I switched accounts from my school to my main just to comment and say THANK YOU!!! This unit, for some reason, was always the unit I never understood but now I COMPLETELY UNDERSTAND IT AND CAN EXPLAIN IT TO MY FRIENDS!!!! You're really underrated like REALLY.
Enzymes: Biological catalyst (speeds up reactions and its selective and it doesnt get consumed) activation energy is the sum of energy needed to start a reaction enzymes decrease activation energy which speeds up the reaction enzymes have an active site in which the substrate binds to it transition state is the highest enrgy state of the reaction enzymes are affected by temperature and ph increasing temperature can speed up the reaction but to a certain level and once exceeded 42 c the temperature causes denaturation of the enzyme = break apart 7 is the optimal ph level for enzymes but if we decrease it will become more acidic which will change the concentration of hydrogen ions disrupting the hydrogen bonds and resulting in denaturation as will as increasing the ph which also makes is more basic and results in denaturation. sometimes cofactors or coenzymes attach to the enzyme to help it speed up reactions they can be organic like coenzymes and vitamins or inorganic like ions induced fit is when enzymes and substrates dont fit so the enzyme slightly changes it's shape for substrate to fit in Enzyme Regulation: Competitive inbtor --> a molecule competes with substrate and blocks the active site Noncompetitive inhbtor --> a molecule bind to the allosetric site on the enzyme Feedback inhibition --> converting a to b producing a lot of b which slows down the enyme causeing it to produce less b since we already have it
Respiration use oxygen and glucose to make ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucse + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water) Glycolysis -->Pyruvate Oxidation --> (Aerobic respiration) Oxygen present = Krebs cycle --> ETC (Anaerobic respiration) No Oxygen present = fermintation --> latic acid or ethanol Glycolosis:occurs in the cytoplasm 2 ATPs are used 6 carbon sugar breaks down into 2 of 3 carbon molecule called pyruvic acid production of 2 ATPs , 2 NADH , 2 Pyruvates 2 Pyruvic acids + 2 Coenyme A + 2 NAD^+ --> 2 acetyl-CoA + 2Co2 + 2NADH 2 carbon dioxide are lost 2 NADH are produced to form 2 carbon molecules called acetyl coA (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex) --> Process of making acetyle coA (occurs as pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria) Krebs cycle:(citric acid cycle) occurs in the mitochondria matrix acetyl-CoA combines with Oxaloacetate to form a 4 carbon molecule resulting in 6 carbon molecule called citric acid then the cycle ens with oxaloacetrate. producing 3 NADH,1 ATP,and 1 FADH2 in each acetyl-CoA for each molecule of glucose. Oxidative Phosphorylation:(ETC) occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane the electron carriers send their electrons to the ETC resulting in NAD^+ and FADH and the breaking down of H2O produces 2 H^+ and 2e^- which are also passed down a series of protein carrier moleculs embeded in the ETC. (Some carrier molecules in the ETC are also NAH dehydrogenase and Cytochrome C) the electrons travel down the ETC until they reach the final electron acceptor which is O2 it combines with these electrons and some of the hydrogens to form water. Chemiosmosis is the pumping of ions through ATP synthase channels to create ATP by compining ADP and Pi on the matrix side of the channel the energy released by ETC is used to pump these ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space which results in PH or hydrogen Gradient. (Oxidation --> electrons given up) (ADP Phosphorylated --> make ATP)
Thank youuuuu! I'm not sure how this exam is gonna go tomorrow but I'm praying for a 3. My teacher left mid-year & our replacement teacher is good but she had to pick up the course out of nowhere and her class was structured so differently and it was kind of hard for me to keep up so this helps :)
i barely understood anything since the first day of the course and might just sit the ap bio exam in 4 days with not a single knowledge, but your videos literally saved my life from a 1/5 to at least a 3/5.
Even if I get a C (which I probably won’t) I’m glad to have spent 23 minutes with this raw and unfiltered humor. I would watch this if I wasn’t taking AP Bio
One question: doesn't breaking bonds absorb energy? So doesn't that mean that the release of energy only comes when a new bond is formed after the last phosphate on ATP is removed?
Bruh thank you, you are a legend. amazing video. Do you have like practice for the exam? My teacher's passing rate is 20% on the exam because he doesn't prep us for it... his in class rate is 40%... we only do labs :|
Ye big thx :DD I don't have anything other than these vids unfortunately :( I would practice with past exams (available on College Board's website) if you need more prep though.
Well if you want excessively detailed notes, there are some pinned in the USABO channel on my discord (link in video descriptions) but those might be too detailed for AP Bio.
