Five simple strategies to sharpen your critical thinking | BBC Ideas

Поділитися
Вставка
  • Опубліковано 31 січ 2025

КОМЕНТАРІ • 265

  • @bbcideas
    @bbcideas  4 роки тому +50

    Are you watching this video whilst doing other things? Here's what goes on in our brains when we're multitasking and why (mostly) multitasking doesn't work 👉ua-cam.com/video/tMiyzuO1qMs/v-deo.html

  • @hiromimaeda1526
    @hiromimaeda1526 3 роки тому +464

    1.Beware of confirmation bias
    -much more likely to accept information that we already know
    -actively prepared to change your mind
    2.Embrace nuance and complexity
    -something that seems self-evident can be more nuanced than you think
    3.Practice intellectual humility
    -try to understand other person perspectives
    4.Check your sources
    -lookout of ulterior motive/vested interest
    5.Avoid fallacies
    -straw man fallacy,ad hominem fallacy

  • @alienonion4636
    @alienonion4636 Рік тому +16

    One thing I do that has served me well is when listening, reading, watching a video is when finding myself biased more than a bit is to reread as if I'd never heard of the subject before, as if I have no opinion about it. Most times I do find that if I have the desire to persue the topic to learn as much as I can or at least as many different opinions that I can find whatever opinion I did have prior to this changes.

  • @letsfight9472
    @letsfight9472 Рік тому +95

    Your journalists need this the most.

    • @animad_studio44
      @animad_studio44 11 місяців тому +3

      😁🤌👍

    • @Lagerfanny-g7e
      @Lagerfanny-g7e 8 місяців тому +4

      And Channel Four.

    • @cathahleipar1052
      @cathahleipar1052 5 місяців тому +6

      and your comment is a great example of ad hominem attack

    • @GIJha
      @GIJha Місяць тому

      Journalism is a tool employed by governments, there’s no fallacy there, it is a fact. It’s the ‘Big Lie’ or illusion of truth. So you need to look at nuances and confirmation bias :)

  • @matthewleitch1
    @matthewleitch1 Рік тому +36

    This video seems to have been liked and appreciated by many people. Perhaps more BBC staff involved in news reporting should watch it.

  • @curiouslyunruffled
    @curiouslyunruffled 4 роки тому +165

    This is indeed a valuable, brilliantly-articulated compilation on how to promote critical thinking. I truly appreciate this channel's range of content! :)

    • @bbcideas
      @bbcideas  4 роки тому +11

      Thanks very much 😊 we're so glad you're enjoying our films!

    • @khalsa7474
      @khalsa7474 4 роки тому +1

      @@bbcideas same here , keep posting

    • @curiouslyunruffled
      @curiouslyunruffled 3 роки тому +1

      @CanUDraw Thank you and yes, I try to. :)

    • @jesusislord-v7f
      @jesusislord-v7f 3 дні тому +1

      Yeah I agree with you 🙏👍

  • @SuccessAttractionMindset
    @SuccessAttractionMindset 4 місяці тому +3

    This video perfectly breaks down complex ideas into simple, digestible strategies. I especially loved the part about intellectual empathy and avoiding fallacies. So relevant in today’s world! 👏

  • @shruthiswaminathan2907
    @shruthiswaminathan2907 4 роки тому +27

    Best video ever. Such thoughtful animations and sound effects - that add to/ clarify/ deepen the message quite beautifully. The content is presented in a succinct and straightforward manner. Kudos.

    • @bbcideas
      @bbcideas  4 роки тому +2

      Thank you Shruthi for such a great feedback! 😊

  • @MrFossil367ab45gfyth
    @MrFossil367ab45gfyth 2 роки тому +85

    Nice, we need critical thinking, especially in today's world. Here are a few more steps:
    1. Be tolerant.
    2. Consider the feelings of others and yourself.
    3. Ask questions.
    4. Be skeptical, yet be open-minded.
    5. Understand others' views, even if you don't agree.
    6. Do research.
    7. Don't jump to conclusions.
    8. Always be curious.

    • @mstarr4812
      @mstarr4812 2 роки тому +7

      Why should we be all tolerant and fuzzy? Many bad times in history needed a stronger approach- I think misinformed online perceptions are often dangerous, need confronting, big time.

