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Why do nearly all your pics of early pioneers of the 70's & 80's look like ''here's what this guy will look like 20-30 years'' from his High School grad yearbook. Don't bother answering, I see you're too much a coward to answer comments.
@@rickden8362 The photos are sourced from news articles and papers. He even cites the source when each image is shown. A lot of the publications appear to be from when the people died so that would explain the age. Calling him a coward for not answering comments is not a very good way to get him to answer any FYI.
the fact that UA-cam offers a reaction system, doesn't mean someone has to obligatory participate. and i see you are using the technique of getting negative attention. my experience is though that positive reactions usually work much better.
The great seal actually had 3 components: a resonant cavity, an antenna, and US personnel stupid enough to accept it as a gift and put it in the embassy.
Or they knew exactly what was going on and used it to send misinformation and gain intelligence on who the operators of the microwave illuminator were (which would have had to have been close). The intelligence world is full of double bluffs and moves that look like incompetence can be completely intentional.
When it comes to soviet interaction with the US federal government during FDR, it's never just naive stupidity. There's always some western communist in the background controlling the strings.
Thank you for this video. My father, Alfred Koelle, was the first author of the paper shown in the video at 14:37 and went on to be a co-founder of AmTech, a company described in the video. My dad passed away ~10 years ago, but he would have loved this video.
He went though GULAG camps where he was forced to work for the soviets and developed that device. He eventually had miserable life under soviets and died in poverty.
Did you hear the reasons he might have left the USA? 🤦♂️ I'm sure the same happened 2 years ago to thousands of students etc when they became the enemy again . 🤷
@@AnthonyCarroll-ue3uv Neutrality Act of 1937? Invasion of Czechoslovakia? He was a soviet citizen and Soviet spy and was also earning millions of dollars in USA from his work... On Russian wikipedia the reason is very clear: "In 1938, Theremin was summoned to Moscow".
A precursor to RFID is the grid dip oscillator, which goes back to the early radio days. An unpowered tuned circuit, will actually drain power, if placed near a similarly tuned oscillator, will actually draw measurable power from the oscillator. I worked on an RFID project in the 1980s. It was passive circuit, that got power from an RF oscillator. The "tags" were employee ID badges, and they needed to be near the cash register, where the oscillator was located, to access the cash box. ID badges sent a serial data stream, that could be detected by the oscillator, as its power draw, matched the data stream. Otherwise, a great early microcontroller application. Irony, is that I only worked on a barcode project, as part of an industrial control/monitoring system, in the early 2000s.
Our company also worked on serial identification systems, for railroad cars and semi-trucks. Some of these were similar, and used magnetic sensors near the tracks (or road). Others used RF links and were mounted along the tracks, typically using a ladder network sensor. Railroads were desperate to make reliable positional indicators, and also wanted them to track cargo inside the wagons. Some near-track systems are still being used, but now it is just easier to use some kind of cellphone like link. Saves infrastructure costs.
That is exactly how unpowered rfid works. Not with scattering or reflection as described in the video. They modulate the antenna load to either consume power or stop to signal bits.
I met Lev Termen a.k.a Léon Théremin, at his London studio, Camden Town, shortly before his death. Having time to discuss his "Theremin" and it's creation, I leanred many significant things about the remarkable invention and the man behind it, who was learning music at the age of 9 and electricity by 7. It was a forunate moment, for which I am eternally grateful having had such an honour.
He worked in USA as a spy, he also was able to earn millions on his own and ofc KGB did not liked it and sumoned him to USSR to then charge him with fake accusations and lock for many years... The best part is in his bio on Russian wikipedia: In 1967, the music critic Harold Schonberg, who was at a conservatory, recognized the man he met there as the Theremin. This news was published in The New York Times, and the publication of the "bourgeois press" caused outrage in the USSR. Theremin's studio was closed, "all his instruments were chopped up with an ax and thrown away", he was thrown out of the conservatory (according to other sources, he retired). Communists do not like a lot when you can be rich and famous with your own work and talent but most importantly without any help from the communist party...
There were people like Stalin that before USSR became a thing his job was a bank robber... and you can ofc blame them for doing what they did but they know nothing else. And then you have Théremin, guy with a talent, education and every oportunity to do something good for humanity... and he is going back to USSR after all the horrors committed by the Bolsheviks, and he couldn't not have seen it all and not know what happened to several million Russians before he went to this world tour that he ended in USA... and yet he came back and produced undetectable eavesdropping methods that destroyed the lives of many thousands of people(most likely the most talented, inteligent and most moral people in USSR) ... And what? It's not his fault?! In 1991, he joined soviet communist party, which surprised people because at that time everyone knew that this criminal system was falling and no one was going to invest more time and effort in it and to join the party, he graduated from the Institute of Marxism-Leninism...
>It's very important not to lose a bomb or two fun fact: if I had a nickel for every time the US Federal Government "lost" a nuke, I'd have 32 nickels. Six are still missing. Which is not a very fun fact at all, and more of a morbidly fascinating fact.
"I'm not sure what worries more. The fact that we just lost a nuke or the fact that it has happened so often we have an established protocol for it..."
@@ralanham76 I don't have a protocol for what I'll do if my house suddenly explodes. I served 17 years in the army and we didn't have a protocol ALL the food we were provided was suddenly bad. The manual just stipulated that if a food item was bad it was to be replaced with a good one, inventory inspected for further cases and HQ be notified in case it was a wider problem. Nobody considered it plausible that it would ever happen that ALL of it had gone bad. My point is: Protocols are developed when the seemingly unlikely becomes reality. I guarantee you that the first time a nuke was lost everyone went "uh.. NOW what?".
I appreciate not having to rewind your videos because the autoplay preview, that happens when scrolling through videos on the UA-cam app, doesn't play audio, which can result in missing the first few sentences. Thanks for taking your time and not talking right away.
