The First Programming Languages: Crash Course Computer Science #11
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- Опубліковано 24 лип 2024
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So we ended last episode with programming at the hardware level with things like plugboards and huge panels of switches, but what was really needed was a more versatile way to program computers - software! For much of this series we’ve been talking about machine code, or the 1’s and 0’s our computers read to perform operations, but giving our computers instructions in 1’s and 0’s is incredibly inefficient, and a “higher-level” language was needed. This led to the development of assembly code and assemblers that allow us to use operands and mnemonics to more easily write programs, but assembly language is still tied to underlying hardware. So by 1952 Navy officer Grace Hopper had helped created the first high-level programming language A-0 and compiler to translate that code to our machines. This would eventually lead to IBM’s Fortran and then a golden age of computing languages over the coming decades. Most importantly, these new languages utilized new abstractions to make programming easier and more powerful giving more and more people the ability to create new and amazing things.
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This is seriously the best Crash Course series ever. You took an incredibly complex topic and explained it clearly and concisely. Keep doing what you do!
OceanBagel Without taking anything from this one, which is truly excellent, I’ve seen many episodes from the philosophy one,and can say that is excellent, too.
At 10:14 , the ChatGPT can now translate plain english to a code. Something that was fiction 5 years ago has become the ultimate reality now.
8:17 "the high-level, easy to use, COBOL"
*Laugh in pain and sorrow*
For it;s time though....
jonatansan01 something something pointers something something Python dev something something they're magic
I had a lecturer who claimed he had once written a BASIC compiler in COBOL. All I could think was ... WHY?
so he could stop writing COBOL and write BASIC instead?
the world was a dark place back then if they considered COBOL as easy
Being a self taught coder with a bachelors in business management, how software ran on hardware was always a mystery to me. Sometimes assuming it's some kind of black magic! Thanks to all of you from Crash Course for enlightening me and other like me, who never really understood the role/existence of memory registries and operation codes!!!
Can't wait for the next episode!
Raphael Kottakal you can use your new found knowledge to optimize your code!
It is really not all that difficult once you get the concept; however, it requires a different thought process. Practice makes perfect. :D
Raphael Kottakal : Soon you'll understand why C and C++ guys are always rolling our eyes at everyone's *tight & clean" code. Maybe even you would start joining in when two OGs start arguing over ifs vs switch statements. LOL 😂 This course is sorely needed for all AppDev departments! Good for you for taking the time to learn *what* your code is doing at the hardware level. Honestly this quick overview of the practical aspects of computer science is all that is needed to make tight faster code.
I recommend you to read "How does it know?" Book by J. Clark Scott
Sometimes programming languages make more sense to me than *"English"...*
Wait, we have records of how many goats some sumerian guy had, but not of A-0 code? Wow.
Isn't humanity great!
Mateo Gg well, A-0 wasn't literally written in stone.
6:37 I feel it's important to point out something that might confuse beginners. In Python and many other languages, *the equals sign does not means equals.* It means, "take the thing on the right of the equals sign and put it in the thing on the left of the equals sign. Or take A+B and put it in C.
Pikalolz
the assignment operator
Also python is a scripting language too.... A few little mistakes in an otherwise good video
C : Integer := A + B
Or something like this...
a simple example:
A=A+1;
Makes sense in code.
And literally nowhere else.
Reread and rewatch the material until you understand that ^^
@@peka2478
Or you can type A +=1, It 'll mean the same thing.
Plain old English would be such an _awful_ programming language. That thing is crazy ambiguous.
Regardless, man, this series has been consistently fantastic. I'm a software engineer with 10+ years experience, and I haven't felt the urge to grab a pitchfork yet. This show is saying all the really important stuff about CS, and compressing it into something super information-dense. This is the heart-and-soul of why Crash Course is amazing and valuable to society as a whole; if you'll permit me to get wishy-washy and idealistic for just a moment.
verdatum I think that trying to make a computer understand the logic behind the word "literally" would make it explode
verdatum Hey are you still a software engineer?
I started a new youtube channel and was wondering if you don't mind if I interview you. Ask questions like what is you job like etc.
lol software _engineer_ computer science, hardware, mechanical and electrical engineer are way better. so bow down peasant
Python is plain English
@@lincolnsand5127 not really
huge bonus points for adding the correct Morse code for the closed captions.
