Sodium carbonate (or soda ash) is said to be a safer, environmentally friendly alternative to sodium hydroxide. Some hardware stores may have it on the shelf, but if you can't find it there you can convert regular baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to soda ash by heating it in a nonstick pan to remove the water. You can check the pH of the resulting powdery solid to see if it increases to somewhere above 9 (more alkaline). The measured weight of the soda ash to dry fiber is about 15-20% of the dry fiber weight.
Baking soda is much much weaker but better than nothing. By the way,I'm the same boy who talked to you months ago through a different channel.I now have my own Ipad.Papermaking was my short lived hobby I'm planning to return to as an adult with more access and freedom to do anything,
Actually, the dry weight of the fiber is important, but what is more influential in determining the percentage solution is the type of fiber. For example: bamboo is much tougher (more lignin) than grass and thus requires either a longer cook time with a lower (5-10) percentage NaOH solution, or a shorter cook time with a higher percentage (12-15) NaOH solution. It is essential to maintain a high pH (11-13) throughout the cooking process. Therefore, the short answer is to choose your percentage based on the type of fiber. Books like "The Complete Book of Papermaking" (ISBN - 1-57990-456-4) will come in handy.
hello i was wondering if process is applicable using cocoa pod/shell? just for the fiber part only. really need your opinion for thesis purposes. thank you
Hello, i am making an SIP but using banana peels instead. Can I do the same method in the video? Is it possible to get fiber from the peels? Thank you! Any information is helpful!
Hemicelluloses are some of the polysaccharides present in wood and non-wood materials. They "increase the strength of paper (especially tensile, burst, and fold) and the pulp yield but are not desired in dissolving pulps. (Dissolving pulps are relatively pure forms of cellulose used to make cellulose-based plastics.) Starch is often added to pulp to increase the strength of paper and probably has a very similar mechanism of effect as the hemicelluloses." (www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/hemicellulose) "Hemicelluloses are much more soluble and labile, that is, susceptible to chemical degradation, than is cellulose. They are soluble in 18.5% NaOH (which is the basis of their measurement in Tappi Test Method T203)." They are hydrolyzed by a base/alkali (in this case NaOH) into monosaccharides which can be removed in the black liquor. If you overcook the cellulose you can also start to degrade it. This is why I use low (3-5%) percentages now for the cooking aspect of the process.
Hello sir! The video is much appreciated. It covered the bleaching process I was looking for. I have a question, for algae paper how long would the cooking time be? Also, I would like to know about the use of glycerin as plasticizer and tapioca as adhesive, when should it be added and how much for an A4 sized sheet? Thank you so much !
Hello sir it's me Komal I want to know how to how should i take the training of making this type of organic sanitary napkins because i want to do a business of that
Can you make this without using sodium hydroxide? I'd like to avoid the chemicals if possible as I'm a clumsy type and don't trust that I won't splash it all over myself in the process :)
Hi good day sir! I was wondering if you can also do the same with rice hulls? We are currently doing a research that converts rice hulls into a paper and in a process right now, however, we can't seem to figure it out. Should we add more caustic soda (NaOH) and boil it for longer hours since rice hulls are tough? Hoping you to notice my concern.
The answer is yes! Many articles have been written about utilizing rice hulls to make paper and cardboard. We don't grow rice here in Jamaica and so I haven't tried it myself. As rule of thumb, it is best to try out a sample of the plant material...usually if it makes pulp, it can make paper. It would be great to have a hard and fast method of knowing, but as I have learnt from making banana paper from different plants, there is much to learn from trial and error. All banana plants don't make paper in the same manner. See my new video on pulping (ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html) for updated information on making paper pulp. I use 3-5% NaOH now because of some research findings.
Some papers wrinkle when placed in the sun to dry because the fibers contract when dried rapidly. The best way to dry these papers is in a dry place in the house on glass or on smooth boards. You can put them out in the sun when they are dry to complete the drying process. Brittle papers are the result of weak or tiny fibers. You will have to experiment with different plants to find the ones that are just right for your paper-making needs.
@@dwightrose5735 Very useful information, thank you very much. We also make paper from bananas. Looking forward to hearing more from you. thank you very much!
I actually am working on a video to show you how to build a simple device to measure "breaking length" (the paper equivalent of tensile strength). The breaking lengths for some of the banana plants I tested are between 3000 and 8500 m (3 km and 8.5 km). For reference, office paper with a grammage of 75 g/m^2 has a breaking length of between 2.5 km and 6.0 km (I measured 4.5 km on average).
hello Sir I was wondering if this process is applicable using cocoa pod/shell? Just for the fiber part only. really need your opinion for thesis purposes. thank you
Hlw I want to knw that is it possible to make paper water resistance by adding some oil/wax while heating. or else if you knw the idea for making water resistance paper please tell me.
You can make a 3% NaOH solution (3 g in 100 mL of water solution, 9g in 300-mL, etc.) and pour enough over the fiber to sufficiently cover it. Some fibers tend to swell and so you may have to top up with extra until a uniform boil is achieved. Getting it to a uniform boil is a bit of a challenge, so you may have to pay keen attention for at least 15-20 minutes.
+Jayson Bondad Thanks for your observation. I will try it out soon and compare the results with previous tensile strength tests. I think I'll upgrade to an ice blade in the future for more beating than shearing.
Although most plants have some form of cellulose fiber, there are some that have more than others. Plants like bamboo (alot of fiber is packed into the stalk of the bamboo), heliconia (lobbster claw plant), sisal, wild pineapple, corn stalks, grasses and fibrous plants can be used to make paper. Check out www.paperslurry.com/2014/08/20/hand-papermaking-with-plants-illustrated-infographic/. The only challenge is figuring out the right percentage of lye (NaOH) and cooking time that would adequately de-lignify the plant material without reducing cellulose content. I have been doing some studies and have found that many plants can use lye concentrations as low as 5% NaOH and cooking times of 45 minutes to 1 hour if the cooked material is left to sit overnight.
I have realized that it is really unnecessary to dry the fibers before cooking them. The only advantage is that drying the fibers removes excess water and thus allows the concentration of NaOH or Na2CO3 used to be more effective. Soaking dry fibers before cooking them in NaOH is useful in allowing the lye solution to penetrate them.
The main purpose of the NaOH solution is to remove the lignin from the plant material, thus increasing the cellulose yield. NaOH can eventually break down cellulose material and thus you should note the timing for the breakdown of the material during cooking.
