How Pollination Got Going Twice
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- Опубліковано 15 вер 2021
- The world of the Jurassic was a lot like ours - similar interactions between plants and insects were happening, but the players have changed over time. Because it looks like pollination by insects actually got going twice.
Thanks to Franz Anthony for the excellent reconstructions of the scorpionfly, true fly, and false blister beetle! franzanth.com
And we appreciate Dr. Conrad C. Labandeira (NMNH, Smithsonian Institution) and Dr. Bo WANG (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for their help with this episode!
More information regarding the guidance on Burmese amber from the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uplo...
Produced by Complexly for PBS Digital Studios
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References:
docs.google.com/document/d/19... - Наука та технологія
Fun fact: magnolia trees are pollinated by beetles because magnolias are older than butterflies
Is it really *because* they're older?.. surely butterflies could have also become magnolia tree pollinators
@@nickromo8195 They had already specialized their flowers for beetles
@@nickromo8195 I think co-evolving pollination strategies is useful once but redundant (and probably wasteful) to form a second symbiotic relationship when one is sufficient. I looked online and found that bees and other pollinating insects also participate, but it's typically specialized beetles that get the job done earliest/first
Fun fact: tom cruise is actually three kids in a trench coat
@@kingjellybean9795 one and a half kid.
Bee: I am the pollinator of the world.
Beetle: Boy, I was doin' the job before you were a glimmer in the eye of evolution.
The future is now, old man!
@@moosemaimer 😂"Get of my lawn ya darn whippersnapper!"
@@moosemaimer But beetles are still the biggest pollinators, just not of stuff we eat. Humans, always making it about themselves ! :)
More like "girl, ..." since the bees that polinate are, usually, female
@@MarcelaElviraTimis that's true
Beetles showing once again they're always ahead of the curve
The pioneering of angiosperm pollination possibly is what gave them a head start however in the game at first. This seems to be suggested in that the largest family in the beetles is the weevils (Curcurlionidae).
Who all are obligate plant feeders (not just nectar though).
They are bigger than Jesus
Explain like I am 5?
Please? Thank you.
Yeah. Yeah yeah
According to Darwin, God seems to be fond of them.
This is adjacent to a topic I'd love to see on Eons: the evolution of Hummingbirds. When did they arrive in the New World? When did they become extinct in the old? I keep hearing that there are certain plants in the old world that "seem adapted to pollination by hummingbirds" but... what are those plants and where are they? I haven't been able to find this information and it's fustraaaating.
that's an amazing question to ask
Hummingbirds suck
Any time spent thinking about hummingbirds is time well spent.
Sunbirds filled the niche that hummingbirds left behind in the old world. So some of those plants you're referring to may well be adapted to sunbirds, not hummingbirds. Not to mention insects and bats.
@@AngryKittens true, but even so--when did Sunbirds emerge to take up that niche? That would be another interesting question to consider.
9:16 I'm always thankful when you disclose those information cards about problematic sources of science materials.
@DominikJaniec - I concur.
Thank you for including information about Burmese amber. It's an important educational addition to this already educational content.
What is the issue with the amber? (I'm not trolling, I genuinely want to know)
@@sellmoon basically, there was a military coup in Myanmar, where a large portion of amber fossils are collected. Local small scale miners depended on the gemstone industry, which includes amber with fossils in it, but since the coup, the armed forces have seized control over the amber mines and profit from them. The society of vertebrae paleontology hilights three main points: "1. The situation in Myanmar has deteriorated significantly, following the 1 February 2021 military coup.
2. Due to the coup, SVP suggests a hard moratorium on the publication of all fossil specimens in amber obtained from sources in Myanmar after January 2021.
3. SVP is reviewing its previous moratorium on publication of amber specimens acquired after June 2017 and is in the process of updating its guidelines."
PBS Eons mentioned doing their due diligence in selecting which fossils to hilight in this episode following the ethical guidelines.
Very nice chapter, insects are _so important_ and yet we almost always treat them like plagues. Also, I appreciate the disclaimer about unethical amber mining in Asia, which is a big problem, even though it has given us some *amazing* specimens over the years.
After seeing this, I would love to see an episode on the evolution of fruit and the relationships it formed between plants and animals.
Ooh, especially the fruits that they think might have evolved for now-extinct animals to disperse, like avocados!
I think you would be interested in relationships between Fig trees and Fig wasps... Its really kind of mind blowing that the two species have evolved the kind of dependance they have..
@@aja9469 Exactly, I just hate the thought that when I eat a fig I'm probably eating a dissolved wasp and her eggs/larva along with it, oh well extra protein I guess.
I imagine the symbiotic relationship between angiosperms and pollinators allowed them to rebound from the K-T extinction event more successfully than gymnosperms as well. Further cementing angiosperms as the dominant plant. Something that probably shaped primate evolution, and without which, would not have resulted in humans.
What an awesome channel this is!! And how amazing the human thirst for knowledge and discovery. Thank you PBS Eons for bringing this to us.
yup, it's great
@Trey Stephens heavily exaggerated then, history is almost always written by winners, and a one-sided POV always has bias.