Was 15:35 supposed to say 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2FADH2 (since there's two acetyl CoAs from the two pyruvates from glucose)?
yup you're right, that's my bad :D it's 1 ATP + 3 NADH + FADH2 per pyruvate
@@Cararra wait so which one is right
@@GrantHenif you mean the two in the comments then they are both right one is just divided by 2 to get per pyruvate
@@iceapocalypse193 ok thank you. Im cramming the night before now! lol. thanks
I'm watching this right before my ap bio final
;((
@@boraefeozer1761 How you have an ap bio final in January? 🤓
I'm watching this right before the ap exam lmao
@@arthurk2959 ay bro I’m toast. I don’t know anything
@@andrewholmes4381 you already know...8 hours before the test uhaha
You’ve taught me more than my AP bio teacher has all year thank you
My ap bio teacher had a child so she had to take an extremely long break so technically she hasnt taught us anything all year lmao
@@applejuiceman same bro. she was an awesome teacher though. got some strange subs too lol
Ive watched every single one of your unit videos for my tests and now im bingeing them all for the ap exam this friday
@Sabine Paz-LeDraoulec bruh imma fail... we on da same time zone tho wassup
@Sabine Paz-LeDraoulec heyy was up morning of Im bought ready to have a panic attack I also have my apes exam today
@@nat4909 how’d you do may I ask?
@@cheukyansang9223did u get a response
@@ValueHaven-y1u nope
bro ur the heimler for bio
I switched accounts from my school to my main just to comment and say THANK YOU!!! This unit, for some reason, was always the unit I never understood but now I COMPLETELY UNDERSTAND IT AND CAN EXPLAIN IT TO MY FRIENDS!!!!
You're really underrated like REALLY.
Same. It also didn’t help that I had the flu for a week and a half and missed basically the whole unit. Hehe
sometimes i wish we never evolved cellular respiration.
Endothermic/endothermic is for enthalpy (delta H) while endergonic/exergonic is for free energy (delta G)
Enzymes:
Biological catalyst (speeds up reactions and its selective and it doesnt get consumed)
activation energy is the sum of energy needed to start a reaction
enzymes decrease activation energy which speeds up the reaction
enzymes have an active site in which the substrate binds to it
transition state is the highest enrgy state of the reaction
enzymes are affected by temperature and ph
increasing temperature can speed up the reaction but to a certain level and once exceeded 42 c
the temperature causes denaturation of the enzyme = break apart
7 is the optimal ph level for enzymes but if we decrease it will become more acidic which will change the concentration of
hydrogen ions disrupting the hydrogen bonds and resulting in denaturation as will as increasing the ph which also makes is more
basic and results in denaturation.
sometimes cofactors or coenzymes attach to the enzyme to help it speed up reactions
they can be organic like coenzymes and vitamins or inorganic like ions
induced fit is when enzymes and substrates dont fit so the enzyme slightly changes it's shape for substrate to fit in
Enzyme Regulation:
Competitive inbtor --> a molecule competes with substrate and blocks the active site
Noncompetitive inhbtor --> a molecule bind to the allosetric site on the enzyme
Feedback inhibition --> converting a to b producing a lot of b which slows down the enyme causeing it to produce less b since we already have it
Respiration
use oxygen and glucose to make ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
(glucse + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water)
Glycolysis -->Pyruvate Oxidation -->
(Aerobic respiration) Oxygen present = Krebs cycle --> ETC
(Anaerobic respiration) No Oxygen present = fermintation --> latic acid or ethanol
Glycolosis:occurs in the cytoplasm
2 ATPs are used
6 carbon sugar breaks down into 2 of 3 carbon molecule called pyruvic acid
production of 2 ATPs , 2 NADH , 2 Pyruvates
2 Pyruvic acids + 2 Coenyme A + 2 NAD^+ --> 2 acetyl-CoA + 2Co2 + 2NADH
2 carbon dioxide are lost 2 NADH are produced to form 2 carbon molecules called acetyl coA
(Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex) --> Process of making acetyle coA
(occurs as pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria)
Krebs cycle:(citric acid cycle) occurs in the mitochondria matrix
acetyl-CoA combines with Oxaloacetate to form a 4 carbon molecule resulting in 6 carbon molecule called citric acid
then the cycle ens with oxaloacetrate. producing 3 NADH,1 ATP,and 1 FADH2 in each acetyl-CoA for each molecule of glucose.
Oxidative Phosphorylation:(ETC) occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
the electron carriers send their electrons to the ETC resulting in NAD^+ and FADH and the breaking down of H2O produces 2 H^+ and 2e^-
which are also passed down a series of protein carrier moleculs embeded in the ETC.
(Some carrier molecules in the ETC are also NAH dehydrogenase and Cytochrome C)
the electrons travel down the ETC until they reach the final electron acceptor which is O2 it combines with these electrons and some of the hydrogens to form water.
Chemiosmosis is the pumping of ions through ATP synthase channels to create ATP by compining ADP and Pi on the matrix side of the channel
the energy released by ETC is used to pump these ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space which results in PH or hydrogen Gradient.
(Oxidation --> electrons given up)
(ADP Phosphorylated --> make ATP)
useful
you are genuinely the first person i have seen expain this in an understandable way. THANK YOU.