I gotta say while your productions are among the very best UA-cam videos, the RFID story is among the best you have done. I was a teenager in the 70's, and first saw the Knogo tags in Leesburg, Florida at Belk-Lindsey tagging along a clothes shopping trip for my sisters. Of note the tags were installed and removed on clothing items with a machine that released a clip that held a push pin system. . Essentially the memory is that a small burr on the tag's pin had snagged on the garment when the cashier was removing it- damaging the garment and a no sale- happy brother, unhappy sister!. Over the years I have curiously watched the way these tags, very bulky, piled up at the cash registers in boxes and spilled out. Nice of you and your team to give a hard to learn about item and credit to the conceptual process as well as refinement. In the late 80's, I saw the tags on my uncle's dairy farms of 250 cattle. Personal computers even kinda of a new sight in homes, yet my aunt and uncle manage all of the items you mention. Uncles said they mainly compared food intake and milk output. The feeder, read the tag and dispensed varying food to each cow--- my technology awaking #2, #1 was a ATM in 1976 in a Sun bank in Eustis, Florida. As a late adopter, I was still a few years from my first Macintosh. Thanks again for a excellent vignette on RFID. I would like to hear more of the "invasion of Privacy" hurdles you mention about auto tags. Seems unimaginable in todays bio-marker populace.
Great job. Please cover NFC and SIM/smart cards in a future video. Sadly, for me, Magellan tv shows take forever to impart relevant information. I cancelled my subscription I signed up for years ago. Just very frustrating to pick out small nuggets and have them repeated over and over. The polar opposite of Asianometry, which I love for being concise and pertinent.
Same reason I gave up on the Discovery Channel over a decade ago. That and for some reason, probably to appeal to the people who are already served by every other channel, they turned everything into a soap opera.
RFID tags were used in the Netherlands years ago - to track blood bags in hospitals. It allows blood to be delivered to the right operating theatre using the 'just in time' approach (like modern car manufacturing). The system tracks each bag via RFID sensors in the walls to ensure none are wasted. I had a postgrad student who pioneered the methodology for this a couple of deacades ago.
As a child, our local public library was probably my first encounter with RFID. They had tags in all the books, to ensure any book leaving had been handled by a librarian who could drop the books over the readers and not set them off. But it was purely anti-theft. They still had to check out the books, using the first barcode wand I can recall seeing. Today, I use a machine with various chemicals that all come in relatively identical containers. The machine has readers for every chemical and every jug of chemical has an RFID tag. Theoretically this is supposed to prevent an operator from putting the wrong chemical in the wrong place. It mostly works. But people have still found ways around it, without even trying. Make a better system and you make a better idiot, as the saying goes.
Decathlon also uses these tags for tracking along the whole supply chain. Also helps tremendously with inventory keeping in stores, just wave a reader along the shelves and you have exact counts of everything
Ikea has self checkout here, where you scan the barcodes yourself. Usually just as fast as the RFID bin at Decathlon, but cheaper and more ecofriendly than RFID. Imagine each tag costs 5 cents. You buy 20 items. Do the math on how much money just was thrown away.
There's a guy local to me that developed a system that users embedded wires to measure internal temperature of items. I believe that system works by RF stimulation then detecting the magnetic field that varies with the temperature of the embedded wires. One apparent application is in manufacturing of composite materials which often need very accurate control of temperature during curing. I machined some insulators for him that went into magnetic "antennas".
Amazon just recently started closing down their grab and go stores (which were apparently powered by oversees offices that had employees manually reviewing everything).
Fascinating about the overseas employees. I always wondered how they were processing it all at sufficient confidence with the AI tech of the time it came out. With humans in the loop the computer processing is probably an order of magnitude cheaper. Quite a "man behind the curtain" situation. I guess it must have been an advertising stunt at least to an extent.
In 1977, a company in Santa Cruz California named "Identronix" made an insertable RFID tag for cattle. This was sponsored by a leather tanning company that wanted to prevent cattle hides from being defaced by branding. This was an "active: chip that used power from the interrogator to activate a microprocessor-based logic circuit to send back a unique code.
I developed a somewhat similar inductively powered transponder system in the early '70s, receiving US patent 3,898.619 in 1975. The initial application was to automatically locate trains in British Columbia, Canada, without relying on the engineer. A continuously powered 200 kHz " interrogator" was located underneath the locomotive; when it passed over a "responder" buried in the ballast between ties, it powered a unique digital location code to be returned at 27 MHz, which was radioed in to a central office.
Fun slightly-related fact: A very early form of access card technology used a special kind of ferromagnetic alloy embedded in plastic cards in the form of short wire segments; these took advantage of the "Wiegand" effect (from a 1974 patent) to produce pulses in response to an applied magnetic field, not too dissimilar to the later RFID-based proximity cards discussed in the video (although much more primitive and limited). While this technology is now entirely obsolete (the cards had to be moved through a reader instead of just held near it, although they were much more tamper-proof and robust than magnetic strips available at the time), for compatibility reasons the signaling produced by this earlier Wiegand system was adopted by later proximity card RFID systems for communicating between the reader and the access control system. While the newest systems use different (more more secure/capable) signaling, a huge number of RFID access control systems out there today still use this "Wiegand protocol" despite it being trivial to snoop, spoof and hack simply by tapping the data wires directly behind the proximity card reader.
Another tangled tale beautifully told and illustrated. Reminds me of a guy I once met who said he should have invented the microwave oven, given the number of dead pigeons he had seen that had been cooked by his experimental microwave communication antenna at the Royal Radar Establishment. Instead he commercialized the digital correlator.
Decathlon have also used those magic checkouts for a while, and I refuse to believe they're anything but magic. Also huh, I didn't know that electronic tolls also used RFID. I had never really wondered how they worked.
Uniqlo did it pretty late, Decathlon a french generalist sports supermarket chain has been doing it for a decade already, labeling all their products with RFID tags which sounded crazy and expensive at the beginning and is just the norm now. Their cashier most often don't scan the items it's auto scanned from the RFID chip
Keysight probes with many accessories (>10) come with an RFID tag on the little baggie for each accessory. Presumably they use it to ensure the kit in the box is complete.
About a decade ago I started setting off those anti-shoplifting sensors at the door of many stores. Thought I was going nuts until I realized the wallet I had recently purchased had a flat RFID tag still hidden inside one of the credit card slots.
Fascinating. I hoped you were going to cover the tiny rfid units used to 'chip' pet animals and also how a full shopping basket is scanned that was shown at the beginning. Maybe a part 2 is required?
We have RFID self checkout at some UK stores : Declathlon being one of them, but you have to put the items in one at a time. The biggest drawback for some stores is RFID is blocked by liquids and metals so a tin of soup might not scan
One important part also worth mentioning seems the development of the ISO 14443 type A and B RFID communication standards for 13.56 MHz proximity cards. Type A is based on the MIFARE technology developed by Mikron in Gratkorn, Austria, which was then acquired by Philips (later NXP) in 1995. Type B was a competing/alternative data modulation technology proposed by Siemens (later Infineon). Those are now used ubiquitously in biometric passports, in contactless EMV payment cards and in lots of door access-control systems.