@Trey Stephens Actually this is more like "Here is the most likely explanation statistically most should be right but a few will be wrong." and that is kind of cool when you think about it because you can sorta create a headcanon for earth.
@Trey Stephens All of science is speculation & hypothesis. Those are essentially the first 2 steps in the "scientific method". The major difference here is evidence; ie all that pollen & mouthparts they kept mentioning.
Secondly convergent evolution isn't exactly a new concept in evolutionary science so it's not a stretch to believe plants have done the same.
@Trey Stephens you don't know what you are talking about. So please stop
It almost seems like the gymnosperms created the niche, then the angiosperms capitalized on it and took over- neat
No the gymnosperms that created the niche became the Angiosperms (some of them), these now transformed ones out-competed the gymnosperms that had similar niches.
we are all 'connected' in some way - even gymnosperms
competition between things starts to mean less , when you know that things can become other things , and even become the things that were originally being "competed" against
the legacy of the amoeba , is the greatest of all legacies
unless there is something before the amoeba (??) .. im not really that good at biology
Tadaaa! You’ve rediscovered evolution!
@@DrZedDrZedDrZed Woah, nice! I should write a book, I'll call it 'the place where living stuff comes from'
I love discovering species that look similar to modern ones. More convergent evolution examples
I mean the shape is the everything. Remember that way before crocs there were salamanders that had the same shape and same habits
Before these agile dolphins also there were these agile ichthyosaurs. Before these show-off avian dinosaurs (aves/birds) there were these flying pterosaurs dominating the skies already.
Crabs and beetles EVERYWHERE!
Ooh I’d love an episode on parasites and how they evolved!
hell yeah!!!!!!
Depends on the parasite. Each one started out as a self-reliant species that came to find parasitism as their eventual go to strategy.
that would be super cool but also hard, "parasite" includes so many different animals, also the first parasites (like modern ones) were probably tiny and thus bad fossilizers
@@caimansaurus5564 like virus
Parasites aren't a clade, so they evolved this behavior independently millions of times. It would be impossible to state how they evolved altogether.
I would like to see a sequel to this episode, about how certain birds, bats and other mamals and reptiles evolved to polinate, are there waterplants that evolved polination aswell, I'd love to know more
I love these videos! I like how each presenter has their own style and rhythm. I also appreciate the end credits with information regarding issues in land ownerships, specimen collection, and geopolitical conflicts. These are topics that I don’t being addressed often in the scientific community and need to be. By being upfront and direct, Eons is being both respectful and responsible to the science community and the audience. Thank you!
The evolution of platypus and monotremes please
YASSSSS!
And not the God got stuck with it after making up words explanation. Although, that’s always always seemed believable to a degree
Surely that can be summarized as "placentas are awesome and Australia is super isolated"?
I think they did one on Antarctica being the home of the marsupials? Might be some good info there.
Botany episodes are my favorite!!!!
If you like these, try to find "How to Grow a Planet" It's a 3 part series from BBC Scotland? (I think?), all about how plant development drove much of the geologic and evolutionary changes of the planet. It's really good.
wish fhey tell us abut ancient desert plants, and where all succulents come from.
The reason angiosperms are the main pollinators was obvious: they awarded the insects with a sweet treat, unlike the gymnosperms.
Was waiting for pbs eons to upload for eons. Finally.
Oh wow, and the planet earth is only 4 eons old!
I wanna see a video about how bees got started and how insects developed the ability to sting
Is it just me, or was there a LOT more footage and photos of real, modern plants and animals in this one? It was awesome, it added a lot!
Always love the artwork the PBS Eons team does for these videos!
I appreciate how ethical your show strives to be. Crediting native peoples land and ethics of cited material. Thank you.
I'm glad they made that subtle point about bees being the the biggest pollinators of "flowering plants we depend on for food", if we look at all pollination Beetles are still the kings.
European bees will still take sugary fluids from pine trees and make honey from it in hard times. I live in the Forêt de Gascogne and have heard from bee keepers about it.
Yes, I'm sure I've heard of pine honey 🍯
Awesome episode! Watching it made me start wondering what drove the evolution of humming birds. We obviously have multiple nectar drinking bird species (like lorikeets), but humming birds seem to be the only ones that have such extreme adaptations. I guess what I'm saying is it would be cool to see an episode about humming bird evolution or about the evolution of nectar feeding vertebrates, especially after watching this one.
Moth Light Media, which is another great paleontology channel on UA-cam, recently did a video on the evolution of hummingbirds. I recommend checking it out.
How plants tricked bugs into doing the work for them OR how the beetles got free food.
I’d love an episode on all of the megafauna living in Australia during the Pleistocene epoch
They did one already
@@bearhustler yeah but that one is more about aboriginal art than megafauna themselves
@wash2361 - See the episode with 'Combat Wombat' in the title.
Rocking the Dr.Alan Grant outfit 😂
Someone else noticed!! Isn't it awesome?!
