isamare &Matt MDM1984(Google Man)
It's evolving!
I worked in a Natural History Museum in college, and this video took me back to those days. I love your projects, Hank Green! Thanks for being smart and sharing that with all of us.
The first cephalapod looks like Cthulhu stuck inside an ice cream cone
Clean I have dubbed it the little Squid-gnome.
XD
What flavour of ice-cream would you like? We have chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, mint, orange sherbet, and Lovecraftian Horror! You'd be surprised how popular that last one is. People don't think we actually mean it! :)
Haha yeah
Sounds hilarious
7:25 First footage squid turf war (2018 colorized)
Woomy!
*woomy intensifies*
😂😂😂🤣
Johanna Schmid What, what is woomy?
@@theleanbusinessman5431 a noise
I swear this channel is my favorite. I enjoy learning about life’s evolution! Thanks again, PBS!
I think Eons videos in general are fantastic and I watch old ones when I have free time. However this was one of your very best, partly because cephalopods are about the most interesting of all species to me. And now Nautiloids. Please do more on the amazing family here. For other topics, I would think more on making chemistry more understandable to the average person - I was 40 before I really got a clue on how chemistry makes the world, and not simply through the Haber-Bosch process.
Thank you.
The real question is, how did the shell lose its squid?
Bro, that's deep
Deep like the sea
Abandoned¯\_(ツ)_/¯ maybe?
yes
when you're too heavy and becomes a burden, someone will leave you
Wow, something on trending worth watching.
I'd like to hear about the evolution and spread of marsupials. Why are they only in Australia and the Americas?
IIRC they're just generally outcompeted by placental mammals, who are able to gestate more young at once, give birth to better prepared young, etc.
Please!
Grym Gungus Australia split off so marsupials there had no competition whereas marsupials in other continents died off thanks to mammals.
Marsupials are mammals. You mean placental mammals.
I also would like a video on it, but in short, because they had few competition from other mammals.
Australia had no mammals except marsupials and monotremates until the arrival of humans. That's why there is so much diversity of marsupials there.
And south america had only marsupials, xenarthra (sloths, anteaters and armadillos) and other groups of mammals who are now extinct. Mammals like rodents, primates and felines arrived in south america relatively recently: when the Americas came together. It was also at this time that marsupials and xenarthra invaded north america. However competition and predation from the newly arrived mammals made marsupial numbers dwindle greatly (as well as other mammals native to South America, who went extinct around this time).
In all other continents marsupials faced competition from other mammals, better adapted to their niches, and therefore more efficient, and that's why you don't see marsupials anywhere else, they went extinct when they faced competition from other mammals.
Omg hank! So proud he's showing up in other places, you go dude.
Finding internal *octopus bones* on the beach is fun.
Evey one of them used to be a magical being of the deep water :-)
Do octopuses have bones? I always thought that they had cartilage.
correction: they used to be INSIDE of the magical beings of the deep waters. :-)
Also octopuses don't have internal shells OR cartilage
octopuses are the only cephalopod to have no remainder of their shell whatsoever, what you're finding is either a cuttlebone or squid 'pen'
Do you mean cuttlefish? The flat, white, chalky stuff that you can give to budgies? Octopus don’t have bones, their only hardened body part is their beak.
Talk about how insects got their wings
Yes I agree that would make a great video. There are still remnants of early hexapods like (I think) Jumping Bristletails.
Yeah, I've always found this fascinating. Most animals that gain wings do so by adapting their forelimbs. But insects didn't, so they just have the wings in addition to all their legs.
Or talk about how they shrank, and use to be as big as cats.
Red Bull
Jack Kraken hahahaha i get it now, thanks
It looks like a little gnome
The gnome of the sea
Sea gnome
Congrats on your transformation! 👍🏻👊🏻
Squids = Sea Gnomes.
This is my head cannon now.
Keemstar on the sea
I'd love to hear more about the diversification of Crocodiles and Alligators. Their adaptations, their survival through millennia, it fascinates me.
Boom12 you too XO love Ryan I am
Bruh, they had tons of changes and where just as diverse as their Dinosaur and Pterosaur cousins. Look at Armadillosuchus,Kaprosuchus,Metrorhychus,Nundasuchus, and other ancient crocodilmorphs.
I used to think that crocodiles and alligators were the same
it lost its shell because it wasn't strong enough to hold on to what it loved.
Muscle Hank haha I love your pic 🤣
Now its shell is dating a hermit crab.
Oddly poetic.