There are some anti-shoplifting tags that are a combination of RF excitation and acoustic emitter. When the modulated RF resonates with the tag they vibrate at a specific ultrasonic frequency which is picked up by microphone. When deactivated a more powerful RF signal burns through a small electrical connection altering the resonance. No chip in the tag. Some library security tags work on a similar system but are somewhat self resetting or can be manually reset.
Amazing this technology is so ambient- I never heard anyone around me talk about this ever, and I was only really aware of its existence when I got my first RFID debit card.
I remember them being used on clothes years ago, or in those bulky plastic boxes with the magnetic lock, but it seems like RFID is a lot more commonplace today than it used to be.
Ken Shirriff's "righto" blog just had an interesting post on RFID chips ("decapping" them and digging into their design etc). (ok NFC but pretty similar)
Regarding the humor in the video about cow identification being the one of the first commercial applications of RFID, this type of cow humor was not lost on the founders of AmTech. They knew the tremendous commercial potential of RFID and were themselves amused that their early research was funded in part by the Agriculture Department for application to cattle ranching. One of the first test AmTech tags was placed on a cow that lived outside Santa Fe, NM. The AmTech founders named the cow "Herman" and they would take visitors to the company to see this cow - everyone had a laugh and loved Herman.
I have a question: If RFID-ish techology was initially rejected for use on toll roads due to "privacy concerns" (to deal with the case of car with no ID detected), how was that issue resolved? I get the feeling that eventually, somebody said "forget privacy concerns" and just started snapping pictures regardless. Certainly, we're doing that now on bridges and toll in California that use Fastrak.
Somewhat related to self checkout. Aldi Grocery in the USA uses electronic price tags on the shelves. They appear to use infra red as a communication pathway as I see a small lens on the tag. There is a chance this is just a light sensor that shuts the display off when the lights are out in order to conserve battery. Supposedly Walmart is moving to this technology as well.
I was at a conveyor belt sushi restaurant in Japan a few years ago, and they used tags in the plates to quickly tally up bills for each person or table. Each dish, which had an individual price, had its own colored plate with, i assume, a unique rfid tag and the waitresses put a scanner up to the sides of the stack of plates and with a beep, got your bill.
The Uniqlo checkout isn't a new thing. Similar supermarket RFID tag checkouts were demonstrated over 20 years ago, but the problem was found to be that customers didn't like them and believed the systems were overcounting items
I hope there's a part 2 for post 2000s uses. You didn't even mention human implantation (I've had two since 2014) by biohackers, or new cryptographic RFID in credit cards, or the ones that run java applets on the tiny chip.
I remember square foil antenna stickers in the inside cover of library books as early as 1980's when before PC's became common. They were just a passive square spiral, without any electronic device. My guess has been that that antenna (square spiral) as a slightly different length so had a unique id. Books could be scanned in/out, but believed status was stored in a central computer. These appear to be precursor to RFID. NFC like used on touch-less credit/debit/payment cards appear to be the most advanced device of this type, by including compute and memory storage capability.
Probably a resonance pickup. The spiral antenna was deactivated by a metal foil card slid into the pocket by the librarian at checkout. The metal foil card had the due date printed on the end that stuck out. Another card could be brought in and placed in the book you wanted to steal. Or foil could foil the whole system.
In Portugal, the automatic tolls became widely used in 1991, called "Via Verde", so have some doubts if in fact was in the USA, that first became to be used such system. Thanks to a banks integrated system, whereby that time was normal was normal to buy train tickets, concerts tickets or pay electric and water bills on an ATM, rapidly this toll system went to be used on gas stations and parking spots.
I rarely leave comments but this is one of the best channels on UA-cam, that I know about. Thank you so much 🥰 you’re probably gonna be the first patreon I ever support. If that’s a way to contribute. Seriously, I’m a teacher and I love how you explain everything, the subject matter, everything about what you do. Thank you 😇
You know those checkpoints security tags when I walk through them at my local departments store and when I have my Bluetooth on or my hearing aids on it's sets them off
Maybe costs could be reduced by replacing also the active readers with passive RFID? Making two passive tags aware of being near each other (locating them all in an RFID network). The radiowave to power the RFID chips in e.g. a warehouse, could come from a central transmitter providing radio energy to keep all cheap RFID chips active reading each other.
Curious Marc has already reversed engineered it and demonstrated most aspects of both the capsule and command module. Jon might find it interesting, but he wouldn't find anything new.
Made these at micron in the early 90s die then were size of a big pin head, bonded on aluminum wedge bonder after military contracts were drying up. Wedge bonder was used to lay out antenna wire on capton tape
HAM radio to passive circuit stickers to track products in logistics & to reduce theft or improve supply chain efficiency & tracking of inventory // amazing // nice video too, as you usually do a nice comprehensive analytical history of science and technology thats fun to listen too & watch, educational, interesting, and a form of edutainment
Actually there 2 types of FasTrak , the active one with battery but it is sort stupid as it only set to one person per car. The other one is passive one but you can set to 2 or 3 people. I had one of the passive ones break on me so I needed to put it back together so I found that it had chip, antenna, switch with 3 settings to say how many people you have in your car.
Note how Cordulo at @13:00 mark, one of the inventors of the modern RFID, got s crewed and died penniless. Very common in the invention industry. Then people wonder why the brightest minds go into services (doctors, lawyers, Wall Streeters).
I think we need a more broad push for RFID in product packaging! Could you imagine having RFID scanners built into store shelves for not only allowing real-time track in stock but also could also let an employee know when something has been misplaced by someone?! That would make mine and many others jobs less time-consuming and cutting down on shrink!
Supposedly already being done by Walmart. Initially on razor blades and blue jeans. The system would track the item moving through the store and security would use CCTV to see if the items were concealed and whether they were rung up at the register. That's the story I was told, but might be an urban legend.
@@douggolde7582 That’s why the Walmart approach was to tag pallets and cases, rather than individual items. On the other hand, individual items of high value can often justify the cost of a tag. I use a machine that consumes chemicals from $5000 containers, each with a tag. It is deemed worth spending a few cents per container to tag it, although people have still found ways to defeat the system. They always will.