Banana peels to have a bit of fiber in them, but I think the other ingredients may cause problems in the pulping process. It is better to use high fiber materials like stems and some firm leaves to make paper.
Good day sir! Is it possible to get the soft copy of your research paper about this? I'm a student and my research is about banana stem bag and need references, thank you!
Hi I just wanna ask If what is better to use to dissolve the lignin, NaOH or KOH? And another thing, why or how these compounds are able to dissolve lignin? Thank you in advance😊
KOH can be derived from boiling or leaching ashes. It is said to be a bit unpredictable, especially if you do not use reagent grade KOH. NaOH is the most widely available (I bought it in the supermarket) delignifier and can be used in various percent concentrations (5, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18) depending on the toughness of the fiber. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is another contender, but may be difficult to obtain and may also require longer boiling times. Either way, NaOH is more effective in removing lignin in a shorter space of time. Some acids (formic acid and acetic acid) and sulphates are also used in other processes. Lignin is a large organic molecule, making up to 10-25% of lignocellulosic biomass and is the second most abundant natural polymer (next to cellulose - the other polymer in plant material). It is insoluble in water and stable in nature and acts as the “glue” that connects cellulose and hemi-cellulose. Chemicals which dissolve as much lignin and as little cellulose as possible are used in pulping. Sulfate process uses white liquor, a mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S). Sodium hydroxide degrades lignin and sodium sulfide fastens cooking reactions and decreases cellulose degradation caused by sodium hydroxide. Temperature in sulfate pulping is normally 150 - 170 °C. www.knowpulp.com/english/demo/english/pulping/cooking/1_process/1_principle/fr_text.htm Most paper-making factories actually recover the lignin from the black liquor and use it as a fuel to power the boilers. The important thing in using an alkali (like NaOH) is to keep the pH of the solution up in the 12-13 range. Boiling also increases the rate of removal of lignin.
Unfortunately we don't grow wheat in Jamaica or the Caribbean but I have tested many of our local plants with success. Wheat straw is listed in many journal articles (www.paperpulpingmachine.com/applications/wheat-straw-pulp-making/) as one source of paper-making, so I think it should make paper. As to the quality of the paper I cannot say.
@@dwightrose5735 yes wheat straw is commonly used for various applications. While I dont plan to make paper, so no need for extra bleeching. It would be used for quite thick molds .
Honestly, I have never tried coconut fiber. I have seen past research with coir (coconut) fiber that uses Acetic acid in the process. I suggest you try. Maybe a higher concentration will work.
@@GEOsustainable We knew that. But sadly our research was not continued because of the pandemic. We were graduating high school students this year. Anyways, thank you for being a reference for our work. Stay Safe!
Hello! Anyare sa research niyo? We're doing the same study kasi ang pinagkaiba lang, we're making cardboard. So I wonder if need din namin ng sodium hydroxide kaso nga lang quarantine, mahirap kumuha. So tinuloy niyo ba yung study niyo?
@@bellerei6947 Hi there. since wala kaming nagamit na sodium hydroxide, naging cardboard like ang paper namin so nagchange nalang kami ng title. Nadiscontinue din naman afterward ang research kasi nag end na yung sem due to pandemic. Suggest ko lang na akuluan ang fiber then blender tapos mas maraming pulp means mas makapal ang magagawang carboard. Pero dapat pantay ang pagkakagawa ng cardboard kasi minsan tuyo na ibang area ang iba naman is basa pa kasi masyadong makapal. Hope this helped a lot and goodluck to your research. PADAYON!
I recently tried Oxyclean (which contains Sodium Percarbonate) in the cooking solution and it interestingly made a good pulp. Sodium Carbonate is another environmentally friendly chemical used in cooking plant materials. Hardwood ashes cooked in rainwater (preferably) and strained can create a potash solution that is quite useful in cooking plant materials. Many of these alternative cooking solutions are not as effective as NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide), but they work well if you add a bit more cook time. They may not work so well on harder fibres like bamboo. My new video on pulping is quite useful: ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html
Cooking the fibers in a 3-5% (or higher) NaOH solution results in a reaction that degrades the lignin in the plant material. Once the boil is finished the reaction will continue as long as heat is present. - The major reason for allowing it to cool is to slow down the reaction and to allow the process of lignin dissolution to be completed. - The other reason for allowing it to cool down is that NaOH is caustic and could cause severe burns to the skin, especially when it is hot. Use caution if you decide to pour it out and to rinse the fibers immediately after the boil. The rest time is ideal. I usually leave it overnight to cool thoroughly, but if you are in a rush use at least 15-20 minutes of cool time.
Thank you for your question...it is a tricky one. Different types of plant materials have different pulp and paper yields. Paper is measured more by grammage (basis weight) than by size. I will have to make a video describing paper yield. If you want to find out the yield, you must first measure out the dried plant material, pulp it, and make paper with it. You then weigh the paper and calculate the percentage yield as [(Total weight or paper * 100)/total weight of dried plant material]. It is better to use a deckle box (www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paperslurry.com%2F2016%2F03%2F31%2Fmaking-handmade-paper-with-a-deckle-box-part-2%2F&psig=AOvVaw2bG0xNR0S9nB-gdoBsZQAn&ust=1653528566382000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCIiSj4jA-fcCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAb) to make the paper since you can be consistent in your measurement of the amount of pulp used to make each sheet.
Hello Sir.. My team and I are working on a similar project but we intend to source our fiber from pineapple crowns.. is this process also applicable to pineapple crowns as well. Also, don't you think this process consumes a lot of water?
Yes, pineapple leaves are a good source of paper-making fiber. I made some paper with wild pineapple leaves a while back and got some really strong sheets of paper from it. Pineapple leaf fiber is also used to make a type of plant-based leather. I plan to try some myself soon. I think that you should start with a 3% NaOH solution to cook the fiber. The major use of water is in the rinsing phase...that cannot be avoided. Having a rain barrel really helps me to conserve on water at home.
This is a difficult question to answer because some plant material is more absorbent than others. It is best to cut up the plant material and then to make enough solution to completely cover it up with excess to top it up when the plant material swells (Note: not all materials behave in this manner so you may not have to top it up). I have found that a 5%-7.5% solution of NaOH (used to cook the material for about 1 hour) can be used for many applications of both trunk and leaf fiber. To make a 5% solution you need to add 5 g of NaOH to a measuring container (mL) and add enough water to make the total up to 100 mL. If you need 500 mL then add 25 g (5 times as much NaOH) and make it up to the 500 mL mark. After experimenting with a few plants you will develop an appropriate method.