That was great
Deep
from having a shell to having the ability to camouflage to protect theirselves, that's freaking cool. how do they even figure out how that they can camouflage? that's so awesome
They evolved from little SEA WIZARDS
sine moderamine - That's some Grade A pun slingin'.
Implying that's not what they are now...
Awesome. Just awesome. I think at some point soon these Eons-vids will become the benchmark of educational and fun ways to introduce biology and evolution to students aged 12-17 but also to people of all ages who simply share an interest in these subjects. Quality content with much thought and work put into it.
I Hope so. Much more skilled educators on UA-cam than I ever had in U.S. public schools (and I went to a well funded high school, where everything was a repeat from what I learned as a little kid watching PBS and going to mueseums and reading)
I think it makes a lot of sense. Most children younger than 12 aren't fully able to understand or contextualize latin names and biological (taxonomical) rank.
Why the upper limit of 17? That makes no sense.
Person Mcface Because 12-17 is just an estimate for the ages of kids when they begin to learn about more detailed sciences. Again, it's an estimate. There's not an exact minimum or maximum age that determines when students begin to hear about this stuff.
".....and they looked like tiny, adorable, upside-down ice cream cones" :)) Aww
I'm here for this personal, fun approach on science, that doesn't take itself so serious. I have that all day at the university and in the lab.
It is also worth mentioning that based on molecular evidence, it seems that the thick cuttle bone of the cuttlefish is a derived feature rather than an ancestral one, probably a way to have better boyancy control to adapt to the shallow water niche left void after the extinction of the ammonite.
The fossil /evolutionary history of Antarctica, please!
Best video so far, Hank. Please give us more history about the evolution of different cephalopods - they're fascinating creatures on both ends of the spectrum (particularly with regard to their apparent intelligence and completely different abilities from vertebrates) and should be showcased far more.
I'd like to see (pun intended) the evolution of eyes!
How'd they start? What could they see (colors, shapes, movements, etc)? How many different kinds have there been? How many animals have them? How do they lose them? What were the most sophisticated eyes of all time? Where do human eyes fit into all this?
I think we should take a "look" into this.
sounds interesting... I would like an in-depth LOOK into this
Eyes evolved independently several times. Bug eyes, squid eyes, worm eyes, fish eyes...
I see what you mean.
I'm sure we will get an eyeful.
Richard Dawkins did some deep videos on the subject
but since the far left deplatformed him it might be hard to find his stuff
This was probably the most intelligent animal on earth at the time. Makes you wonder if history had gone differently we'd have had squidvilization.
Limey Lassen Splatoon?
I'm am utterly convinced that cephalopods are the most likely branch for intelligent life to form from outside the mammalian line should we ever leave the planet (intact, that is).
I had heard that It is estimate that they have the caliber to evolve like Humans. But the human evolution occured because they were forced to adapt and gain inteligence to survive. I doubt they would gain human inteligence simply because humans are gone. I still cant completely find a concrete answer to why humans gained inteligence, but most articles say it was due to competition and early humans trying to one up each other.
Come to think of it, being weak and squishy is one thing humans and cephalopods have in common. It makes sense we'd both go in for smarts. Evolution doesn't create things it doesn't need after all.
Squids and octopus are STILL very, very intellgent.
came for the cephalopods, stayed for hank green
Great video. Loved how the squids survived by living deep. Maybe another video on other survival strategies during extinction events? Why some made it though but not others?
Great episode! Good work. I find it fascinating that even early animal life used blood to transport nutrients etc. around the body. I would really like to see an episode on the evolutionary history of blood.
The distant past is so mind-boggling. At one point all the animals were just scooting around slurpin' up plants, not really worried about anything but finding more food. Then one day one of them was like "No, Bob, I'm going to eat you."
Please talk about the evolution of flightless birds(Ratita)
João Pedro yes!
For a very brief moment I read that as the name of a Pokemon.
What makes you think Ratites ever flew?
Nain Eleffen Yep. You can see how it might have started by observing birds like cormorants but penguins are certainly next level.
Definitely a yes
I think that you should add a comment answering section like PBS Spacetime
Orthocones and ammonites were once very diverse in the oceans in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras but by the Creatceous-Paleogene Extinction Event ammonites and orthocones went extinct although nautilus survived through the Cenozoic Era and into the present day.
7:52
That squid swimming is so majestic
Shagadelic! Baby
Thank you PBS. So much content to go through during this pandemic
Woah! Didn't expect to see hank here! Heck yeah
I'm a simple person. I see Hank, I keep watching
Meanwhile: Gastropods chilling in the ocean floor.
Love watching these as I go to sleep. I fall asleep and keep listening, my brain absorbs the knowledge, I watch more videos on squids. I wake up. I am a squid.