I read 20 years ago, that "soon" the price would drop to 1-2 cents. Just checked, and it seems it is still an order of magnitude higher. Far, far from being cheap enough for retail store use on all items.
Speaking of Walmart the local SAMs here in the Dallas area are indeed using some kind of AI to verify what is in a shopping cart. You scan all items with your phone and then when done walk through a giant stargate like portal which is outlined with cameras. Somehow it verifies the purchases in the basket match the barcodes you have scanned. When they match an employee waves you on out the door. If they don’t match you are encouraged to stop and make a correction.
Kroger has integrated some machine learning video processing as well at the self checkouts. My behavior made it suspicious and it flagged me for further review. I did see the Sam's club system in Plano last week and my wife was confused as to why we were waved through and another cart was inspected. I saw the camera array and figured it was machine leaning and likely algorithms seeing if you were at a full service lane versus self checkout.
I watched a documentary about VW and they explained they use RFID in the fabrics, so each stations scans the RFID and it knows what specs and colour the car gets, seems they are everywhere. And thanks explaining how the chip in my passport works, I was always wondering.
I have believed for a long time that RFID could solve recycling problems. An RFID tag molded into plastic containers could carry information about the chemical contents of the plastic. The biggest problem with plastics recycling now is that, even though plastics can be easily remelted and recycled, mixing different plastics makes that impossible. So plastics are ground up and mixed together and only go to degraded uses like plastic bags and plastic lumber. RFIDs could allow collection by type, and even return to the maker, as whole bottles or other packages, instead of being ground up. Additionally, the RFID would identify the product on retail shelves and boxes.
I don't know how Uniqlo does it, but last I checked (which was a couple of years ago), a bunch of RFID tags jumbled together in a small volume still had inacceptable high error rates when reading, due to interference and whatnot. Also, I believe Walmart toned down their RFID adoption by a lot, also due to inacceptable error rates. The cost of these error rates are partly recuperated by overall better efficiency, but are still way too high.
Jus knew of that guy who sketched the circuit on a plane while on his way to St Paul. Does anyone have advice on how you can get to that level. Even with the background knowledge, it still looks like a daunting task to be able to apply the knowledge that fast on the fly and have it nearly perfect.
@Aisanometry: I think you should also mention that these RF-ID tags, as they are called, do not actually use RF. It actually works on Magnetic Coupling. Basically there is no Antenna on the tag or the reader. Its a coil and the air is the coupling medium. Therefore essentially its a transformer. Anyway... just thought that it was important.
That is not correct in this case. Asianometry is talking about RFID tags and not NFC (also a sub class of RFID but with magnetic coupling in the near field - still seen as electromagnetic wave / RF). RFID tags on the other hand operate in the far field and backscatter the electromagnetic wave (RF)
@@poda978 I think its Asianometry mentioned both interchangeably. That is why I mentioned. However, I think that this is a distinction that should have been there in the video.
@@poda978 You are actually both wrong. NFC uses inductive coupling. RFID on LF/HF also uses inductive coupling. RFID on UHF (~900 MHz) uses backscattering (far field). @shaka: The coil is the antenna for inductive coupling...
You got me. I had to look it up, but those Fastrak "Thingies" appear to actually be called "Tags". I am disappointed, not in Asianometry, but in Fastrak.
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Oh look, yet another subscription-only thing that lure user to "free trial" that required credit card info submitted, region-locked, sold you information, including exact location to advertisers by default and jumps over their head to hide subscription costs. Well, at least they.. nope, facebook and many other tracking things presented on each page. WHAT NO TO LOVE?
Why do nearly all your pics of early pioneers of the 70's & 80's look like ''here's what this guy will look like 20-30 years'' from his High School grad yearbook.
Don't bother answering, I see you're too much a coward to answer comments.
@@rickden8362 The photos are sourced from news articles and papers. He even cites the source when each image is shown. A lot of the publications appear to be from when the people died so that would explain the age. Calling him a coward for not answering comments is not a very good way to get him to answer any FYI.
@@joshuachoi5906 Since I've NEVER seen him answer a comment, there's not much to worry about there.
the fact that UA-cam offers a reaction system, doesn't mean someone has to obligatory participate. and i see you are using the technique of getting negative attention. my experience is though that positive reactions usually work much better.
The great seal actually had 3 components: a resonant cavity, an antenna, and US personnel stupid enough to accept it as a gift and put it in the embassy.
Or they knew exactly what was going on and used it to send misinformation and gain intelligence on who the operators of the microwave illuminator were (which would have had to have been close). The intelligence world is full of double bluffs and moves that look like incompetence can be completely intentional.
Beware romulans bearing gifts
When it comes to soviet interaction with the US federal government during FDR, it's never just naive stupidity. There's always some western communist in the background controlling the strings.
Project Pandora provides some indication of what was really going on.
Or a valuable back channel to feed well crafted fake information to.
Thank you for this video. My father, Alfred Koelle, was the first author of the paper shown in the video at 14:37 and went on to be a co-founder of AmTech, a company described in the video. My dad passed away ~10 years ago, but he would have loved this video.
Farming some likes, bro?
13:48 "A cow is an animal we can get milk from. It moos."
This is the dialogue I came for.
magnificent top-tier academic literature
Looking forward to the next episode „Where did COW come from?“
I expected him to go make some kind of statement about how a bomb differs from a cow. Now people might confuse the two...
Cow gives milk! 🥛
Milk is good!
Cows are good!
Cows are milk. 😎
No sooner had i heard that did i think: "wow i bet that would be a great comment"
"Returned to the Soviet Union in 1938". I'm not sure if anyone has ever had worse timing. At least he survived.
A vastly underrated post. 😊
He went though GULAG camps where he was forced to work for the soviets and developed that device. He eventually had miserable life under soviets and died in poverty.
Went through?@@___-dj2dw
Did you hear the reasons he might have left the USA? 🤦♂️
I'm sure the same happened 2 years ago to thousands of students etc when they became the enemy again . 🤷
@@AnthonyCarroll-ue3uv Neutrality Act of 1937? Invasion of Czechoslovakia?
He was a soviet citizen and Soviet spy and was also earning millions of dollars in USA from his work...
On Russian wikipedia the reason is very clear: "In 1938, Theremin was summoned to Moscow".
A precursor to RFID is the grid dip oscillator, which goes back to the early radio days. An unpowered tuned circuit, will actually drain power, if placed near a similarly tuned oscillator, will actually draw measurable power from the oscillator.