The number of papers depends on several factors: (1) The type and strength of fibers (not all banana trunks and fibers are equal); (2) The thickness and area of the sheets you intend to make; (3) The size of the mold/mould and deckle you plan to use (the one I used in this video was half of a regular copy paper = 8.5 x 5.5) and it was a deckle box design; and (4) the size mesh used on the mold (make sure the mesh is taut - this can be done by using 1/4 wire mesh under your mosquito mesh when making the mold). If the fibers are strong and give a good sheet in your trials, then you can reduce the amount of pulp used to make a sheet and thin it out. Usually 15 g of dry fiber will give about 4-5 half-sheets. Thus 50g would give approximately 10-15 sheets (7 copy-sized sheets).
I have found that a 5%-7.5% solution of NaOH (used to cook the material for about 1 hour) can be used for many applications of both trunk and leaf fiber. To make a 12% solution you need to add 12.0 g of NaOH to a measuring container (mL) and add enough water to make the total up to 100 mL. If you need 1000 mL then add 120 g (10 times as much NaOH) and make it up to the 1000 mL mark. After experimenting with a few plants you will develop an appropriate method.
Different types of plant material respond to dyes in interesting ways. You can use food colouring, but you will have to add it to heated pulp which must be left to cool for about 2 hours. Sometimes mordants have to be added to the dye bath (a rusty iron nail is an example, and Alum is another) to increase the absorption of the stain into the plant material. I will try to work on a video for that, especially since I haven't seen much on youtube to help in that regard.
The major indicator is the reduction in the slippery feel of the fibers when rubbed between your fingers (make sure to rinse hand thoroughly after each test). When rinsed thoroughly the water dripping out usually becomes clear.
The thing that is important in the paper-making process is the pH of the solution and cook time. The volume of solution should be enough to cover the materials so that they can come to a steady boil. If you decrease the percentage of NaOH (to say 10% or even 5%) to save on chemicals, you will have to cook the fibers for a longer period. Some fibers soak up a lot of solution and require more volume to cook them. The process is one of trial and error for different plants. I stripped off the outer layer of the plant to reduce the extra absorbent inner layer to increase cooking efficiency. I hope this comment helps.
Very imformative video. Didn't know that there were so many steps in the conversion process. I am doing a project and would love to use banana paper as an eco friendly solution. How can I get access to the product!
What is the exact purpose of cooking banana stem with NaOH? what would happen if it is cooked without adding NaOH? if stem blended without cooking what would happen?
nirasha dilki The alkali (NaOH) dissolves the lignin in the plant. Lignin is a compound that keeps cellulose fibers glued together to give the plant structure. Once this is removed/dissolved the solution becomes dark brown and it can be rinsed away to release the cellulose with mechanical action (blender or Hollander beater). You can now make paper. If you do not use an alkali to cook it the lignin will remain in the plant tissue and your paper will get brittle over time. You can go as low as 5% alkali and even use potash (KOH - wood ash boiled in water and filtered). You just have to increase the cook time.
nirasha dilki It will eventually degrade overtime. Real paper is primarily cellulose. Glues and starch can be added to improve the quality and ability to hold ink and print. Newsprint still has a bit of lignin in it and thus degrades over time.
I made a thick sheet from banana pulp. But mold is forming in that sheet. Are there any way of prevent mold formation? or could you please advice me about a coating to apply on the sheet?
nirasha dilki most likely your sheet of paper had a bit of lignin in it and a lot of moisture. Mold needs food and water to thrive. Your sheet of paper must be thoroughly dried to prevent mold growth. I have sheets of paper made 5 years ago and I have no mold problem.
Scissors (to cut up dry fiber); a vat (half-filled tub of water larger than your mold and deckle); a blender, a press (some heavy weights placed on top of the samples can also act as a press to remove some of the water); waterproof mold and deckle (these can be made...future video..or check out ua-cam.com/video/sU71fWKR0wg/v-deo.html for a simple one); a strainer and shear fabric (to rinse cooked and pulped fiber); a smooth surface (preferably non-porous - to aid in the drying of the sheets); a paint brush (to help transfer paper to drying surface or to remove air pockets); a sponge (to remove excess water from the mold while couching); sheets of wool or felt material (for couching a sheet...I have read that thin blankets can be used also); and finally a waterproof board (to couch the sheets onto for pressing). I hope you find this helpful.
Hello sir I want to know How to cellulose extract from linseed straw (oil varity of flax) Please give some useful information regarding this How much naoh can i use and time
I used to use 10-12% NaOH until it was demonstrated through research that 3-5% would work well for softer plant material. It turns out that excessive NaOH actually degrades cellulose. My new video on pulping demonstrates how you can pulp most non-woods (ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html) Linseed straw would probably work well with a 3% NaOH solution (cooked for about 1 hour and cooled to room temperature). Just use enough solution to cover the plant materials in a stainless steel pot.
@@dwightrose5735 Can i do presteaming in pressure cooker for some minutes before Naoh treatment If yes then what which chemical mixed in presteaming Can I use sulfuric acide or citric acide And thank u sir for give to me information
Cooking plant fibers in a lye solution (Soda pulping) helps to dissolve most of the lignin in the material and thus release the cellulose fibres (the major ingredient in paper). I have learned to use lower percentages of NaOH (3-5%) in the cooking process. Hardwood ashes can be boiled in water to produce Potash (another lye solution) which, when filtered, can be used to cook the fibers also to remove lignin. My new video on pulping (ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html) has an updated process.
hello sir , we are doing this topic as our project work in our college, can you please provide calculations and material energy balances for this paper making from banana ?? i will be very happy if you provide me with the details of calculations and energy balances as there is pressure on us from our teachers to provide them with the calculations and energy balances..... thank you in advance..
Yes! It is even possible to print on it, especially on the smooth side. Adding glue and starch can improve the ability of the paper to hold print on the surface.
@@dwightrose5735 thank you sir. In what part of the process will i add the starch and glue? And if i can use cornstarch and any type of glue? I appreciate so much your reply.
Starch is usually the preferred additive (known as internal sizing). A cooked 6% solution (6 grams for every 95 mL of water) can be added directly to the vat (if you are using the scooping method), or it can be added to the blender with the measured pulp just before pouring it into the deckle box in the water. For the deckle box method you will need to add approximately 2 teaspoonfuls of liquid starch to the blender with the pulp and some water before pouring it into the deckle box in the vat with water. According to International Starch Trading (www.starch.dk/isi/applic/paper.htm), the use of starch at the wet end of paper-making improves paper strength. Proper cooking and complete hydration of a starch molecule is essential for all applications. Potato starch and tapioca starch (cassava starch) are both as root starches extremely easy to cook. The concentration in question ranges from 6% (6 grams in 100 mL) for a wet end starch to as much as 40% solids for a coating starch. Both shear and cooking temperature are important factors to completely disperse the starch granules. It is also possible to cook the starch in an open kettle for handmade applications.