This channel is so underrated...
You're a shell now, you're a squid now
Ohh, so that's what the soft, unchewable part of a squid is called. A gladius! 🦑
"But hey we're still on water. Can we go on land? NO! the sun the sun is a deadly lazer!"
“Not anymore there’s a blanket”
I see, you're a man of culture as well.
I watched that once, but lost it, can somebody put a link under this of my comment and like my comments comment or comment so I can see, thanks XD
@@scottashorn3636
Intredasting
Scott Ashorn search “bill wurtz” on youtube, hes the dude who made it.
This, with it's names and rivalries and successions, sounds like a fantasy novel like LOTR.
Thanks for this explanation of the fascinating evoltion of Cephalopods for nerds. PBS is a wonderful educational channel.
I want to leave a comment, but the only thing I can think to say is WOW. Life is so complex and beautiful. Thanks to anyone and everyone who supports this channel and makes this kind of content possible. I appreciate life and its complexities and its struggles and its diversity in a way I did't before. Thank you.
How does this channel not have 1 mil yet this is amazing
"your channel is super awesome!!!" - my 4 yr old
Thanks !
In some ways than you could say the backbone evolved twice
you are a kid, you are a squid.
great video, it helps a lot.
SHELL CITY
The place we never got to
Funny i don't remember a cyclops
Goofy goober yeah!
Ok Patrick you're starting to bum me out
man,it's like he's hypnotizing with the natures glory
Would love to know more about the Cenozoic Era and the rise of the mammals.
YES! Prehistoric mammals is one of my favourite something-other-than-dinosaurs-please ancient stuff subjects. They're just so weird and varied!
I love squids and especially the ancient predecesors. I have some ammonite shells and my father and I found a HUGE ammonite shell piece near a fossil beach inside some soft stone
did I search for this? No. Do I like it? HELL YEAH!!! 🤣🥰
I wonder if early octopuses lived in the shells of other mollusks, similar to what hermit crabs do. We've seen them carry around coconut shells like a hermit crab.
Awe thats a cute mollusk.
david garcia ok
I keep watching Eons videos as they come up in recommended; I never would have guessed I would find them so interesting. Great work guys.
"Tiny adorable upside-down ice cream cones."
Oh, Hank, I love you!
*Squidward learning about his ancestors*
*Also Squidward regretting not having shells to poke SpongeBob*
4:50 Omanyte i choose you
These videos are so concise and clear about such complex topics.
Its one of the best channels on UA-cam !
THAT WAS AWESOME!!!! :-D Already loved cephalopods, and learned so much more in those 8-ish minutes than most hours-long keyword search sessions! Great stuff, and thank you!!
Cameroceras is one of the coolest ancient creatures ever, imagine a jet-propelled telephone pole going zipping around hunting things in ancient seas.
I want to learn more about the ancestors of modern day crocodilians!
kroberts1515 They were always... Crocodiles. Simple crocodiles. For eons.
check out the Deinosuchus, one of the largest Crocodile species to live.
How far back in time could a stranded time traveler still survive by living off the land?
Francois Lacombe probably around Cambrian explosion, maybe even earlier, but you would need to dive to get food. besides who knows, maybe these things even has some chemicals or minerals that are toxic to modern day animals, it is possible so keep it in mind
Francois Lacombe Although, around 250.000 milion years ago is when stuff started to walk on land. There would be reptile looking creatures everywhere. Not many bugs as they didn't yet start to walk on land. However it is extremely risky era, because that's when one of mass extinction events took place.
None.. time isn't a medium you can travel through, it's a property or state. Or in other words, you can only travel back in time if you already travelled back in time. If you didn't travel back in time, you can't because you didn't.
The Permian. Humans would have trouble breathing in the high-oxygen atmosphere of the Carboniferous and the low-oxygen atmosphere of earlier periods.
Humans also have the problem of the inability to produce vitamin C which makes living without fruit-bearing plants difficult - though not impossible, the Inuit survive just fine by eating raw organ meat (but they eat mostly aquatic mammals which wouldn't be an option) - which could push the date forward to the Cretaceous period.
I love how passionate he is about this
Love when Hank hosts, feels like I'm watching SciShow.
Would have liked for them to explain that they figured out how the siphuncle works by examining modern nautiloids.
I think Octopuses might be my favourite animals like, ever. I'd honestly love to learn more about them!
Awesome vid! Would be cool if you guys also made a similar one on Echinoderms. It seems like they fill a lot of niches and adaptations, and I'm curious about their place in our family tree.