She said "Programming with your natural language, by just talking to the machine is not possible, and is just science fiction unfortunately." I'm from the future, 2023 to be exact, and boy do I have news for you! Now if I was back they're in the past with her, I wouldn't believe it to be possible either but, it is now possible to code machines with your voice by just speaking to it! And I believe by next year any and all coding will be done simply by telling it, in your natural language, what to do. There will still be a whole range of different coding languages still in use, needed to accomplish different things, but they will be in use on the backend instead, not by humans but basically becoming part of a new master compiler system!
My dad got to learn from Grace Hopper when he was in the navy. Very few people have earned his respect through his life, and she was one of them. Now I follow him as a programmer. It's amazing how short the world of computers is.
That's amazing! I wish to learn from a prodigy too. My childhood idol programmer is Bill Gates.
I am watching this with my children so they know a little about what I do at work. This is a great series.
that's so awesome :D
"typical lazy people always designing their own programming language" Lol
Admiral Hopper is one of my childhood hero's. I also admire Lady Ada of Lovelace. Both have made significant contributions to computer science which are still in use today. There is a video of Admiral Hopper in an interview with David Letterman which can give you some insight into her personality and sense of humor. I recommend watching it. She is hilarious. I wish I could have met her in person while she still lived.
This series has lined up perfectly to my computer architecture course at uni here in Australia, we just started assembly so it's cool having a more visual representation
"Not to be confused with Let It Go, or Pokemon Go" the throwaway gags in these are hilarious!
It's funny. Previously, the increase in levels of abstraction only made things more obtuse and difficult to fully grasp/keep track of, but for the very first time, it's like a breath of fresh air, things finally start to click and make more sense. The feeling is similar to reaching the peak of a mountain and seeing the clear skies and breathing a deep breath of fresh air after trudging through all the difficult and overly complicated nonsense.
This was a good video.
"Not to be confused with Let it Go and Pokemon Go."
How do you do, fellow kids?
Supersnackbros touchè
shut up nerd furry
As a self-taught dev I really appreciate the work put into this. I am always thinking what video to best reference for what exactly is happening when you punch a bunch of code on the keyboard. Keep it up :)
Im studying electrical engineering , but your videos keeps me in the up to date with computer scientist , very straight forward description , and very helpful thank you CRASH
I wish I had this excellent video when I learnt 68k assembler in the1980s. SEKA Assembler on the Amiga.
This is one of the best series I have ever seen
In the late 70's when colleges and universities had computers by IBM and Digital Equipment Corporation that required dedicated air conditioned rooms to process Fortran and Cobol on punch cards or dumb terminals our high school managed to scrap together the $10k required to buy an MCM900. It fit on an audio visual cart and ran a programming language called APL (A Programming Language). Two 8 inch floppy drives gave it an additional 8k of virtual RAM.
3:00 no... no one guess it was an assembler
I like how you highlighted Grace Hopper's contribution to programming with A-0. I think she gets overshadowed a lot by Fortran and others so kudos to you for that. :)
Let's look at a compiler!
*Uses an interpreted language to demonstrate*
JK, Great show :P
Eric Pratt shoulda used C or C++ or at least a language that compiles to byte-code
Python (or, at least, CPython, the standard implementation) does compile to bytecode. It just does so quietly.
C# dotnet core :D
You can compile Python to machine code. Just google "compile python to machine code". Welcome to the world of programming, where you can never be sure you are right!
Interpreted languages make it really difficult to bork your machine! But as they say, it is bad luck to say "Good luck." That is why we now say, "Crash and burn!" I remember working in embedded systems in college where the professor humored us by comparing what we were doing with Pic RISC chips compared to Arduino users, "Professors which use Arduino say it is fun to blow-up transistors and caps!"
I like how her face lights up when she talks about computers. She really enjoys it.
Looking forward to getting more into this series! :D As a programmer, I've heard pieces of this, but all of the Crash Course series I've done always do a great job of getting great info and putting it together in an easy-to-understand way. Already learned a lot I didn't know. Thank you!
Come after chat gpt is released
this series is simply awesome! I have learned so much!
I never understood how a programming language actually works.
I was always like "but how does the system know?"
Now I do, and it was explained so easily that I understood it first time!
10:07 - Many consider the holy grail of programming to be the use of "plain ol' English", where you can literally just speak what you want the computer to do, it figures it out, and executes it. *This kind of intelligent system is science fiction... for now.*
*ChatGPT:* say whay?
“ say whay?”