Thank you for your question, I have been experimenting with the bleaching of paper over the summer. I found a video on youtube by Richard Venditti (ua-cam.com/video/jDvC2karRvA/v-deo.html) which gives detailed explanations of how paper pulp is bleached. Some of the methods are quite complicated (including peroxide bleaching), but liquid chlorine bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite - NaOCl) seems to be the simplest and most affordable. The downside is that it can form chloroform (carcinogen) and chlorine gas (low pH < 3). It can also degrade cellulose (paper-making material in the plant) if the pH is between 6 and 7. With that said, one can easily bleach paper pulp with liquid bleach from your local supermarket (Make sure to choose one which has 5.25% bleach on the label to get more bang for your buck). Application: 0.5-2.5% Bleach (NaOCl) - Bleaching solution: 2.5% bleach - to dilute the 5.25% bleach solution add about 48 mL of bleach to 52 mL of water (to make 100 mL). This number can be multipled by similar volumes of solution (for example: 500 mL solution --> [5 x 48] = 240 mL bleach + [5 x 52] = 260 mL water) - Time: 30-90 minutes - use lower times for less whitening (I have found that 30 minutes works well for certain types of pulp, so watch the whitening carefully) - Consistency: 3-12% - To achieve the consistency: (1) squeeze out as much of the water out of the pulp as you can; (2) weigh the squeezed mass of pulp (g) - for example 50 g; place this in a large measuring container with volume marks and add enough bleach solution to achieve 415 mL (in other words...add about 85 mL for every 10 g of squeezed pulp). - Temperature: 35-70 degrees Celsius - heat the solution with mild heat and use a thermometer to ensure that the temperature does not exceed 70 degrees Celsius. - pH: 9.5 - 11 - you can check the pH with pH paper if you are unsure, but it is usually above 10 with the dilution given above. Note: Liquid chlorine bleach typically has a pH of 11-12 (very alkaline). You should be able to see the transformation in color within the first few minutes of mixing. Make sure to mix regularly and to disperse the fibers evenly.
HI SIR AND GUYS UHM I TRIED TO MAKE PAPER FOR OUR RESEARCH IT WAS A FAILURE, I DUUNO WHAT TO DO, THE STRAINER IN THE MOLDER I THINK WAS THE PROBLEM BUT I CAN;T STRAIN THE PULP THO
this is a very old process. The question is how to get an investor to help buy a machine that does all of this is minutes. This is important. Or find people in Africa that will invent one. This is most important because china does not want to allow africa to have power in production or manufacturing. They have tried to take over Ghana before and the government monitors them. Africa now has every possibility at their finger tips. I hope they can use it.
Lignin is the glue that hold cellulose fibers together. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH - also called lye) when heated in a 3-5% solution helps to break down and dissolve the lignin in plant fibers, facilitating its removal and leaving cellulose fibers behind. Cellulose fibers are the basic foundation of papers and paper-making. ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html - This is an updated video on pulping.
🇳🇱 alleen maar maandverband is een goed idee voor ongesteld dagen ik vind dat tampon verbood moet worden voor iedereen die tampon ziekte is levensgevaarlijk maandverband is gewoon goed voor ongesteld dagen mijsje en vrouw gewoon ongesteld dagen is normaal hoor het is heel normaal ongesteld zijn voor menstuwiren dagen bloed normaal
Sodium carbonate (or soda ash) is said to be a safer, environmentally friendly alternative to sodium hydroxide. Some hardware stores may have it on the shelf, but if you can't find it there you can convert regular baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to soda ash by heating it in a nonstick pan to remove the water. You can check the pH of the resulting powdery solid to see if it increases to somewhere above 9 (more alkaline). The measured weight of the soda ash to dry fiber is about 15-20% of the dry fiber weight.
Baking soda is much much weaker but better than nothing.
By the way,I'm the same boy who talked to you months ago through a different channel.I now have my own Ipad.Papermaking was my short lived hobby I'm planning to return to as an adult with more access and freedom to do anything,
thanks for clarification of that sodium hydroxide
Dwight Rose Separate
medical grade.
but the soda ash is not liquid. how are we suppose to put it in the mixture.
Is it possible to communicate with you in the project?
Actually, the dry weight of the fiber is important, but what is more influential in determining the percentage solution is the type of fiber. For example: bamboo is much tougher (more lignin) than grass and thus requires either a longer cook time with a lower (5-10) percentage NaOH solution, or a shorter cook time with a higher percentage (12-15) NaOH solution. It is essential to maintain a high pH (11-13) throughout the cooking process. Therefore, the short answer is to choose your percentage based on the type of fiber. Books like "The Complete Book of Papermaking" (ISBN - 1-57990-456-4) will come in handy.
Good day sir , can I have ur email I'd sir ,
I would like to ask some questions on banana paper . Tq sir
hello i was wondering if process is applicable using cocoa pod/shell? just for the fiber part only. really need your opinion for thesis purposes. thank you
Sir kindly Say some books to study the process of converting fiber to cotton
Hello, i am making an SIP but using banana peels instead. Can I do the same method in the video? Is it possible to get fiber from the peels? Thank you! Any information is helpful!
How many milliliters do you add to cook the banana trunk?
Very resourceful thanks
20% sodium carbonate of dry weight works very well.
Sir, I need to know how to convert banana Fibre into cotton (banana cotton)because of my research. Help me for that sir
Thank you very much!
Hi Sir, This video is so great!. Thank you so much. I have a question. How about hemicellulose? It's dissolve, right???
Hemicelluloses are some of the polysaccharides present in wood and non-wood materials. They "increase the strength of paper (especially tensile, burst, and fold) and the pulp yield but are not desired in dissolving pulps. (Dissolving pulps are relatively pure forms of cellulose used to make cellulose-based plastics.) Starch is often added to pulp to increase the strength of paper and probably has a very similar mechanism of effect as the hemicelluloses." (www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/hemicellulose)
"Hemicelluloses are much more soluble and labile, that is, susceptible to chemical degradation, than is cellulose. They are soluble in 18.5% NaOH (which is the basis of their measurement in Tappi Test Method T203)."
