Genetics - Lost and Found: Crash Course History of Science #25
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- Опубліковано 7 вер 2024
- Sometimes trail blazers of science aren't famous like Darwin or Pasteur. Sometimes they're humble Abbots, just growing peas in the back of their Abbey. This is the story of Gregor Mendel and how his work was done, lost, then found again.
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That classic dilemma, publish or parish
Boo! (also thumb's up!)
i thought u wrote perish instead of parish.
@@gomezearlbertchristiand.907 I think that was an extra layer of joke, given the abbot context.
k
It seems like genetics is a discipline that is always ahead of its time.
I love this channel, and Mendel's work is fascinating, but i keep coming back to the other monks at his abby going " whats for dinner tonight? Oh thats right ... peas ..."
Scientists at the time didn't take him seriously because they accused him of pea hacking
lol fantastic!
I was literally about to post that paper XD nice pun!
It was because of Darwinism.
I did a bit of extra digging a few years back. The references I found pointed out that Mendel wasn't as isolated as commonly reported. The abbey was a high school in the German style of sequence. Basically, it covered what would be 11th grade to college sophomore in the US system, and he was the Bio professor. One reference said that he became inspired to do his work, at least in part, after attending a conference on Darwin's new theory.
Oh he certainly wasn't isolated in that direction it's in the reverse direction he was isolated.
I vaguely remember reading that he was inspired by Darwin's work while I was studying genetics in college... another thing no one seems to mention is that "he didn't really care" (or was a monk!)
He sent a copy of his paper to Darwin, who never even opened it
source please!
That is a very interesting statement. Care to elaborate, please?
Ah Gregor Mendel...I remember first learning about him when we studied punnett squares in 6th grade...
...genetics made simple! 😊
Gregor studied seven traits of the pea plant: seed color, seed shape, flower position, flower color, pod shape, pod color, and the stem length. There were three major steps to Mendel's experiments:
1. First he produced a parent generation of true-breeding plants. He made these by self-fertilizing the plants until he knew they bred true to the seven traits. For example, the purple flowering plants always produced seeds that made purple flowers. He called these plants the P generation (for parent).
2. Next, he produced a second generation of plants (F1) by breeding two different true-breeding P plants.
3. He then produced a third generation of plants (F2) by self-pollinating two F1 generation plants that had the same traits.
Mendel's Results
Mendel found some incredible results from his experiments.
F1 Generation
Mendel found that the F1 generation all produced the same trait. Even though the two parents had different traits, the offspring always had the same trait. For example, if he bred a P plant with a purple flower with a P plant with a white flower, all of the offspring (F1) plants would have purple flowers. This is because the purple flower is the dominate trait.
These results can be shown in a diagram called a Punnett square. The dominate gene is shown with a capital letter and the recessive gene with a lower case letter. Here the purple is the dominant gene shown with a "P" and the white is the recessive gene shown with a "w."
P P
w Pw Pw
w Pw Pw
You can go to this page to learn more about inheritance patterns and Punnett Squares.
F2 Generation
In the F2 generation he found that 75% of the flowers were purple and 25% were white. Even though both parents had purple flowers, 25% of the offspring had white flowers. This turned out to be because of a recessive gene or trait was present in both parents.
Here is the Punnett square showing that 25% of the offspring had two "w" genes causing them to have white flowers:
P w
P PP Pw
w Pw ww
Homozygous and Heterozygous
When two of the genes are the same (like with "PP" or "ww" above) they are called homozygous. When they are different (like with "Pw") they are called Heterozygous.
Interesting Facts about Mendel and Inheritance
Mendel's work was rejected by his fellow scientists while he was alive. It wasn't until later that his work was rediscovered and confirmed through further experimentation.
Mendel was a monk and performed his experiments in the monastery garden. His experimentation largely ended when he was promoted to abbot.
Mendel also ran experiments with honey bees, but found them much more difficult to experiment with.
The idea that an offspring receives one unit of inheritance from each parent is the called the "theory of segregation."
THAT TOOK AN HOUR
Note to The Great War fans: Hank is correct to call it the Austrian empire. The Dual monarchy with Hungary wasn’t established until 1867.
I wanted him to say Bohemia.
Actually, Olomouc (city in the Czech Republic, where Mendel studied) is not in the region of Bohemia, but in the Moravian region.
Genetics are awesome to learn about. It’s what first got me into biology and science overall. Thanks, Hank
Nobody has pointed out that Hank's hair grew back for a couple seconds around 9:58
Genetics is honestly my favourite subject but I can’t believe I watch these in my spare time.