... perfect example of current ChatGPT 😂
Thank you so much for these videos !! Makes me wish going back to my engineering days and start over again with a new less lazy, less ignorant perspective. Thank you very much for reminding me my love and passion for technology. (:
Before watching the series, I thought I had the problem of not starting programming EARLIER. Now, I realize it is a good thing that I didn't. For my mental health, especially :D
Damn... This video is so good. Almost all my doubts about programming languages are cleared, thanks to this.
Thank you so much for such an amazing course, I might actually be able to successfully graduate from computer science because of you. Keep up the good work.
Carie-Ann is absolutely star-struck!
Whoever writes the script does a fantastic job! Super easy to understand, thank you!
this series is lovely, keep up the good work :D
love this series! awesome as always
Very good video love your style I'll be looking out for others. Thanks this was just what I was looking for a quick but useful explanation of programming history.
This is the best series. I really like the presenter, she knows what she is talking about and has a pleasant voice too. Sorry Phil, Astronomy is on 2nd place in my favorites list now.
The utter joy of feeling your brain when it tickles, because what you know is polished with something n! times better.
This is truly beautiful. Cheers for making and sharing this.
Not a programmer just a 3d artist with an amateur interest in programming. Been binging these videos while I'm sick . Definitely don't understand all of it but I think I get the general gist of stuff so far.
I love this channel, I freaking love this playlist, and I love curiosity stream now too :3
Anyone else love the little "New Level of Abstraction" bit that Carrie-Ann almost always says? It's pretty much like this series' "Except..The Monguls" bit. It definitely makes this series memorable!
I have disabled my add blocker for this channel, you are making a great job. Thank you all!
I love this series :D keep the videos coming ;) Nice work!!!
GAH This is the video I would have needed back in highschool while failing the programming portion of my computer class... I was too obsessed trying to understand how you could use English words to tell a computer what to do, rather than spending that energy learning the programming language.
Thanks CrashCourse!
This series continues to be consistently excellent. I may be an "old dog" but I'm not feeling a bit left behind or confused. Thanks y'all :)
Such a great video! Made a very complex concept so easy to get. Thanks CC!
the videos present some of the extraordinary details about computing in a simplistic way but i
think i would appreciate if there is any way we can revise all that was taught from beginning. Tests or Assessments would be
a great way to start with. I request you to provide short tests over the topics. Best Of Luck. Long live this channel.
your video's are good, you are actually teaching 😇
I hope we get a bit into hardware description languages like Verilog, System Verilog, AHDL and VHDL.
I get a strong Bioshock vibe from the level of abstraction clip. Also, fantastic course, after a few more videos I'll be starting a C++ course!
Thank you very much for this series!!!. Keep doing it please!!
I just wanted to say thanks for making this series. It's so bloody interesting, my brain hurts but the pain is good ;)
Instead of determining that computers are magic, I can instead conclude that electricity is magic.
Can't wait for the next episode!!
Which if you do a physics course, you will have to say that something deeper is magic. Level of Abstractions everywhere! Cool!
The book 'From NAND to Tetris' covers abstraction at multiple levels, expecially how they hardware gets to the software.
I remember in OS class at SDSU we had to write a shell program as a final project in C. A shell program is a very primitive OS without a GUI, much like how DOS was. I was exhausted, and rather than take a break, I decided to clean some superfluous stuff from the directory and typed "rm *". Everything was gone! It was the night before the whole thing was due. I rewrote the entire program from memory! There were no errors, but I was not able to get extra credit for piping more than three instructions at a time.
Why does programmers have glasses?
Because they don't C# :P
Heijmdal
XD
The real version of that joke is
"Why do Java developers wear glasses? Because they can't C#"
@@jeremybailey262 There is only one language that makes you able to C.
@@kjell159 lol That's a good one
hahhaahah
I just want to say, for what it's worth: this girl is awesome. I was a bit uncertain at first, as you always are about new Crash Course presenters after Human Geographygate, but I love her now.
This is awesome. Can't believe I just discovered this channel.
Carrie Ann you go very fast, but it is a complete history of computation that you give and to me you are somehow an engineer, thanks and kind regards.
Cobol did unspeakable things to my blossoming interest in programming. I've never been the same.