They are hydrolyzed by a base/alkali (in this case NaOH) into monosaccharides which can be removed in the black liquor. If you overcook the cellulose you can also start to degrade it. This is why I use low (3-5%) percentages now for the cooking aspect of the process.
how many papers are made in one batch?
Hello sir! The video is much appreciated. It covered the bleaching process I was looking for. I have a question, for algae paper how long would the cooking time be? Also, I would like to know about the use of glycerin as plasticizer and tapioca as adhesive, when should it be added and how much for an A4 sized sheet? Thank you so much !
Hello sir this is a very nice video, I would recommend you make more as to increase your subscribers.
Ok. Thanks
This video is very helpful for us
Hello sir it's me Komal I want to know how to how should i take the training of making this type of organic sanitary napkins because i want to do a business of that
Really hope you will be able to do that! I hate sanitary napkins dan diapers, they are so poluting!
Can you make this without using sodium hydroxide? I'd like to avoid the chemicals if possible as I'm a clumsy type and don't trust that I won't splash it all over myself in the process :)
no
Awesome stuff.
Sir , can I use baking soda for this process and , can I use this banana fiber, as a paper bag or to be used in food box like , lunch box tq sir
Hi good day sir! I was wondering if you can also do the same with rice hulls? We are currently doing a research that converts rice hulls into a paper and in a process right now, however, we can't seem to figure it out. Should we add more caustic soda (NaOH) and boil it for longer hours since rice hulls are tough? Hoping you to notice my concern.
The answer is yes! Many articles have been written about utilizing rice hulls to make paper and cardboard. We don't grow rice here in Jamaica and so I haven't tried it myself. As rule of thumb, it is best to try out a sample of the plant material...usually if it makes pulp, it can make paper. It would be great to have a hard and fast method of knowing, but as I have learnt from making banana paper from different plants, there is much to learn from trial and error. All banana plants don't make paper in the same manner. See my new video on pulping (ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html) for updated information on making paper pulp. I use 3-5% NaOH now because of some research findings.
How to prevent paper from being brittle and wrinkled when dry? thanks.
Some papers wrinkle when placed in the sun to dry because the fibers contract when dried rapidly. The best way to dry these papers is in a dry place in the house on glass or on smooth boards. You can put them out in the sun when they are dry to complete the drying process.
Brittle papers are the result of weak or tiny fibers. You will have to experiment with different plants to find the ones that are just right for your paper-making needs.
@@dwightrose5735 Very useful information, thank you very much. We also make paper from bananas. Looking forward to hearing more from you. thank you very much!
Can we reduce water wastage🙏
Dedicate to all student of different country and best wishes and lots of love too🍁🍁🍁🎗🎗🎗⭐⭐⭐
How much tensile strength does the paper have?
I actually am working on a video to show you how to build a simple device to measure "breaking length" (the paper equivalent of tensile strength). The breaking lengths for some of the banana plants I tested are between 3000 and 8500 m (3 km and 8.5 km). For reference, office paper with a grammage of 75 g/m^2 has a breaking length of between 2.5 km and 6.0 km (I measured 4.5 km on average).
hello Sir I was wondering if this process is applicable using cocoa pod/shell? Just for the fiber part only. really need your opinion for thesis purposes. thank you
I tried it and didn't end up with fiber rich pulp. When dried, the pulp was like a rock.
Hlw I want to knw that is it possible to make paper water resistance by adding some oil/wax while heating.
or else if you knw the idea for making water resistance paper please tell me.
You can make a 3% NaOH solution (3 g in 100 mL of water solution, 9g in 300-mL, etc.) and pour enough over the fiber to sufficiently cover it. Some fibers tend to swell and so you may have to top up with extra until a uniform boil is achieved. Getting it to a uniform boil is a bit of a challenge, so you may have to pay keen attention for at least 15-20 minutes.
This was really helpful thank you
Can the process be used for making pulp, from Areca nut husk fibre? if you have any idea about the process, please mention.
Will this work with coconut palm or other palm fronds?
Honestly, palm fronds tend to have stiff fibers making it quite difficult to produce quality paper, but I will have a go at it and let you know.
Nice!Quite like making mulberry paper.
I highly recommend cutting the banana bark to 1-2 inches instead of 0.5-0.25 inch.It makes fibers too short and the paper weak.
+Jayson Bondad Thanks for your observation. I will try it out soon and compare the results with previous tensile strength tests. I think I'll upgrade to an ice blade in the future for more beating than shearing.
Hello Sir, Im doing a research project on how to make a paper using eco-based materials. What other type of leaves or stalk can i use to make papers?
Although most plants have some form of cellulose fiber, there are some that have more than others. Plants like bamboo (alot of fiber is packed into the stalk of the bamboo), heliconia (lobbster claw plant), sisal, wild pineapple, corn stalks, grasses and fibrous plants can be used to make paper. Check out www.paperslurry.com/2014/08/20/hand-papermaking-with-plants-illustrated-infographic/. The only challenge is figuring out the right percentage of lye (NaOH) and cooking time that would adequately de-lignify the plant material without reducing cellulose content. I have been doing some studies and have found that many plants can use lye concentrations as low as 5% NaOH and cooking times of 45 minutes to 1 hour if the cooked material is left to sit overnight.
@@dwightrose5735 thank you so much!
what is the name of this method?
whay do you dry the fiber and then put them into water
I have realized that it is really unnecessary to dry the fibers before cooking them. The only advantage is that drying the fibers removes excess water and thus allows the concentration of NaOH or Na2CO3 used to be more effective. Soaking dry fibers before cooking them in NaOH is useful in allowing the lye solution to penetrate them.
@@dwightrose5735 for that you could also filter them to save energy
In which temperature we need to boil the sample with sodium hydroxide can anyone say
Hello, may I ask why it is cooked with a NaOH solution?
The main purpose of the NaOH solution is to remove the lignin from the plant material, thus increasing the cellulose yield. NaOH can eventually break down cellulose material and thus you should note the timing for the breakdown of the material during cooking.
May I ask if there is an alternative use if i dont have any NaOH?
does banana peels can be also used in making paper?
Banana peels to have a bit of fiber in them, but I think the other ingredients may cause problems in the pulping process. It is better to use high fiber materials like stems and some firm leaves to make paper.
Good day sir! Is it possible to get the soft copy of your research paper about this? I'm a student and my research is about banana stem bag and need references, thank you!
How many ML of NaOH ?