It was so hard to keep track of what happens in each step of cellular respiration when I read the book. Thanks for clarifying
Your videos are so engaging!! Thank you for making the video 20 minutes and cracking science jokes along the way! You make AP Bio bearable. THANK YOU.
The hair is gone? Bro, it looked like it sneaked back or something. Still rockin' the afro.
dude you are an absolute legend. please never stop.
Thank youuuuu! I'm not sure how this exam is gonna go tomorrow but I'm praying for a 3. My teacher left mid-year & our replacement teacher is good but she had to pick up the course out of nowhere and her class was structured so differently and it was kind of hard for me to keep up so this helps :)
Howd it go?
Cararra, getting carried by you, now I don't have to watch 30 hours of videos and instead watch one hour of yours to prepare for my midterms ;)
no fr god bless this man
i barely understood anything since the first day of the course and might just sit the ap bio exam in 4 days with not a single knowledge, but your videos literally saved my life from a 1/5 to at least a 3/5.
you are the GOAT tysm for this video my bio teacher is crushing us and i don't understand what she says
Absolutely the GOAT, cramming for my unit 3 test rn and this covers everything (only things that go in gradebook r labs and tests T,T)
These videos were so helpful for my exam this morning thank you so much
binging all of these before the exam
Mine is in two days😢
Thank you so much for this video! It’s going to help with my test tomorrow
my ap bio test is tomorrow and this helped refresh my memory, thank you
I just wanna say thanks so much! I am reviewing for the AP Bio test and these are great review videos in simple language!
Sameee he;s amazing
ahh thank you so much for this. it was a great review before my unit test!
U have no idea how clutch ur videos are for me, thank u 🙏
Watching this b4 the ap exam
you are a savior im using all of these to prep for the exam thank you
Done taking notes on Cararra's Unit 2 Ap bio, onto Unit 3!
same hahah
not me watching all your videos to prepare for my tests
I was wondering if you would consider doing a USA(J)MO problem walkthrough? I think that would be really epic. Great videos! :)
Lol thanks your energy is awesome my AP bio teacher makes me depressed so the bar is pretty low but great job!!
ive never understood etc so well i love uou
locking in the day before the exam
am i cooked
Same
Same. We’re all cooked
its over
We got this 5 fr
Nah we are not cooked
bro thank you this is some valuable information that i desperately needed to know!
yooo you've literally saved my grade in AP bio... thank youuu
You're a legend dude got my exam in 7 hours last minute revision is coming in clutch.
good luck!!!
This video is a life saver!! Thank you 🫶
You make biology rlly fun
my ap exam is tomorrow....wish me luck yall 😩😩
How did you do?
@@samshaw7087 i got a 5 LOL
@@jihyo1204 That’s fuckin great nice work
Even if I get a C (which I probably won’t) I’m glad to have spent 23 minutes with this raw and unfiltered humor. I would watch this if I wasn’t taking AP Bio
Single handedly saving my grade
One question: doesn't breaking bonds absorb energy? So doesn't that mean that the release of energy only comes when a new bond is formed after the last phosphate on ATP is removed?
it does, but ATP hydrolysis also involves the formation of a high energy P-OH bond that releases more energy than breaking the bond takes :D
Bruh thank you, you are a legend. amazing video. Do you have like practice for the exam? My teacher's passing rate is 20% on the exam because he doesn't prep us for it... his in class rate is 40%... we only do labs :|
Ye big thx :DD I don't have anything other than these vids unfortunately :(
I would practice with past exams (available on College Board's website) if you need more prep though.
Well if you want excessively detailed notes, there are some pinned in the USABO channel on my discord (link in video descriptions) but those might be too detailed for AP Bio.
Can you make a video on cell signaling please. Like transduction, relay molecules, etc.
THANK YOU SO MUCH 🙏🙏🙏
amazing review! super concise and helpful.
You are goated
Thank you so so much!!!!!!
W mans helped me understand this
bio test tmrw, hope i get at least an 85 or a 90%
how did it go mate
Hi im back unit 3 time lol :)
Thankyou so much.
Watching this 2 hours before ap exam
Same 💀
yep…
@maybehere_ we got thissss
How was it??
Rad video dude
thank u king.
good vid
you forgot about how enzymes need an optimal ph and temperature and the denaturing process
11:18
Bro where the hair go. I’m sorry idk if I can sub to you anymore
Jk lmao I see u with the fresh cut
I think it’s funny the stupid stuff you say but we I really appreciate it
LIFESAVER
I think his hair might be part of his brain and he was just pumped after building a rocket before this video
What edition of Campbell do you have? I have the tenth edition and AP version of the book
I have 11th and ap but it doesn't matter too much :DD
Legend
On Unit Three rn
i love you
Preesh man
hardest unit of ap bio bro i hate it
first!!!
Thanks for the last minute ap test review cause otherwise I’d be screwed 😂