McKenna Kasian it's okay, my UA-cam subscriptions is nothing but science related channels, chemistry help channels, and self help channels
1:39 "Under appeaciated" = an under appreciated spelling.
Thanks for the great video. I'll definitely be using this for my classes this year. To the producers: The playlist for this class is missing episodes 11 and 12. Could you check on that?
Thermodynamics next eh? Nobody is as cool as Lord Kelvin
*face palm* That was a really bad pun and yet I like it.
Just saying that y'all used the wrong form of abbey in the description. Unless y'all are saying he grew plants on the back of someone named Abby
WOOPS! My dog's name is Abby and my brain just went on autopilot. :D
- Nick J.
@Crash Course, that would be an old dog!
*rimshot* :D
- Nick J.
If there's an abbot, there must be an abbey.
Mendel initially wanted to study heredity in mice, but his abbot thought copulation was too unholy to take place in the monastery
Interesting. Source?
Matthew Murdoch I’ve never heard this. Only that he chose peas bc of how fast they grow and reproduce.
@@matthewmurdoch6932 its in wikipedia atleast
Matthew Murdoch ive seen it in a documentary on youtube
Sex is unholy and yet He created it.
I like the extra emphasis on calling Mendel the "Father" of genetics. I see what you did there.
The little crying Mendel is too adorable
Wow this was timed perfectly! I just learned about this in bio lecture earlier today!
Mendel was student of the famous physicist and mathematician Doppler. The quantitative work in biology by Mendel had its inspiration/origin in that past training.
8:34 Sturtevant was pretty white for a fly guy
Let's say he led to the birth of The Offspring :P
Genetics has always been super interesting and fascinating to me. I remember learning about him when I first learned about the Punnet Square. It was definitely one of my favorite parts in science class.
Istg if Hank worked at a school, he would be that fantastic teacher people 4 grades below you would hear about from their elder siblings because his lessons are so entertaining
This is almost my favorite thing on UA-cam
BTW, the university where Mendel studied wasn't called "Palacký University" when he studied there. Back then, it was just "Univeristy of Olomouc".
I think science is the best subject in school.
Which science though. I only took 'science' class until I was 14, after that, chemistry was my favourite.
‘science’ is interesting and sometimes cool whether we’ve to learn it at school or not
That's because it is 😉
Embrace it my friend. You are one of the few people on this planet who are curious about how things work. :)
thank you , btw I loved it that you took real quick haircut on 10:22 - I found it entertaining.
I hope when the time comes you focus on George’s Le Maitre’s and the primordial atom. I think it is so cruel that we call his ideas “the Big Bang” when that was originally a derogatory term for his work on the origin of the universe.
I think it's an awesome bit of irony. Like how Schrodinger came up with his famous thought experiment to mock quantum mechanics and now it's used as the standard example.
@@Mechadude32 I whole heartedly disagree.
Hoyle was completely wrong in his view and was mocking of Le Maitre. And now we have the loser giving a new name to the winner's idea and the winner frequently erased from the history of science he is the backbone of. It's not irony. It's just cruel.
Great video. The only criticism I have is that Mendel's abbey in Brno was not in Eastern Europe. It is in the western half of Europe. Many call the region Central Europe. It would be enough to say that his research lab was in a monastery and in a relatively small town in Central Europe.
commonly, everything east from the iron curtain in the cold war is called eastern europe, so it's not uncommon to call that part of europe "eastern europe". This might not make especially much sense, especially if we talk abot something that happend way earlier, but still, you can't really call them out for using a definition that a lot of people use.
Melon Lord when talking about the period, there’s a large cultural divide around the netherlands, prussia and east are usually considered eastern europe because of the presence of serfdom, nations and states being less closely associated, more agrarian lifestyles, and a stricter class divide with a landed aristocracy. And less well developed financial systems, but that’s less definitive
His experiments really impacted his way of explaining things.
I mean, if you read his texts you can really feel the peaness.
His work was under appeaciated.
Thanks Crash course ,from the moment i saw the vedio about Darwin i was waiting for Mendel to be brought up ,Thanks for having an entire segment for him.He deserves it.
I learned more about genes. This video talks about on how organisms give traits to their descendents. Gregor Mendel give us more information and knowledge to answer the questions of our mind. While Darwin was the first person to appreciate clearly that evolution depends on the existence of heritable variability within a species to generate the differences between ancestral and descendent populations. Every child inherits genes from both of their biological parents. What a great information!
❤️ The Ella Enchanted nod!