I worked on an RFID project in the 1980s. It was passive circuit, that got power from an RF oscillator. The "tags" were employee ID badges, and they needed to be near the cash register, where the oscillator was located, to access the cash box. ID badges sent a serial data stream, that could be detected by the oscillator, as its power draw, matched the data stream. Otherwise, a great early microcontroller application.
Irony, is that I only worked on a barcode project, as part of an industrial control/monitoring system, in the early 2000s.
Our company also worked on serial identification systems, for railroad cars and semi-trucks. Some of these were similar, and used magnetic sensors near the tracks (or road). Others used RF links and were mounted along the tracks, typically using a ladder network sensor. Railroads were desperate to make reliable positional indicators, and also wanted them to track cargo inside the wagons. Some near-track systems are still being used, but now it is just easier to use some kind of cellphone like link. Saves infrastructure costs.
Today I learned there’s such a think as a grid dip oscillator - cool! It’s so simple, I love it.
@@BobWidlefish I have two GDOs. Still work well, and very useful for Ham equipment. Get the newer FET ones if you buy one.
@@brunonikodemski2420 thank you!
That is exactly how unpowered rfid works. Not with scattering or reflection as described in the video. They modulate the antenna load to either consume power or stop to signal bits.
"A cow is an animal we can get milk from. It moos." I learn so much from this channel
Gotta make the content appealing to children of every age.
But first, we must ask ourselves: what is cow?
@@b.6603my neighbors great dane loves the other's cow so cows must be really big dogs ?
Didn't he say " It Moves" hence the need for a RFID tag ? cos I thought he said moo as well
@@b.6603 Usually spherical.
I met Lev Termen a.k.a Léon Théremin, at his London studio, Camden Town, shortly before his death. Having time to discuss his "Theremin" and it's creation, I leanred many significant things about the remarkable invention and the man behind it, who was learning music at the age of 9 and electricity by 7. It was a forunate moment, for which I am eternally grateful having had such an honour.
He worked in USA as a spy, he also was able to earn millions on his own and ofc KGB did not liked it and sumoned him to USSR to then charge him with fake accusations and lock for many years...
The best part is in his bio on Russian wikipedia:
In 1967, the music critic Harold Schonberg, who was at a conservatory, recognized the man he met there as the Theremin. This news was published in The New York Times, and the publication of the "bourgeois press" caused outrage in the USSR. Theremin's studio was closed, "all his instruments were chopped up with an ax and thrown away", he was thrown out of the conservatory (according to other sources, he retired).
Communists do not like a lot when you can be rich and famous with your own work and talent but most importantly without any help from the communist party...
There were people like Stalin that before USSR became a thing his job was a bank robber... and you can ofc blame them for doing what they did but they know nothing else.
And then you have Théremin, guy with a talent, education and every oportunity to do something good for humanity... and he is going back to USSR after all the horrors committed by the Bolsheviks, and he couldn't not have seen it all and not know what happened to several million Russians before he went to this world tour that he ended in USA... and yet he came back and produced undetectable eavesdropping methods that destroyed the lives of many thousands of people(most likely the most talented, inteligent and most moral people in USSR) ... And what? It's not his fault?!
In 1991, he joined soviet communist party, which surprised people because at that time everyone knew that this criminal system was falling and no one was going to invest more time and effort in it and to join the party, he graduated from the Institute of Marxism-Leninism...
>It's very important not to lose a bomb or two
fun fact: if I had a nickel for every time the US Federal Government "lost" a nuke, I'd have 32 nickels. Six are still missing. Which is not a very fun fact at all, and more of a morbidly fascinating fact.
"I'm not sure what worries more. The fact that we just lost a nuke or the fact that it has happened so often we have an established protocol for it..."
@@andersjjenseneven once would require a protocol
@@ralanham76 I don't have a protocol for what I'll do if my house suddenly explodes. I served 17 years in the army and we didn't have a protocol ALL the food we were provided was suddenly bad. The manual just stipulated that if a food item was bad it was to be replaced with a good one, inventory inspected for further cases and HQ be notified in case it was a wider problem. Nobody considered it plausible that it would ever happen that ALL of it had gone bad.
My point is: Protocols are developed when the seemingly unlikely becomes reality. I guarantee you that the first time a nuke was lost everyone went "uh.. NOW what?".
Rules, regulations, laws, and protocols are the corpus of everything gone wrong that we’ve experienced in the past.
@@ralanham76 You can have protocol even if something did not became a thing yet... like some underground nuclear bunker build for you just in case...
I appreciate not having to rewind your videos because the autoplay preview, that happens when scrolling through videos on the UA-cam app, doesn't play audio, which can result in missing the first few sentences. Thanks for taking your time and not talking right away.
Go & turn off "autoplay" in youtube settings. You're welcome 😅
I gotta say while your productions are among the very best UA-cam videos, the RFID story is among the best you have done. I was a teenager in the 70's, and first saw the Knogo tags in Leesburg, Florida at Belk-Lindsey tagging along a clothes shopping trip for my sisters. Of note the tags were installed and removed on clothing items with a machine that released a clip that held a push pin system. . Essentially the memory is that a small burr on the tag's pin had snagged on the garment when the cashier was removing it- damaging the garment and a no sale- happy brother, unhappy sister!. Over the years I have curiously watched the way these tags, very bulky, piled up at the cash registers in boxes and spilled out. Nice of you and your team to give a hard to learn about item and credit to the conceptual process as well as refinement. In the late 80's, I saw the tags on my uncle's dairy farms of 250 cattle. Personal computers even kinda of a new sight in homes, yet my aunt and uncle manage all of the items you mention. Uncles said they mainly compared food intake and milk output. The feeder, read the tag and dispensed varying food to each cow--- my technology awaking #2, #1 was a ATM in 1976 in a Sun bank in Eustis, Florida. As a late adopter, I was still a few years from my first Macintosh. Thanks again for a excellent vignette on RFID. I would like to hear more of the "invasion of Privacy" hurdles you mention about auto tags. Seems unimaginable in todays bio-marker populace.
Great job. Please cover NFC and SIM/smart cards in a future video.
Sadly, for me, Magellan tv shows take forever to impart relevant information. I cancelled my subscription I signed up for years ago. Just very frustrating to pick out small nuggets and have them repeated over and over. The polar opposite of Asianometry, which I love for being concise and pertinent.
