Avian General Anaesthesia

Dr. Alex Kreiss describes the basic principles of avian anaesthesia.
Birds have a higher anaesthetic risk than mammals, as they lack a diaphragm. Additionally, birds have complete tracheal rings, so intubation must be done with uncuffed endotracheal (ET) tubes.
**All birds should be assessed prior to the anaesthesia consciously; birds that are unresponsive or in respiratory distress should be provided with emergency care before anaesthesia. Avoid making birds fly excessively prior to anaesthesia, as this can lead to a higher risk of failure during the anaesthetic process**
Once the bird is contained, a mask of appropriate size is placed over the beak/bill, with high flow of oxygen and 5% isoflurane. In a few minutes, once the bird is induced, an endotracheal tube can be placed in the trachea and the person monitoring the anaesthesia can begin performing intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) to the bird. This is not always necessary, but as a precaution it can be performed at four breaths per minute.
Take note of breathing and heart rate using a stethoscope at a minimum of every five minutes, or more frequently if necessary. A doppler or an oesophageal stethoscope can be adapted to monitor the heart rate more easily.
Provide warmth throughout the procedure, as birds can lose heat very quickly.
Upon recovery, provide oxygen and warmth until fully conscious.