    • @AzirSu
      @AzirSu Рік тому +1

      Yes, that's great admonition and education for us to learn and remember. Sometimes, we need to be a little bit serious and decisive for getting better.@@mstarr4812

    • @AzirSu
      @AzirSu Рік тому +1

      but sometimes we also need to be tolerant, esp. when the things have ambiguous and extremely complex characteristics or aspects.😃@@mstarr4812

    • @Zett76
      @Zett76 Рік тому +3

      What does „be tolerant“ mean?
      It‘s far too unspecific.

    • @ellisholmes5423
      @ellisholmes5423 7 місяців тому

      Friend, you are a friend :)

  • @amyj.4992
    @amyj.4992 6 місяців тому +4

    It's very important to know where your information comes from for sure and the way the data is presented

    • @amyj.4992
      @amyj.4992 6 місяців тому

      Once you get emotional in your debate, you argument is no longer merit. Learned that on debate team in highschool

    • @s9l.k973
      @s9l.k973 13 днів тому

      @@amyj.4992 That's fallacious, the merit of your arguments are mutually exclusive with your emotional state lol

  • @judysalem-ht2gw
    @judysalem-ht2gw 7 місяців тому +3

    00:34 Strategies to navigate through and avoid falling out with people
    01:08 Confirmation bias affects our ability to process information.
    01:42 Be prepared to change your mind
    02:16 Critical thinking involves being open to new perspectives
    02:50 Practicing intellectual empathy leads to more productive outcomes.
    03:24 Knowing the source of information is crucial for critical thinking.
    03:58 Avoid straw man and ad hominem fallacies in critical thinking.
    04:30 Critical thinking leads to a more curious, educated, and harmonious society.

  • @markchapman3811
    @markchapman3811 4 роки тому +10

    Thanks, it is a great video. However, I would like to see a summary part in the final part of the video, it would be better to remember main points again shortly.

  • @simone222
    @simone222 4 роки тому +18

    A much needed skill esp. in these times. Thank you, as always, BBC Ideas. Your videos are very useful and brilliant.

    • @TheSoulBlossom
      @TheSoulBlossom 4 роки тому +1

      and you got a heart because you agreed with their views! Haha!

    • @Cat_in_Spacetime
      @Cat_in_Spacetime 3 роки тому +1

      @@TheSoulBlossom man of culture

  • @arghyachakraborty
    @arghyachakraborty 4 роки тому +16

    Wow! Such clear explanations. Thank you for everything. ❤️ [PS ~ I just made some notes from this video to share with my students.]

  • @cosmiccapers6260
    @cosmiccapers6260 4 роки тому +32

    Oh boy, The BBC news could take .e lessons or two from this video when reporting to the nation!!!

    • @live_monkey2485
      @live_monkey2485 4 роки тому +2

      I was just thinking this. The BBC's very 'selective' reporting... their interviewers could learn a lot from this too.

    • @TheSoulBlossom
      @TheSoulBlossom 4 роки тому +1

      haha so true!

  • @muhammadsaraqa
    @muhammadsaraqa Рік тому +2

    Her: What color is the sky?
    My brain: ay mi amor ay mi amor

  • @rohanmajumder8063
    @rohanmajumder8063 4 роки тому +3

    BBC ideas have seriously made my grey cells actually think deep😌..Thank you❤️

  • @iamluckyjameso
    @iamluckyjameso 2 роки тому +5

    This is a very helpful guide on been able to think critically. Thank you very much for sharing and I'll put these five tips to such as I live my day-to-day life.

  • @dmitriydkoshelk9179
    @dmitriydkoshelk9179 4 роки тому +29

    You guys are truly awesome. Have a good day!

  • @KudoShinichii1412
    @KudoShinichii1412 Рік тому +1

    amazing that this was made by BBC, it's like a magician telling the audiance about his tricks before making them
    amazing stuff

  • @dmitriydkoshelk9179
    @dmitriydkoshelk9179 4 роки тому +22

    I would advice to combine somehow this product with BBC English Learning and provide some vocabulary explanations. This can seriously boost your audience. I am getting a lot of good information from your videos, as well as brushing up my English.