@Anna Heebsh Right at the beginning in the pop - up thought bubble illustration, it's Slannen and the Heidi Klum giantess
11:02 She's the most important woman in the history of genetics, and yet i had never heard of her before, she WON an actual unshared Nobel Prize.... AND I HAD NEVER HEARD OF HER IN SCHOOL!!! how insane is that?!?
I think they should have mentioned how important Mendel's mathematical rigour
Great video, I love science, and learning about the history behind major discoveries is always refreshing, thank you!
This is a revelation! Am amazed to know that Gregor Mendel studied physics yet became more interested in plants (... he should be my great grandfather! I am a Physics teacher but I love to be in a garden to attend to plants, if not, be in a ranch to attend to farm animals... ) Yet his life-long work on the English peas and the result he obtained in his studies ushered in the quantitative genetics. Hot! But he maintained to be at low profile and made popular by other researches after several decades after... Grand!
This is a great video:)
This video share us about the works of Gregor Mendel, it is good to know about the different variety of knowledge specially talking about the discoveries of our scientists.
Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. While, Darwin was the first person to appreciate clearly that evolution depends on the existence of heritable variability within a species to generate the differences between ancestral and descendant populations.
We are aware that the genetics is the study of heredity. So the heredity is a biological process where a parent passes through the certain genes onto their children or offspring. Every child inherits genes from both of their biological parents and these genes in turn express specific traits.
Another, great information to this day:)
Im so amazed by knowing about the Genes . The video talks about how organisms give traits to thier descendants. Gregor Mendel give us more infromation and knowledge to answer the question's of our minds. Mendel's wants to improve his plant breeding . De Vries was already a famous biologist for the unit of heredity and for coming up with the term "mutation". In 1901 , American economist William Jasper Spillman published his own independent high fiving of Mendel in a paper called Quantitative Studies on the Transmission of Parental Characters to hybrid offspring . The work of the first geneticists also gave rise to a controversy in the life sciences. 1910's a group of Columbia University in New York led by Thomas Hunt Morgan conducted extensive expirements on the genetics of fruit files. Thanks for this wonderful video . It really give and add me more information's about Genes and how does it work .
I think everyone knows Gregor Mendel through the use of the Punnet square which was taught during high school. Though Mendel wasn't recognized for his works on genetics when he was still alive , I'm glad that he is now credited for his revolutionary work that is now used by the whole world. He deserved so much the title as 'father of genetics'. His discovery helped humans to understand how genes and traits were passed down. I remember in my 9th grade where I enjoyed doing the punnet square to know the traits of organisms. I also remeber drawing chromosomes nd cell division with my classmates. I'm thankful that our teacher did not made the discussion boring and I actually had fun in learning it.
Hail to gregor mendel. He has a great discoveries. He discovered so much that could help us in knowing what's the relationship in many things. Through his work on plants he eventually discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance where in genes are part of it. It answers our many questions like why the apperance is like this and so on. Gregor mendel must be honored in discovering it because it is really make sense to the point that we eventually knows what's with it in a deeper sense. How genes passed into and passed to another is a jaw-dropping situation that only a genuise can make some conclusions.
Before I am curious regarding the traits that passed down but through this I was able to gather some information. Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics because he had lot of contributions..
It was also emphasized in the video the Laws of Mendelian Inheritance, first is law of segragation which states that genes that control traits are distinct, second law of independent assortment which are genes that control different traits switch around when organism breed and lastly law of dominance which means some traits are dominance and others are recessive. It was such a amazing video that can help people to deeply know the history of genes. Thank you for the video.
I guess you could say their research was pretty fly
Thanks to Hank for Making me Dank!😃
This is basically my entire Genetics 101 class.
Hank wins the Gregor Mendel Science Man of the Year Award every year!
what a nice recap of my school days in 7th. grade :-D
thank you Mrs. Borgman, and thanks PBS ;-)
Custom Flies for sale! Come get yo Custom Flies!
I thought to limit my self to male career mise
Great video, thank you very much , note to self(nts) watched all of it 11:12
goddammit Crash Course, where were you when I was failing Biology?! D:
Crash Course Biology has been around since 2012.
I graduated in 2008 :(
@@BBBuilds12 biology classes did exist before 2012 ya know
DANK HANK
Dank Hank is my favourite kind of Hank
Yes!!! Thermodynamics next. Carnot, Joule, Clausius, Black, Watt, Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Helmholtz, Davy, Gibbs, Boltzmann!!!