Hi I just wanna ask If what is better to use to dissolve the lignin, NaOH or KOH? And another thing, why or how these compounds are able to dissolve lignin? Thank you in advance😊
KOH can be derived from boiling or leaching ashes. It is said to be a bit unpredictable, especially if you do not use reagent grade KOH. NaOH is the most widely available (I bought it in the supermarket) delignifier and can be used in various percent concentrations (5, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18) depending on the toughness of the fiber. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is another contender, but may be difficult to obtain and may also require longer boiling times. Either way, NaOH is more effective in removing lignin in a shorter space of time. Some acids (formic acid and acetic acid) and sulphates are also used in other processes.
Lignin is a large organic molecule, making up to 10-25% of lignocellulosic biomass and is the second most abundant natural polymer (next to cellulose - the other polymer in plant material). It is insoluble in water and stable in nature and acts as the “glue” that connects cellulose and hemi-cellulose.
Chemicals which dissolve as much lignin and as little cellulose as possible are used in pulping. Sulfate process uses white liquor, a mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S). Sodium hydroxide degrades lignin and sodium sulfide fastens cooking reactions and decreases cellulose degradation caused by sodium hydroxide. Temperature in sulfate pulping is normally 150 - 170 °C.
www.knowpulp.com/english/demo/english/pulping/cooking/1_process/1_principle/fr_text.htm
Most paper-making factories actually recover the lignin from the black liquor and use it as a fuel to power the boilers. The important thing in using an alkali (like NaOH) is to keep the pH of the solution up in the 12-13 range. Boiling also increases the rate of removal of lignin.
What about wheat straw pulping? Have You tested it and have some feedback on it? Thanks
Unfortunately we don't grow wheat in Jamaica or the Caribbean but I have tested many of our local plants with success. Wheat straw is listed in many journal articles (www.paperpulpingmachine.com/applications/wheat-straw-pulp-making/) as one source of paper-making, so I think it should make paper. As to the quality of the paper I cannot say.
@@dwightrose5735 yes wheat straw is commonly used for various applications. While I dont plan to make paper, so no need for extra bleeching. It would be used for quite thick molds .
@@dwightrose5735 by the way, maybe you know some natural additives that could work as a glue for streghtening the mold?
Can I use this process with coconut fibers?
Honestly, I have never tried coconut fiber. I have seen past research with coir (coconut) fiber that uses Acetic acid in the process. I suggest you try. Maybe a higher concentration will work.
Hi. Im currenly doing a research about paper making from palm leaves. Is it necessary to dry the leaves or can use fresh leaves?
You can use fresh leaves. Using fresh leaves uses more solution.
Is it possible to make Banana paper without Sodium Hydroxide?
no
@@GEOsustainable We knew that. But sadly our research was not continued because of the pandemic. We were graduating high school students this year. Anyways, thank you for being a reference for our work. Stay Safe!
Hello! Anyare sa research niyo? We're doing the same study kasi ang pinagkaiba lang, we're making cardboard. So I wonder if need din namin ng sodium hydroxide kaso nga lang quarantine, mahirap kumuha. So tinuloy niyo ba yung study niyo?
@@bellerei6947 Hi there. since wala kaming nagamit na sodium hydroxide, naging cardboard like ang paper namin so nagchange nalang kami ng title. Nadiscontinue din naman afterward ang research kasi nag end na yung sem due to pandemic. Suggest ko lang na akuluan ang fiber then blender tapos mas maraming pulp means mas makapal ang magagawang carboard. Pero dapat pantay ang pagkakagawa ng cardboard kasi minsan tuyo na ibang area ang iba naman is basa pa kasi masyadong makapal. Hope this helped a lot and goodluck to your research. PADAYON!
I recently tried Oxyclean (which contains Sodium Percarbonate) in the cooking solution and it interestingly made a good pulp. Sodium Carbonate is another environmentally friendly chemical used in cooking plant materials. Hardwood ashes cooked in rainwater (preferably) and strained can create a potash solution that is quite useful in cooking plant materials. Many of these alternative cooking solutions are not as effective as NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide), but they work well if you add a bit more cook time. They may not work so well on harder fibres like bamboo.
My new video on pulping is quite useful: ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html
Hello, sir. Could you please explain why the mixture should be cooled for about an hour?
Cooking the fibers in a 3-5% (or higher) NaOH solution results in a reaction that degrades the lignin in the plant material. Once the boil is finished the reaction will continue as long as heat is present.
- The major reason for allowing it to cool is to slow down the reaction and to allow the process of lignin dissolution to be completed.
- The other reason for allowing it to cool down is that NaOH is caustic and could cause severe burns to the skin, especially when it is hot.
Use caution if you decide to pour it out and to rinse the fibers immediately after the boil. The rest time is ideal. I usually leave it overnight to cool thoroughly, but if you are in a rush use at least 15-20 minutes of cool time.
Ohh, i see. Thank you so much for your detailed information. It's a huge help :))
hello i tried your process, its good. I was able to make paper but i wanted to know how can i convert the colour of page from brown to white colour.
Akash Kumar Bhargava bleach it
Hi sir, great movie. Do you think this is also possible with the banana peel??
Never tried it. The trunk fiber is usually the best and most abundant in banana trunks (pseudo stem).
Hi sir! How many paper (and in what sizes) did you make for a 13g pulp?
Thank you for your question...it is a tricky one. Different types of plant materials have different pulp and paper yields. Paper is measured more by grammage (basis weight) than by size. I will have to make a video describing paper yield.
If you want to find out the yield, you must first measure out the dried plant material, pulp it, and make paper with it. You then weigh the paper and calculate the percentage yield as [(Total weight or paper * 100)/total weight of dried plant material]. It is better to use a deckle box (www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paperslurry.com%2F2016%2F03%2F31%2Fmaking-handmade-paper-with-a-deckle-box-part-2%2F&psig=AOvVaw2bG0xNR0S9nB-gdoBsZQAn&ust=1653528566382000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCIiSj4jA-fcCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAb) to make the paper since you can be consistent in your measurement of the amount of pulp used to make each sheet.
Thank Sir 👍😊
Is the heating done in Farenheit or Degree Celsius?
The school is not in the usa so the temperature would be in celsius.
Sir, at what temperature do we suppose to dry the stripped fibres in incubator at early stage?
No higher than 150 Fahrenheit (125-150). You could also hang them out in the sun on a line to dry.
@@dwightrose5735 Thank you sir. You've helped me a lot!!
@@dwightrose5735 may i ask for how long need to hang them out in the sun? thankyou
@@rheanneizleornedo1499 until they dry.