    • @bbcideas
      @bbcideas  4 роки тому +7

      We're glad to hear that you're brushing up on your English as well as learning something new from our videos. And who knows, perhaps in the future we'll be able to collaborate on a project with our colleagues from BBC Learning English 👍

  • @Dismythed
    @Dismythed 3 роки тому +14

    One of the better videos about improving critical thinking. Your points were all correct, but there are whole lists of biases and fallacies that people should familiarize themselves with. Mentioning a single bias and a few popular fallacies is the bare minimum.
    In all, I give this an A. It is useful and properly informative.

  • @armandoguajardo4789
    @armandoguajardo4789 3 роки тому +5

    We need this more on our society

  • @OfficialSonOfRock
    @OfficialSonOfRock 3 роки тому +14

    Critical thinking is good - especially when applied to the modern narrative of sensitive topics.

  • @emmajk7433
    @emmajk7433 2 роки тому +5

    I really needed to watch this. Thank you!

  • @JarritoFresa
    @JarritoFresa Рік тому +4

    This is a fine video on WHAT to do to sharpen your critical thinking skills. Now I need detailed videos on each point on HOW to apply these skills in everyday situations.

  • @TheSoulBlossom
    @TheSoulBlossom 4 роки тому +3

    Hearting comments which only say nice things about this video. Good job BBC ideas!

  • @DBlockn05
    @DBlockn05 Рік тому +2

    I learned most of this when I took philosophy in college...I wish more people took philosophy, it's way deeper than most of us believe it is.

  • @alimohatasim1496
    @alimohatasim1496 2 дні тому

    Any books or research papers to know more in details??

  • @angelina8811
    @angelina8811 2 роки тому +3

    Fantastic video, thanks!

  • @ilqrd.6608
    @ilqrd.6608 8 місяців тому +7

    BBC would do right remembering their own lessons here….

  • @-AkhilTej-
    @-AkhilTej- Рік тому +1

    💎🏆 Great insightful & fruitful video 🏆💎

  • @bailey_y
    @bailey_y 4 роки тому +1

    What else could be better than the collab of BBC and OU? Do have s'more collab Videos??

  • @kepspark3362
    @kepspark3362 3 роки тому +4

    What!? Critical thinking is way more fun in my case at least. I enjoy learning how i was wrong this whole time so that I get to actually improve.

  • @davidsmits2378
    @davidsmits2378 5 місяців тому

    Although in general teachers do a fantastic job, let's think critically and ask the question: how can you be 100% sure that what the teacher teaches you is well meant? The ultimate proof would be if he/she teaches you to think critically and also invites you to think critically about what he/she is teaching you! It is arguably the most friendly and well meant thing that a teacher can do.

  • @blakkmagikk360
    @blakkmagikk360 10 місяців тому

    The sealion and penguin part had me dying!! 🤣🤣😭😭💀💀

  • @atharvagadekar4960
    @atharvagadekar4960 4 роки тому +3

    It really helps in improving my thinking. Thanks for this video

  • @ChieuTran-s7s
    @ChieuTran-s7s Рік тому +1

    Improving critical thinking is much more vital. I should take tong time to develop this skill. I should have the view from several angles may save me from troubles. Many times in my life, the situation is not look like my images, I often give some wrong solutions.

  • @kashifabdullah5453
    @kashifabdullah5453 3 роки тому +3

    So educating.
    Thank you for this.

  • @Fabricio70695
    @Fabricio70695 9 місяців тому +1

    very explicit and true facts

  • @clydecessna737
    @clydecessna737 10 місяців тому +3

    This is hysterical coming from the BBC who's entire raison d'etre was to fuzzy the thinking of the British people.

  • @wonderlandhannah8
    @wonderlandhannah8 2 роки тому +2

    Thanks 😊 it was just grand!!!

  • @corlisscrabtree3647
    @corlisscrabtree3647 3 роки тому +2

    Thank you

  • @bradchristy5002
    @bradchristy5002 Рік тому +1

    Intellectual empathy certainly a key nicely done

  • @apoorvayaduvanshi1226
    @apoorvayaduvanshi1226 4 роки тому +3

    An amazing video production!!😍

    • @TheSoulBlossom
      @TheSoulBlossom 4 роки тому +2

      And you got a heart because you said something nice to them!

    • @apoorvayaduvanshi1226
      @apoorvayaduvanshi1226 4 роки тому +2

      @@TheSoulBlossom I appreciate what you said, thank you. I felt that something done so incredibly shouldn't go unappreciated. Take care Marcin, my best wishes.