I'd heard the story of Mendel before, but I had no idea just how much work he'd put into that pea experiment O_O
To whoever is reading this: I wish you the best of all this world could give, love and blessings are coming your way:)
Thank you. I really need that right now :)
It's actually whomever not whoever. -- Your friendly grammar Nazi.
Thank you that's extremely sweet :)
Thank you very much 💕 I wish you'll have the same as well 😄
Yes, i, a person watching the science playlist, accept your blessings
Gregor Mendel is an idol.
It would have been nice to mention epigenetics.
FINISH THE SCALE 2:39 😫
that is a GREAT shirt
Woo! Botany! Botany!!
Well, that 4 rediscoverers look like they are guided to mendel by their curiosity but it is the truth that they give mendel the share of success instead of selfishly claim it for themselves. Those guys have at least basic level of a moral code unlike Einstein or thomas edison who were only thinking about taking the fame and glory for themselves instead of sharing it with their predecessors or rivals.
I love Crash Course - your imagination and break down actually helps me learn faster. "Alfred Hot Dog Sturtevant" ♥
Are we going to get Maxwell's Demon again? I love that guy.
Nice video
Keep it up brother👌👌👌👍👍
Wow this story is amazing! But you have skipped the most important part: How and when people discovered location and shape of DNA? How did they learn to sequence it, and manipulate?
That's in another video they did. This one was just about the discovery of genetics in general.
Whoo-hoo! Bread mold!
I strongly hate this part in Biology. Like I dont understand how to do frequencies of dihybird crosses nor punnett squares of dihybird or monohybird either. I'm failing this class. So might as well try to understand I guess.
We did at least one episode on all of this in our Biology series. Go see if that helps at all! :)
- Nick J.
Oh boi, I found genetics really easy and self explanitory
How lol! teach me your ways!
Crash Course Biology #9 & #10, or even just the whole series. Got me through 1st year Biology. Especially the photosynthesis episode, but I digress...
Oh my! I'm sorry! (Genetics is one of my favs.) I hope there are other parts of bio you enjoy!
why did I think that was his mustach, it's his mouth. thanks brain.
You should make a video about Centrism
Good vid!!!
We bred drosophila in our high school biology class.
I am getting an error on this video reading “this video is unavailable on this device” ... on all my devices. 😕
Why does it say it is unavailable in my device?
It seems to be generally unavailable...
Do the history of forensic toxicology
Cool video!
is Barbara McClintock the 2nd woman scientist mentioned in this series since Maria Sybilla Merian?
This video is unavailable for this device? What.
Videos 11 and 12 are STILL not in the playlist.
Does anybody can see the video?, it says that it’s not avaliable in my devine
Brno is not in Eastern Europe, isolated yes, but not eastern. It's in the middle of the peninsula
Does anybody know why this video is unavailable?
You are my hero 😍
Enjoying the whole series, but this is the second episode that does not stream for me.
Why won’t this play?????
Is "Fly guys" a reference to the Try Guys :p
11 minute video/ comments at 2 minutes of being released
You left out Fisher, that made sense of Darwin and Mendel together, and proved that although Mendel invented the pea data, he was right
Is says “this video is unavailable on this device” I am trying to watch it on an iPad, how can I fix it
Clemente Barros same here! I have a quite old iPad, maybe that’s the problem?
Maya Belikin mine is from 2018
Maya Belikin Maybe is the location because I’m not in the us
Clemente Barros maybe, I’m not in U.S. either.
The sound of these episodes is way better now...
But crash course is better directed and produced in general
check the trilogy "Dangerous knowledge" here on youtube about Cantor, Boltzman and Turing. Edit: thermodynamics next? I knew it! Cheers :D
“This video is unavailable on this device.” WTF?
Didn't Mendel also groom his data and smooth out errors and inconsistencies? I was under the impression that his published data wasn't entirely honest
But what will happen to the genetics of Sticky?
0 dislikes. Nice!
crossing Over was responsible in troubling these scientists
"The only woman to have received..."
Wow
"...an unshared nobel prize..."
Oh. With so many prizes going to multiple people, that's a bit less...
"...in that category."
Pfff.
Green, you create an anachronism when you use the word genes in the writing of the 3 Mendelian Laws, as the term did not exist at the time and, obviously, could not have been used by Mendel in his laws as one might understand from the video.
Wonder what I'll be the Father of, when they go though my stuff when I die.
Or toxicology in general
Another Dutch mention!
Hank has finally become better than John in teaching.
wow, they were sleeping on Mendel
She got mendeled 😁😁
ALFRED "HOTDOG" STURTEVANT.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN.
takeaway: early biologist love peas