And then there's the original Game Boy. Which had to be written in assembly due to how shitty its hardware was, to make it more efficient. That makes me wonder what kind of graphics could you handle on modern computers if a crazy team of programmers with infinite resources decided to write something like Crysis 3 in assembly
Modern game graphics run on GPU's, and programming a GPU in assembly sounds... horrible. Especially considering that the instruction set isn't even open source for many graphics cards.
A lot of effort is being put into making game engines "closer to the metal". Doom 2016 on Vulcan is a fantastic example of what optimised engines make possible, and I wonder how far it can be taken.
Well now a days compilers tend to produce more efficient assembly code than manual programming... This is also one of the resons learning assembly is a lot harder to justify these days.
You get a good taste of things written with low-level programming with Apple computers (especially compared to the same computer running Bootcamp).
How's/Why that? Not nay saying just curious.
If you are curious how a higher-level programming language works below its shiny abstraction layer, I recommend the book Ruby under a Microscope. It focuses on ruby, but the concepts are broadly applicable.
This episode was very difficult to me as it doesn't go in depth on how early assemblers and compilers worked. Love the series
I would love to see an episode on functional vs object oriented languages. And how those languages have very different perspectives much like our spoken languages.
Thankful to finally understand this after watching this video a few times.
I love the random oscilloscope in the back with a sinusoid signal.
These are very good Carrie-Anne. Well done!
thank you so much, this is very interesting and useful!!
I would pay good money for this. Thanks for offering such great content for free
I can see speaking a program into a computer. "Draw a circle, medium. Move it to the right. Fill it with red." Such an operation would require specific syntax, which is kind of what projects like MIT's Scratch is leaning toward. There's very little coding involved. Or at least the code is represented in different ways. Reminds me of the holodeck from Star Trek. You speak to a computer. The computer shows you something based upon your instruction. You then modify the instruction. We are a long way from this being mainstream, but I can see it.
thx for this interestingly ha bisky vid i love that you can make it so i can understand computers better even though i will probably forget all of this in a few days
Finally an episode I can follow very easily without hurting my brain
Understanding the basis of computing makes me realized how crazy advanced are computers.
10:11 Telling your google home or alexa to add, multiply etc. numbers can be a early form of this.
awwwwww... I can't wait till next week 😯
TnQ sooooooooo much lots of information which I needed 😊
I LOVE THE SHOW!! Thank You!!
One point is missed,how do i write 1s and 0s in the ram in voltages. Ram is loaded with predefined voltage instruction when i boot the computer. But how do i change the voltages to represent a different instruction?
So how does the compiler work ? For example, how does it take higher level language and convert it into binary. ?
Thanks
Yay for assembly code!
"... and Go. Not to be confused with 'Let it go' and 'Pokemon Go.'"
As someone who likes Go a lot, I'm both insulted and amused.
angeldude101 You like to go where? Oh, you mean Go. It's basically chinese checkers right? (shots fired)
Go is basically like Chinese checkers. Kind of how Chess is like Tic-Tak-Toe.
What I really want to know is has this course covered how 1's and 0's were assigned instructions? Not to mention what a brilliant idea it was to use 1's 0's in the first place.
second video in the series !
I'm Curious if they will cover different programming paradigms. Like Imperative vs Functional
ChatGPT, anybody?
How does the compiler know which memory location they can save a variable in?
Thank you Carrie Anne!
My adventure with FORTRAN was a very short one. I started with the textbook, took the first sample program and compiled it in the university DEC-20 computer and tried to run it. It crashed. I checked the bloody whole of 3 lines of code many times and found no errors. Finally I threw that book to the trashcan and took some other language instead, it might've been COBOL, can't remember exactly.
I just signed up for Curiosity stream ty crashcourse.
2nd time watching the whole series!!!!
I love you Carrie! Thank you!
good job, whished my CS teacher in high school explained things better, would have been a programmer by now
You had a CS teacher in high school? Jealous.
HAVE a CS teacher (well web design so only HTML and CSS q.q) in middle school.
@@angeldude101 me too...
I feel so bad that I didn't know anything about the marvellous Grace hopper She built the first compiler and a simpler HLL and laid to the foundation of basically all the other ones. I don't understand why is there nothing named after her, why doesn't the school teach about her?
I wish I had professors like you in the uni..
I have a question still don't understand. compiler coveted to binary to final result. But how and who give a 0 or 1 to transistor?
It's 7:45AM in Malaysia. I should get out and goes to work but here I am.
0:34 And JavaScript, which is one of the most popular programming languages today, as it powers the front-end web, and more.