  • @curtiscarpenter9881
    @curtiscarpenter9881 2 роки тому +3

    I think the hard easy effect is something to overcome.

  • @themaverick437
    @themaverick437 4 роки тому +4

    Great Voice ☺️💞

  • @Uswesi1527
    @Uswesi1527 7 місяців тому +2

    The most dangerous element of critical thinking is “ The Source of Information “

  • @saidielhoussaine8007
    @saidielhoussaine8007 2 роки тому +3

    Stop media
    Clean yr subconscious mind
    Eat healthy
    Meditate
    Motivate yr self
    Humour
    Exercice

  • @kepler186f4
    @kepler186f4 3 роки тому +2

    Excellent video!

  • @rajendrakhanvilkar9362
    @rajendrakhanvilkar9362 4 роки тому +4

    Great video

    • @TheSoulBlossom
      @TheSoulBlossom 4 роки тому +1

      And you got a heart for expressing a view that they like! :)

  • @hamza3065
    @hamza3065 3 роки тому +2

    This is brilliant content

  • @OkeOke-ex4ht
    @OkeOke-ex4ht Рік тому +1

    loveee the animationnnn😊

  • @croutardsparrow
    @croutardsparrow 11 місяців тому

    Hello my dear friend! thank you for the cool video! keep filming! I'll wait for new videos

  • @aadithyagopalan2684
    @aadithyagopalan2684 Рік тому

    Yes. Good video. I think "confirmation bias" is the most important item that humans ought to overcome. well said. Thinking from several angles may save us from trouble.

  • @anxiousbaddie444
    @anxiousbaddie444 2 роки тому +1

    i love this channel so much

  • @johnberry1107
    @johnberry1107 Місяць тому

    I enjoyed history in elementary & junior high school and recall Yellow Journalism (Spanish / America war) being one topic of interest as newspapers were starting to evolve their description the conflict in Vietnam where my peers were being slaughtered.
    Granddad told me - believe half what you see and none of what you read.
    That is critical thinking at its base.

  • @yeobo
    @yeobo 2 роки тому +1

    be actively prepared to change your mind, beware of confirmation bias
    something that seems normal can be more nuanced than you think, think of things you know in a broader or more intricate aspect
    have intellectual empathy, try to understand where another is coming from
    check your sources ! basics of scientifically methodology

  • @johnransom1146
    @johnransom1146 11 місяців тому

    We took critical thinking or logic in grade 13 English. There’s so many more fallacies. Sunk cost fallacy is great for looking at whether to keep a car going. It’s a fallacy to think “I’ve got this much invested in this old car, what’s another repair?” Well, possibly not worth it.

  • @huynhminhquang4474
    @huynhminhquang4474 4 місяці тому

    How can we know

  • @TheAramian
    @TheAramian 2 роки тому +1

    Skeptically interesting 🤔🧐

  • @akbarkabiraj4517
    @akbarkabiraj4517 2 роки тому +1

    Worthy one...

  • @R.A.A.
    @R.A.A. 2 роки тому +1

    4:10 The excessive use of pop art in this video turn it to an LSD trip 🤑

  • @barcelonachair6487
    @barcelonachair6487 Рік тому

    These five simple strategies should be on the chyron on every news airing.

  • @hamnazafar9579
    @hamnazafar9579 4 роки тому +3

    It's great content even I still not know how to sharpen my critical thinking..

    • @TheSoulBlossom
      @TheSoulBlossom 4 роки тому

      Just read more! Noam Chomsky, Erich Fromm, Orwell to begin with.

    • @tttyuhbbb9823
      @tttyuhbbb9823 3 роки тому

      For a beginner, try to solve this equation, "If you go Black, you won't go back!"
      🖤🖤🖤🖤🖤

  • @thomasstanford9451
    @thomasstanford9451 3 роки тому +1

    Some brilliant nlp material here

  • @ulugbekzokirov6252
    @ulugbekzokirov6252 4 роки тому +2

    This episode inspired me to think critically. Thanks for an immersive content. I'd be happy if you make videos about the differences in left-handed and right-handed people.