Yeah. "Fact milking" makes me absolutely furious.
Same reason I gave up on the Discovery Channel over a decade ago. That and for some reason, probably to appeal to the people who are already served by every other channel, they turned everything into a soap opera.
RFID tags were used in the Netherlands years ago - to track blood bags in hospitals. It allows blood to be delivered to the right operating theatre using the 'just in time' approach (like modern car manufacturing). The system tracks each bag via RFID sensors in the walls to ensure none are wasted. I had a postgrad student who pioneered the methodology for this a couple of deacades ago.
Weekly dose of Asianometry does wonders to the human brain
My friend's dad was mentioned in this video and im beside myself. What a surprise haha. They even have a picture of him!
As a child, our local public library was probably my first encounter with RFID. They had tags in all the books, to ensure any book leaving had been handled by a librarian who could drop the books over the readers and not set them off. But it was purely anti-theft. They still had to check out the books, using the first barcode wand I can recall seeing. Today, I use a machine with various chemicals that all come in relatively identical containers. The machine has readers for every chemical and every jug of chemical has an RFID tag. Theoretically this is supposed to prevent an operator from putting the wrong chemical in the wrong place. It mostly works. But people have still found ways around it, without even trying. Make a better system and you make a better idiot, as the saying goes.
Seen this at Decathlon a couple of years ago. Monobrand stores make it easier to adopt RFID checkout rather than multi-brand. Ikea next? )
Decathlon also uses these tags for tracking along the whole supply chain. Also helps tremendously with inventory keeping in stores, just wave a reader along the shelves and you have exact counts of everything
Ikea has self checkout here, where you scan the barcodes yourself. Usually just as fast as the RFID bin at Decathlon, but cheaper and more ecofriendly than RFID. Imagine each tag costs 5 cents. You buy 20 items. Do the math on how much money just was thrown away.
Dude, your presentation is great. You took a dry-ass subject like RFID and made it interesting.
Asianometry is one of the few channels that doesn’t pad its runtime. Everything is interesting from beginning to end. Good work by everyone involved.
There's a guy local to me that developed a system that users embedded wires to measure internal temperature of items. I believe that system works by RF stimulation then detecting the magnetic field that varies with the temperature of the embedded wires. One apparent application is in manufacturing of composite materials which often need very accurate control of temperature during curing. I machined some insulators for him that went into magnetic "antennas".
the use of contactless payment cards would have been an interesting element to add
Cellphones being a big RFID user with the companion cards.
Amazon just recently started closing down their grab and go stores (which were apparently powered by oversees offices that had employees manually reviewing everything).
Here in Oakland, ALL our stores are “grab and go”. You just can’t stop them from stealing.
@@chudleyflusher7132Would you people please stop polluting every tangentially-related thread with your poltical grievances?
Fascinating about the overseas employees. I always wondered how they were processing it all at sufficient confidence with the AI tech of the time it came out. With humans in the loop the computer processing is probably an order of magnitude cheaper. Quite a "man behind the curtain" situation. I guess it must have been an advertising stunt at least to an extent.
In 1977, a company in Santa Cruz California named "Identronix" made an insertable RFID tag for cattle. This was sponsored by a leather tanning company that wanted to prevent cattle hides from being defaced by branding. This was an "active: chip that used power from the interrogator to activate a microprocessor-based logic circuit to send back a unique code.
I developed a somewhat similar inductively powered transponder system in the early '70s, receiving US patent 3,898.619 in 1975. The initial application was to automatically locate trains in British Columbia, Canada, without relying on the engineer. A continuously powered 200 kHz " interrogator" was located underneath the locomotive; when it passed over a "responder" buried in the ballast between ties, it powered a unique digital location code to be returned at 27 MHz, which was radioed in to a central office.
Well-deserved being sponsored by Magellan 👍
I remember in the 80’s we used to have chip less ID tag, these were tuned RF tags that responded with unique RF signal.
The first time that I saw that self-checkout system was at Decathlon in France.
great channel! All your videos are well informed and well structured. keep up the amazing work
Fun slightly-related fact: A very early form of access card technology used a special kind of ferromagnetic alloy embedded in plastic cards in the form of short wire segments; these took advantage of the "Wiegand" effect (from a 1974 patent) to produce pulses in response to an applied magnetic field, not too dissimilar to the later RFID-based proximity cards discussed in the video (although much more primitive and limited).
While this technology is now entirely obsolete (the cards had to be moved through a reader instead of just held near it, although they were much more tamper-proof and robust than magnetic strips available at the time), for compatibility reasons the signaling produced by this earlier Wiegand system was adopted by later proximity card RFID systems for communicating between the reader and the access control system.
While the newest systems use different (more more secure/capable) signaling, a huge number of RFID access control systems out there today still use this "Wiegand protocol" despite it being trivial to snoop, spoof and hack simply by tapping the data wires directly behind the proximity card reader.
I know your content is good because I'm always bummed when I realize the video is over ;)
I loved the video from Scotty at Stranger parts where he built his own tags.
The sporting store decathlon uses this as well.
Another tangled tale beautifully told and illustrated. Reminds me of a guy I once met who said he should have invented the microwave oven, given the number of dead pigeons he had seen that had been cooked by his experimental microwave communication antenna at the Royal Radar Establishment. Instead he commercialized the digital correlator.
Decathlon have also used those magic checkouts for a while, and I refuse to believe they're anything but magic. Also huh, I didn't know that electronic tolls also used RFID. I had never really wondered how they worked.
You forgot to mention the NFC technology, which must be the evolution of the RFID.
Uniqlo did it pretty late, Decathlon a french generalist sports supermarket chain has been doing it for a decade already, labeling all their products with RFID tags which sounded crazy and expensive at the beginning and is just the norm now. Their cashier most often don't scan the items it's auto scanned from the RFID chip
Keysight probes with many accessories (>10) come with an RFID tag on the little baggie for each accessory. Presumably they use it to ensure the kit in the box is complete.
About a decade ago I started setting off those anti-shoplifting sensors at the door of many stores. Thought I was going nuts until I realized the wallet I had recently purchased had a flat RFID tag still hidden inside one of the credit card slots.
Fascinating. I hoped you were going to cover the tiny rfid units used to 'chip' pet animals and also how a full shopping basket is scanned that was shown at the beginning. Maybe a part 2 is required?