@@dwightrose5735usually for how many hours?
Hello Sir..
My team and I are working on a similar project but we intend to source our fiber from pineapple crowns..
is this process also applicable to pineapple crowns as well.
Also, don't you think this process consumes a lot of water?
Yes, pineapple leaves are a good source of paper-making fiber. I made some paper with wild pineapple leaves a while back and got some really strong sheets of paper from it. Pineapple leaf fiber is also used to make a type of plant-based leather. I plan to try some myself soon. I think that you should start with a 3% NaOH solution to cook the fiber.
The major use of water is in the rinsing phase...that cannot be avoided. Having a rain barrel really helps me to conserve on water at home.
what is the mass in grams of NaOH that you used for 500g fiber??
This is a difficult question to answer because some plant material is more absorbent than others. It is best to cut up the plant material and then to make enough solution to completely cover it up with excess to top it up when the plant material swells (Note: not all materials behave in this manner so you may not have to top it up). I have found that a 5%-7.5% solution of NaOH (used to cook the material for about 1 hour) can be used for many applications of both trunk and leaf fiber. To make a 5% solution you need to add 5 g of NaOH to a measuring container (mL) and add enough water to make the total up to 100 mL. If you need 500 mL then add 25 g (5 times as much NaOH) and make it up to the 500 mL mark. After experimenting with a few plants you will develop an appropriate method.
How many papers can be made by that 50grams of banana fiber?
The number of papers depends on several factors: (1) The type and strength of fibers (not all banana trunks and fibers are equal); (2) The thickness and area of the sheets you intend to make; (3) The size of the mold/mould and deckle you plan to use (the one I used in this video was half of a regular copy paper = 8.5 x 5.5) and it was a deckle box design; and (4) the size mesh used on the mold (make sure the mesh is taut - this can be done by using 1/4 wire mesh under your mosquito mesh when making the mold).
If the fibers are strong and give a good sheet in your trials, then you can reduce the amount of pulp used to make a sheet and thin it out. Usually 15 g of dry fiber will give about 4-5 half-sheets. Thus 50g would give approximately 10-15 sheets (7 copy-sized sheets).
Good morning! Can I ask you how much water do I need for 12% NaOH. I need it in my SIP. hope you can answer me ASAP.. thank you!
I have found that a 5%-7.5% solution of NaOH (used to cook the material for about 1 hour) can be used for many applications of both trunk and leaf fiber. To make a 12% solution you need to add 12.0 g of NaOH to a measuring container (mL) and add enough water to make the total up to 100 mL. If you need 1000 mL then add 120 g (10 times as much NaOH) and make it up to the 1000 mL mark. After experimenting with a few plants you will develop an appropriate method.
❤️
Hello sir! May I ask how much mL of NaOH solution was used for 50g of banana stem fibers?
Probably about 300 mL. You just want to make sure the fiber is covered before the boil.
@@dwightrose5735 Thank you so much sir!
Hi. what if I add food coloring or ink so the paper has color in the end?
Different types of plant material respond to dyes in interesting ways. You can use food colouring, but you will have to add it to heated pulp which must be left to cool for about 2 hours. Sometimes mordants have to be added to the dye bath (a rusty iron nail is an example, and Alum is another) to increase the absorption of the stain into the plant material. I will try to work on a video for that, especially since I haven't seen much on youtube to help in that regard.
hi. what was the indicator that the NaOH was already removed from the fibers? thank you for the answer
The major indicator is the reduction in the slippery feel of the fibers when rubbed between your fingers (make sure to rinse hand thoroughly after each test). When rinsed thoroughly the water dripping out usually becomes clear.
Thank you!
Can you make paper from banana peels too?
Sir, can you please give me the volume of NaOH solution used per 50 g of fiber. Thank you, great innovation.
The thing that is important in the paper-making process is the pH of the solution and cook time. The volume of solution should be enough to cover the materials so that they can come to a steady boil. If you decrease the percentage of NaOH (to say 10% or even 5%) to save on chemicals, you will have to cook the fibers for a longer period. Some fibers soak up a lot of solution and require more volume to cook them. The process is one of trial and error for different plants. I stripped off the outer layer of the plant to reduce the extra absorbent inner layer to increase cooking efficiency. I hope this comment helps.
It surely hit the spot sir! Thank you once again
what type of banana tree?
Very imformative video. Didn't know that there were so many steps in the conversion process. I am doing a project and would love to use banana paper as an eco friendly solution. How can I get access to the product!
Wish you lived next door! I cut down banana trees every 3 days to feed my ducks
What is the exact purpose of cooking banana stem with NaOH? what would happen if it is cooked without adding NaOH? if stem blended without cooking what would happen?
nirasha dilki The alkali (NaOH) dissolves the lignin in the plant. Lignin is a compound that keeps cellulose fibers glued together to give the plant structure. Once this is removed/dissolved the solution becomes dark brown and it can be rinsed away to release the cellulose with mechanical action (blender or Hollander beater). You can now make paper. If you do not use an alkali to cook it the lignin will remain in the plant tissue and your paper will get brittle over time. You can go as low as 5% alkali and even use potash (KOH - wood ash boiled in water and filtered). You just have to increase the cook time.
Without cooking the banana bark if we add some glue type material while making the pulp can we overcome the brittleness of the paper?
nirasha dilki It will eventually degrade overtime. Real paper is primarily cellulose. Glues and starch can be added to improve the quality and ability to hold ink and print. Newsprint still has a bit of lignin in it and thus degrades over time.
I made a thick sheet from banana pulp. But mold is forming in that sheet. Are there any way of prevent mold formation? or could you please advice me about a coating to apply on the sheet?
nirasha dilki most likely your sheet of paper had a bit of lignin in it and a lot of moisture. Mold needs food and water to thrive. Your sheet of paper must be thoroughly dried to prevent mold growth. I have sheets of paper made 5 years ago and I have no mold problem.
Can I get the full list of the equipments used in this video?Tqvm
Scissors (to cut up dry fiber); a vat (half-filled tub of water larger than your mold and deckle); a blender, a press (some heavy weights placed on top of the samples can also act as a press to remove some of the water); waterproof mold and deckle (these can be made...future video..or check out ua-cam.com/video/sU71fWKR0wg/v-deo.html for a simple one); a strainer and shear fabric (to rinse cooked and pulped fiber); a smooth surface (preferably non-porous - to aid in the drying of the sheets); a paint brush (to help transfer paper to drying surface or to remove air pockets); a sponge (to remove excess water from the mold while couching); sheets of wool or felt material (for couching a sheet...I have read that thin blankets can be used also); and finally a waterproof board (to couch the sheets onto for pressing). I hope you find this helpful.