  • @arthurwieczorek4894
    @arthurwieczorek4894 8 місяців тому

    You want to improve your critical thinking skills? Do this simple thing. When you find some statement to think about---reverse it. Restate it in its opposite form. When you first heard that statement you immediately had an intuition about its truth and meaning. When you restate it in its opposite ( in one of its opposites ), you now have a second intuition about that statement.

  • @mellow-jello
    @mellow-jello Рік тому +1

    Use the art of thinking clearly. Be skeptical. Have it read aloud. Respect the source. Dialogue is more valuable than essays.

  • @MirlitronOne
    @MirlitronOne 3 роки тому +2

    "The colour blue has a short wavelength, meaning it scatters more than other colours [TRUE] making it more visible to the human eye [NONSENSE]." Strategy five - AVOID FALLACIES.

  • @prasadbakare392
    @prasadbakare392 3 роки тому +8

    not understood , it was fast

  • @SilentReports
    @SilentReports 2 роки тому +1

    Thanks, but critically thinking your very last statement re critical thinking skills lead to understanding. Or maybe they increase the vicious responses by your opponent to match your skills of telling them so.

  • @Vision267
    @Vision267 4 роки тому +2

    1:21

  • @imspyingonyou2243
    @imspyingonyou2243 Місяць тому

    Practice what you teach BBC.

  • @joshuaduca5527
    @joshuaduca5527 3 роки тому +1

    the important is i can answer the question without understanding the following

  • @TheSoulBlossom
    @TheSoulBlossom 4 роки тому +3

    We are never taught critical thinking because if we all REALLY started thinking critically we would see that the world REALLY isn't what we have been led to believe. The "ruling" (freedom hijackers) class does NOT want people who are capable of thinking for themselves. These types of videos are fine and dandy but they don't change much.

  • @iainmackenzieUK
    @iainmackenzieUK Рік тому

    I find it significant that so few have watched or commented on this since its launch two years ago.
    Perhaps critical thinking being boring or bad is an idea that sits within 'confirmation bias' of many of us?
    What do you think?

  • @Cat_in_Spacetime
    @Cat_in_Spacetime 3 роки тому +4

    Hard to control The Subconscious and Emotions.
    Or is it?
    (Vsauce music starts playing in the background)

  • @alexsidney4796
    @alexsidney4796 Рік тому +1

    Has anyone at the BBC seen this ?

  • @duckbizniz663
    @duckbizniz663 Рік тому

    Yes, it is important to listen to the other side. However, if the other side keeps making arguments that get progressively more extreme to the point where their claims are self-contradictory or impossible then you have to accept the fact that the other side is making things up. You cannot use reason, logic, and reality to debate against someone who is making up arguments that have nothing to do with reality. You have no choice but to conclude that they are liars.

  • @TheBountyChannel
    @TheBountyChannel 4 роки тому

    does that mean that different animals see the sky as different colours? Can we have one episode for that?

  • @snehashispanda4808
    @snehashispanda4808 3 місяці тому

    I am an atheist. I do not believe in the existence of God. I find insufficient evidence or rational justification to support the belief in any gods or supernatural entities. I rely on science, reason, logic, and empirical evidence to form my worldview and have not found compelling evidence or arguments to support the existence of God. I believe the universe is governed by natural laws and forces, rather than moral, spiritual, or supernatural ones. As an atheist, I reject religious dogma, supernaturalism, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making. I emphasize the social and empirical nature of inquiry and prioritize scientific solutions to intellectual problems. I am engaged in a continually evolving search for truth, primarily through science and philosophy.

  • @MohdAadilMalik-sj5kd
    @MohdAadilMalik-sj5kd Рік тому

    If a person already intelligent he is already know these things conciously or sub-conciously which you taught in this video and if a person doesn't have critical thinking this video is gonna support one's fool logic.

  • @voltaire5047
    @voltaire5047 2 роки тому +1

    Any data to back up the conclusions here?

  • @Do_not_at_me_bro
    @Do_not_at_me_bro 3 роки тому +2

    Discernment > critical thinking

  • @NeilMalthus
    @NeilMalthus 2 роки тому +1

    Surely, they missed the most obvious and most important tip? Ask questions - lots of them, all in some way related to the thing on your mind. Try to find correct answers / honest opinions.