"Identification, Friend of Foe"? Finally one of my Stargate questions answered!
Fascinating deep dive into the origins of RFID technology! The historical context adds a lot of depth to our understanding.
i love your videos, thanks so much for sharing them for free!
We have RFID self checkout at some UK stores : Declathlon being one of them, but you have to put the items in one at a time.
The biggest drawback for some stores is RFID is blocked by liquids and metals so a tin of soup might not scan
One important part also worth mentioning seems the development of the ISO 14443 type A and B RFID communication standards for 13.56 MHz proximity cards. Type A is based on the MIFARE technology developed by Mikron in Gratkorn, Austria, which was then acquired by Philips (later NXP) in 1995. Type B was a competing/alternative data modulation technology proposed by Siemens (later Infineon). Those are now used ubiquitously in biometric passports, in contactless EMV payment cards and in lots of door access-control systems.
That they can make these things for mere dimes, and can make each one respond differently, is just amazing.
15:45
That's a Russian train, with the recognizable design and marking of a company called "РЖД" (R-ZH-D).
Just felt that it had to be mentioned.
Thanks. It was obviously not an American train, but I could not ID any further than that.
There are some anti-shoplifting tags that are a combination of RF excitation and acoustic emitter. When the modulated RF resonates with the tag they vibrate at a specific ultrasonic frequency which is picked up by microphone. When deactivated a more powerful RF signal burns through a small electrical connection altering the resonance. No chip in the tag.
Some library security tags work on a similar system but are somewhat self resetting or can be manually reset.
Amazing this technology is so ambient- I never heard anyone around me talk about this ever, and I was only really aware of its existence when I got my first RFID debit card.
John, you have again out done yourself with this most interesting subject. Now if I could just understand back scattering. 😂
A video about the Saturn V or other Apollo mission technology would be fantastic!
I remember them being used on clothes years ago, or in those bulky plastic boxes with the magnetic lock, but it seems like RFID is a lot more commonplace today than it used to be.
Ken Shirriff's "righto" blog just had an interesting post on RFID chips ("decapping" them and digging into their design etc). (ok NFC but pretty similar)
Thank you for the hint.
Regarding the humor in the video about cow identification being the one of the first commercial applications of RFID, this type of cow humor was not lost on the founders of AmTech. They knew the tremendous commercial potential of RFID and were themselves amused that their early research was funded in part by the Agriculture Department for application to cattle ranching. One of the first test AmTech tags was placed on a cow that lived outside Santa Fe, NM. The AmTech founders named the cow "Herman" and they would take visitors to the company to see this cow - everyone had a laugh and loved Herman.
Jesus am I Happy you finally got a sponsor
It's moooving to hear about the departments of energy and agriculture working together! Governments are usually too disorganized for this (13:45).
I have a question: If RFID-ish techology was initially rejected for use on toll roads due to "privacy concerns" (to deal with the case of car with no ID detected), how was that issue resolved? I get the feeling that eventually, somebody said "forget privacy concerns" and just started snapping pictures regardless. Certainly, we're doing that now on bridges and toll in California that use Fastrak.
ENORMOUS capability for surveillance in these things 😬
Somewhat related to self checkout. Aldi Grocery in the USA uses electronic price tags on the shelves. They appear to use infra red as a communication pathway as I see a small lens on the tag. There is a chance this is just a light sensor that shuts the display off when the lights are out in order to conserve battery. Supposedly Walmart is moving to this technology as well.
I was at a conveyor belt sushi restaurant in Japan a few years ago, and they used tags in the plates to quickly tally up bills for each person or table. Each dish, which had an individual price, had its own colored plate with, i assume, a unique rfid tag and the waitresses put a scanner up to the sides of the stack of plates and with a beep, got your bill.
The Uniqlo checkout isn't a new thing. Similar supermarket RFID tag checkouts were demonstrated over 20 years ago, but the problem was found to be that customers didn't like them and believed the systems were overcounting items
I hope there's a part 2 for post 2000s uses. You didn't even mention human implantation (I've had two since 2014) by biohackers, or new cryptographic RFID in credit cards, or the ones that run java applets on the tiny chip.
2:30 is forward scattered light though
I remember square foil antenna stickers in the inside cover of library books as early as 1980's when before PC's became common. They were just a passive square spiral, without any electronic device. My guess has been that that antenna (square spiral) as a slightly different length so had a unique id. Books could be scanned in/out, but believed status was stored in a central computer.
These appear to be precursor to RFID. NFC like used on touch-less credit/debit/payment cards appear to be the most advanced device of this type, by including compute and memory storage capability.
Probably a resonance pickup. The spiral antenna was deactivated by a metal foil card slid into the pocket by the librarian at checkout. The metal foil card had the due date printed on the end that stuck out. Another card could be brought in and placed in the book you wanted to steal. Or foil could foil the whole system.
In Portugal, the automatic tolls became widely used in 1991, called "Via Verde", so have some doubts if in fact was in the USA, that first became to be used such system.
Thanks to a banks integrated system, whereby that time was normal was normal to buy train tickets, concerts tickets or pay electric and water bills on an ATM, rapidly this toll system went to be used on gas stations and parking spots.
Another banger, sensei. You are MUCH younger than me but you are my teacher. Respect. D.A., J.D., NYC
I rarely leave comments but this is one of the best channels on UA-cam, that I know about. Thank you so much 🥰 you’re probably gonna be the first patreon I ever support. If that’s a way to contribute. Seriously, I’m a teacher and I love how you explain everything, the subject matter, everything about what you do. Thank you 😇
Insert supermarket rfid tags into sibling, or friends shoes. It never gets old!
You know those checkpoints security tags when I walk through them at my local departments store and when I have my Bluetooth on or my hearing aids on it's sets them off
Maybe costs could be reduced by replacing also the active readers with passive RFID? Making two passive tags aware of being near each other (locating them all in an RFID network). The radiowave to power the RFID chips in e.g. a warehouse, could come from a central transmitter providing radio energy to keep all cheap RFID chips active reading each other.
0:43 oooh are we gonna hear about the "spooky" experience MythBusters' Adam Savage had when he was prepping for an episode on RFID
RFID Tags work on constant wave near field power.
There are Far Field 866MHz tags but they too work on constant wave.
Audio eq is on the order of dental drill to the rear drum, otherwise stellar product/content mix
16:27 the Oklahoma Turnpike authority was supposed to stop charging tolls after a certain period of time. Fifty plus years later we are still waiting
Late 70s Renault (a french automobile manufacturer) used passive Rfid to trace and route sub elements in the productio chain.