@@dwightrose5735 thanks
Hello sir
I want to know
How to cellulose extract from linseed straw (oil varity of flax)
Please give some useful information regarding this
How much naoh can i use and time
I used to use 10-12% NaOH until it was demonstrated through research that 3-5% would work well for softer plant material. It turns out that excessive NaOH actually degrades cellulose. My new video on pulping demonstrates how you can pulp most non-woods (ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html)
Linseed straw would probably work well with a 3% NaOH solution (cooked for about 1 hour and cooled to room temperature). Just use enough solution to cover the plant materials in a stainless steel pot.
@@dwightrose5735
Can i do presteaming in pressure cooker for some minutes before
Naoh treatment
If yes then what which chemical mixed in presteaming
Can I use sulfuric acide or citric acide
And thank u sir for give to me information
Why do you have to boil the fibre?
Cooking plant fibers in a lye solution (Soda pulping) helps to dissolve most of the lignin in the material and thus release the cellulose fibres (the major ingredient in paper). I have learned to use lower percentages of NaOH (3-5%) in the cooking process. Hardwood ashes can be boiled in water to produce Potash (another lye solution) which, when filtered, can be used to cook the fibers also to remove lignin. My new video on pulping (ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html) has an updated process.
hello sir , we are doing this topic as our project work in our college, can you please provide calculations and material energy balances for this paper making from banana ?? i will be very happy if you provide me with the details of calculations and energy balances as there is pressure on us from our teachers to provide them with the calculations and energy balances..... thank you in advance..
I will try in a later video on paper strength.
can we write on it?.
Yes! It is even possible to print on it, especially on the smooth side. Adding glue and starch can improve the ability of the paper to hold print on the surface.
@@dwightrose5735 thank you sir. In what part of the process will i add the starch and glue? And if i can use cornstarch and any type of glue? I appreciate so much your reply.
Starch is usually the preferred additive (known as internal sizing). A cooked 6% solution (6 grams for every 95 mL of water) can be added directly to the vat (if you are using the scooping method), or it can be added to the blender with the measured pulp just before pouring it into the deckle box in the water. For the deckle box method you will need to add approximately 2 teaspoonfuls of liquid starch to the blender with the pulp and some water before pouring it into the deckle box in the vat with water.
According to International Starch Trading (www.starch.dk/isi/applic/paper.htm), the use of starch at the wet end of paper-making improves paper strength. Proper cooking and complete hydration of a starch molecule is essential for all applications. Potato starch and tapioca starch (cassava starch) are both as root starches extremely easy to cook. The concentration in question ranges from 6% (6 grams in 100 mL) for a wet end starch to as much as 40% solids for a coating starch. Both shear and cooking temperature are important factors to completely disperse the starch granules. It is also possible to cook the starch in an open kettle for handmade applications.
Sir how can we make the paper white?
Thank you for your question, I have been experimenting with the bleaching of paper over the summer. I found a video on youtube by Richard Venditti (ua-cam.com/video/jDvC2karRvA/v-deo.html) which gives detailed explanations of how paper pulp is bleached. Some of the methods are quite complicated (including peroxide bleaching), but liquid chlorine bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite - NaOCl) seems to be the simplest and most affordable. The downside is that it can form chloroform (carcinogen) and chlorine gas (low pH < 3). It can also degrade cellulose (paper-making material in the plant) if the pH is between 6 and 7.
With that said, one can easily bleach paper pulp with liquid bleach from your local supermarket (Make sure to choose one which has 5.25% bleach on the label to get more bang for your buck).
Application: 0.5-2.5% Bleach (NaOCl)
- Bleaching solution: 2.5% bleach - to dilute the 5.25% bleach solution add about 48 mL of bleach to 52 mL of water (to make 100 mL). This number can be multipled by similar volumes of solution (for example: 500 mL solution --> [5 x 48] = 240 mL bleach + [5 x 52] = 260 mL water)
- Time: 30-90 minutes - use lower times for less whitening (I have found that 30 minutes works well for certain types of pulp, so watch the whitening carefully)
- Consistency: 3-12% - To achieve the consistency: (1) squeeze out as much of the water out of the pulp as you can; (2) weigh the squeezed mass of pulp (g) - for example 50 g; place this in a large measuring container with volume marks and add enough bleach solution to achieve 415 mL (in other words...add about 85 mL for every 10 g of squeezed pulp).
- Temperature: 35-70 degrees Celsius - heat the solution with mild heat and use a thermometer to ensure that the temperature does not exceed 70 degrees Celsius.
- pH: 9.5 - 11 - you can check the pH with pH paper if you are unsure, but it is usually above 10 with the dilution given above. Note: Liquid chlorine bleach typically has a pH of 11-12 (very alkaline).
You should be able to see the transformation in color within the first few minutes of mixing. Make sure to mix regularly and to disperse the fibers evenly.
HI SIR AND GUYS UHM I TRIED TO MAKE PAPER FOR OUR RESEARCH IT WAS A FAILURE, I DUUNO WHAT TO DO, THE STRAINER IN THE MOLDER I THINK WAS THE PROBLEM BUT I CAN;T STRAIN THE PULP THO
Check out my new video. Sheer material which is cheap and affordable can be obtained at most cloth shops.
this is a very old process. The question is how to get an investor to help buy a machine that does all of this is minutes. This is important. Or find people in Africa that will invent one. This is most important because china does not want to allow africa to have power in production or manufacturing. They have tried to take over Ghana before and the government monitors them. Africa now has every possibility at their finger tips. I hope they can use it.
The women in Uganda are running a successful business with banana leaves
Sir what is the use of sodium hydroxide?
Lignin is the glue that hold cellulose fibers together. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH - also called lye) when heated in a 3-5% solution helps to break down and dissolve the lignin in plant fibers, facilitating its removal and leaving cellulose fibers behind. Cellulose fibers are the basic foundation of papers and paper-making. ua-cam.com/video/ioyXCghX06Y/v-deo.html - This is an updated video on pulping.
🇳🇱 alleen maar maandverband is een goed idee voor ongesteld dagen
ik vind dat tampon verbood moet worden voor iedereen die tampon ziekte is levensgevaarlijk maandverband is gewoon goed voor ongesteld dagen mijsje en vrouw gewoon ongesteld dagen is normaal hoor het is heel normaal ongesteld zijn voor menstuwiren dagen bloed normaal