  • @joshuaduca5527
    @joshuaduca5527 3 роки тому +1

    this maybe a hard way to me to do critical thinking at the beginning you can't solve when your not reading a book and not doing to evaluting the problem math first at all you need all process to your goals read some books and dont lost your hope like note talking reading articles and practicing at math sessions i also do this i got only few right answer but you know im not really good at math 😅😆

  • @gizmomac1520
    @gizmomac1520 Рік тому +1

    Came here because of toxic social media. You encourage people to be skeptical and ask questions, but they think that you want them to treat you nicely. No, its called facing the facts. No emotions or feelings. And they dont want to question. Aye

  • @ameliac7338
    @ameliac7338 Рік тому +1

    Graphics are hilarious!

  • @dimitrovajunkie
    @dimitrovajunkie Рік тому

    Isn't the claim at the end that critical thinking will lead to a "more curious, educated, and harmonious society" itself an unproven claim that should be questioned and tested? Okay, being open-minded could equate with curiosity and perhaps critical thinking will help with that, but this appears to be something to be taken on faith and not provable by any standards of epistemological validity such as a priori or a posteriori reasoning. I suppose curious in the interest of finding out whether or not a particular argument is sound and valid might be plausible, but this seems rather limited. I don't see how it will lead to a broader form of curiosity. Claim #2--"more educated." Ah, the formal education appeal. I've met plenty of so-called "educated" people who more often than not used their education to support whatever argument they were trying to make. In other words, the outcome had been pre-determined. They knew all the words to say, what postures to take, and how to frame their argument to make it appear above reproach. Their prejudices and assumptions were very much below obvious notice. Educated in a minor sense of being more knowledgeable seems a safer claim to make, although the stakes seem rather low. We need to define what we mean by educated and to determine if this is something that is even testable. And lastly, a harmonious society. This one I have the hardest time agreeing with. It seems to assume that just by adopting a more critical approach to life's problems, the end result will be humanity being miraculously absolved of human self-interest and all the baser passions that whether we like it or not tend to rule our existence, and that our biological programming will somehow be overcome. So could the problems in Ukraine and Gaza have been avoided if both sides had been critical thinkers? Seems naive. In fact, I would venture to say that those in power might actually be hostile to critical thinking if it went against their objectives. This is why the intellectual class is so often under duress in totalitarian states. Harmonious indeed.

  • @Calisthenick24
    @Calisthenick24 Рік тому +2

    0:35 i'll do you one better, its a g

  • @gordonokumu1337
    @gordonokumu1337 Рік тому

    There is so much background noise/music to this video thats just bothering my ability to listen

  • @anandgautamm
    @anandgautamm Рік тому

    Gimme number of your editor

  • @neology81
    @neology81 2 роки тому +149

    The BBC teaching critical thinking! Oh the irony!

    • @lithiumgaurd
      @lithiumgaurd Рік тому +5

      What do you mean?

    • @Showmetheevidence-
      @Showmetheevidence- Рік тому +3

      😂😂

    • @jr5389
      @jr5389 Рік тому

      👌😂😂😂 That’s what my Caveman Brain 🧠 Said as SOON as I saw 👀 bBc …..🤪Beam me up Scotty 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿😎

    • @fikrutsegaye2803
      @fikrutsegaye2803 7 місяців тому +5

      U r not critically thinking 😅

    • @sarahsmithpsychic
      @sarahsmithpsychic 6 місяців тому

      😂😂😂

  • @amosus4716
    @amosus4716 2 роки тому +3

    i like the munkis

  • @thatomofolo452
    @thatomofolo452 Рік тому

    🤔🤔🤔

  • @dustyk103
    @dustyk103 2 роки тому +1

    “Sealioning?” Don’t you mean trolling? Critical thinking requires knowledge of a subject that most people lack. Believing you know science because sometimes tells you they’re a scientist often leads to failure. Beware more of liars. They are far more prevalent than you think.

  • @zenmoto369
    @zenmoto369 Рік тому

    Nothing like the BBC teaching you how to think :D FO

  • @MFM230
    @MFM230 Рік тому

    I read a book by a theologian who constantly employed straw-man fallacies. He began an argument with the most extreme caricature of his opponents' position, and then at the end of the argument walked back his extreme view of their position so as to attempt a modicum impartiality.

  • @stefannikola
    @stefannikola 4 роки тому +1

    Oprah Winfrey and Barack Hussein Obama need to work on #3.