You could do the Apollo Guidance Computer, that thing was amazing.
Curious Marc has already reversed engineered it and demonstrated most aspects of both the capsule and command module.
Jon might find it interesting, but he wouldn't find anything new.
Made these at micron in the early 90s die then were size of a big pin head, bonded on aluminum wedge bonder after military contracts were drying up. Wedge bonder was used to lay out antenna wire on capton tape
Just used this checkout first time this week and was great
HAM radio to passive circuit stickers to track products in logistics & to reduce theft or improve supply chain efficiency & tracking of inventory // amazing // nice video too, as you usually do a nice comprehensive analytical history of science and technology thats fun to listen too & watch, educational, interesting, and a form of edutainment
It's feels illegal to be this early!
Right lmao
Your video's remind me of the 1980's TV BBC series called "Connections" with James Burke. They are here on you tube.
Minor correction, it's the Dallas North Tollway, not Turnpike.
Actually there 2 types of FasTrak , the active one with battery but it is sort stupid as it only set to one person per car. The other one is passive one but you can set to 2 or 3 people. I had one of the passive ones break on me so I needed to put it back together so I found that it had chip, antenna, switch with 3 settings to say how many people you have in your car.
Could you please make a video about how you do research a topic and turn it to a script?
Note how Cordulo at @13:00 mark, one of the inventors of the modern RFID, got s crewed and died penniless. Very common in the invention industry. Then people wonder why the brightest minds go into services (doctors, lawyers, Wall Streeters).
I think we need a more broad push for RFID in product packaging! Could you imagine having RFID scanners built into store shelves for not only allowing real-time track in stock but also could also let an employee know when something has been misplaced by someone?! That would make mine and many others jobs less time-consuming and cutting down on shrink!
Supposedly already being done by Walmart. Initially on razor blades and blue jeans. The system would track the item moving through the store and security would use CCTV to see if the items were concealed and whether they were rung up at the register. That's the story I was told, but might be an urban legend.
@@mikebarushok5361 I know apparel already uses RFID to track inventory levels, but someone still has to go around with a scanner.
Every so often one of our customers gets the RFID bug. Then they hear the price and back off.
Consumer can buy a bag of them pretty cheap.
@@brodriguez11000 I’m talking millions.
@@douggolde7582 That’s why the Walmart approach was to tag pallets and cases, rather than individual items. On the other hand, individual items of high value can often justify the cost of a tag. I use a machine that consumes chemicals from $5000 containers, each with a tag. It is deemed worth spending a few cents per container to tag it, although people have still found ways to defeat the system. They always will.
I read 20 years ago, that "soon" the price would drop to 1-2 cents.
Just checked, and it seems it is still an order of magnitude higher. Far, far from being cheap enough for retail store use on all items.
RFID (and NFC) are one of the coolest and truly magical, in a sense, technology.
Master Ken just did a great blog post about this.
Speaking of Walmart the local SAMs here in the Dallas area are indeed using some kind of AI to verify what is in a shopping cart. You scan all items with your phone and then when done walk through a giant stargate like portal which is outlined with cameras. Somehow it verifies the purchases in the basket match the barcodes you have scanned. When they match an employee waves you on out the door. If they don’t match you are encouraged to stop and make a correction.
Kroger has integrated some machine learning video processing as well at the self checkouts. My behavior made it suspicious and it flagged me for further review.
I did see the Sam's club system in Plano last week and my wife was confused as to why we were waved through and another cart was inspected. I saw the camera array and figured it was machine leaning and likely algorithms seeing if you were at a full service lane versus self checkout.
I watched a documentary about VW and they explained they use RFID in the fabrics, so each stations scans the RFID and it knows what specs and colour the car gets, seems they are everywhere. And thanks explaining how the chip in my passport works, I was always wondering.
I have believed for a long time that RFID could solve recycling problems. An RFID tag molded into plastic containers could carry information about the chemical contents of the plastic. The biggest problem with plastics recycling now is that, even though plastics can be easily remelted and recycled, mixing different plastics makes that impossible. So plastics are ground up and mixed together and only go to degraded uses like plastic bags and plastic lumber. RFIDs could allow collection by type, and even return to the maker, as whole bottles or other packages, instead of being ground up. Additionally, the RFID would identify the product on retail shelves and boxes.
Awesome video! 👍💛
I don't know how Uniqlo does it, but last I checked (which was a couple of years ago), a bunch of RFID tags jumbled together in a small volume still had inacceptable high error rates when reading, due to interference and whatnot.
Also, I believe Walmart toned down their RFID adoption by a lot, also due to inacceptable error rates.
The cost of these error rates are partly recuperated by overall better efficiency, but are still way too high.
This was incredibly enlightening, thank you!
Jus knew of that guy who sketched the circuit on a plane while on his way to St Paul. Does anyone have advice on how you can get to that level. Even with the background knowledge, it still looks like a daunting task to be able to apply the knowledge that fast on the fly and have it nearly perfect.
Glad you’re getting sponsors but that mention of the documentary was jarring
@Aisanometry:
I think you should also mention that these RF-ID tags, as they are called, do not actually use RF.
It actually works on Magnetic Coupling.
Basically there is no Antenna on the tag or the reader.
Its a coil and the air is the coupling medium. Therefore essentially its a transformer. Anyway... just thought that it was important.
That is not correct in this case. Asianometry is talking about RFID tags and not NFC (also a sub class of RFID but with magnetic coupling in the near field - still seen as electromagnetic wave / RF). RFID tags on the other hand operate in the far field and backscatter the electromagnetic wave (RF)
@@poda978 I think its Asianometry mentioned both interchangeably. That is why I mentioned. However, I think that this is a distinction that should have been there in the video.
@@poda978 You are actually both wrong.
NFC uses inductive coupling.
RFID on LF/HF also uses inductive coupling.
RFID on UHF (~900 MHz) uses backscattering (far field).
@shaka: The coil is the antenna for inductive coupling...
Was PI for a RFID research grant using the Savi tags in late 1990s.
You got me. I had to look it up, but those Fastrak "Thingies" appear to actually be called "Tags". I am disappointed, not in Asianometry, but in Fastrak.
My local transport agency uses RFID and NFC based paper chip tickets and cards for subscriptions to bis service