Epic trumpets ensue
This channel is incredible, The only way to make it better would be to make these videos in other languages too, or at least have subtitles available for other languages.
@@Fifmut michelle is literally awesome. get outta here, dude
@Fifmut Take that attitude elsewhere.
@@Fifmut Also, I’m pretty sure Michelle might use they-them pronouns.
@PBS Eons
Why do other trees avoid hanging out with pines?
Because they're always so sappy! 😆
Joking aside, i've heard that pines releases some compound that inhibit the growth of other tree in it's vicinity
For some reason this brought thoughts of Gravity Falls to mind, specifically the Pines family and Bill Cipher calling Dipper Pine Tree
Thank you for bringing more attention to the situation in Myanmar. I know that people tend to forget about situations that don’t effect them directly once it’s out of the 24 hour news cycle. If you see this comment, please read the letter linked in the description if you haven’t already.
Did u read it? Lol did it not seem strange at all?? Fraudulent election by a woman who has overseen many atrocities. What america does is create puppet governments in other counties. Its just like what is happening in many countries there is massive corruption and election fraud. So please if you are reading this do not punish the prople of myanmar bcoz of your ignorance. Pbs and you really need to educate yourselfs before talking on this topic
What is mosquitoes' history? Can we live without them? How crucial to life are mosquitoes? Fossil wise I'm sure they are great preservers, is that what make them so vital?
Wouldn't it be more accurate to call butterflies a lacewing-lookalike?
then we should call things like pellicans pellicamimus-lookalike
Both more accurate (because lacewings evolved before butterflies), and less helpful (because fewer people would understand what they were trying to say). So, not accurate at all, actually.
No, because if you put butter and fly together, you get a butterfly. 🙃
@@venyogo2 then pelicans would be a pelican-lookalike-lookalike (tbh i can't see the resemblance)
@@gabor6259 This was even worse than the shale-fish.
Finally palaeobotany and palaeoecology lecture!
You're videos are so comforting & informative, keep up the good work
Why nothing about mosquitos? They are essentially pollinators whose females take to biting when they need protein to lay eggs. (Some large species of mosquitos eat so much during their juvenile stages that they don't need to bite anything.) Before European settlement, mosquitos were the primary pollinators in the Americas.
The fossils at 1:22 are amazing. I had to stop for a few minutes to zoom in on each of them, it's stunning how well preserved the patterns are.
What would be the reasoning for insect-pollinated gymnosperms (save for the cycads) to no longer be extant? Long live Bennettitales!
Maybe because it was outclassed by the Angiosperms? When flowering plants have more accessible nectar than gymnosperms that needs a more special mouthpiece, insects will go to the flowers more and flowering plants will proliferate more and outcompete the gymnosperms that uses the same reproductive technique
Because gymnosperms don't have bright attractive flowers that bait insects to come to them, they were simply out competed
@@injunsun sorry, I don't really know what you are talking about but it sounds really interesting, guess I have a bit of reading to do!
Great, informative episode! Also loving the Dr Alan Grant vibes!
This has to be one of the most fascinating facts about convergent evolution I've ever learned. It makes me imagine an alternate timeline where all modern flowering plants were gymnosperms. And the fact that this happened more than once on Earth shows it would probably happen on any earthlike alien planets with complex life too. My mind is blown! Thanks for this video, I hope to see more like this on plant evolution.
You guys should do an episode on Bottom Feeders! From Aquatic to Terrestrial, you could talk about convergent evolution between both dwellers developing this niche like snails, algae eaters, etc!!!
I just wrote a paper for school about the evolution of bees and wasps so it was interesting to learn more about the topic of pollination as a whole. Love watching these!
Bats:” Hello!!!”
Insects:”What took you so long?”
You guys rock, I just love this channel 🤘💛
Never realized angiosperms were possibly so recent, at least geologically speaking
I love the soundtrack for this episode
Cool Botany and Insect episode love flower evolution
It always blows my mind that flowers (and grass!) are actually younger than fish, insects, and some dinosaurs.
omg you can see the patterns on the lacewings wings!! What a wonderful fossil!! :3
Can you please do a video on the domestication of Beans? I haven’t seen anything on UA-cam about Beans being domesticated because people only talk about things like Potatoes, Corn, and other staples of modern foods. Beans might also have an interesting story, and it would be really cool to learn about them.
Maybe it's because beans are wild. They can't be tamed. They can't be stopped. And one day, on a whim, they're going to snap. And when they do... well.. we're screwed.
oh, well now i’m curious about how this “newer” wind-pollination strategy is different from the old one
Finally got some topics about plants😍 Love them sooooo much
This si one of my favorite PaleoChannel, keep it up!
We need pollinators and foragers more than ever. We simply cant survive without them.
I saw this video and was wondering how I could possibly have missed a video on this... it's NEW!
One thing that is so different from our world and the Jurassic one is that our have ice caps while none existed during the Jurassic period.
Well at least it's nice to see another awesome PBS Eons video
I just love this channel, I learn so much!
You missed the bird species that are great pollinators, such as humming birds, sun birds, and honeyeaters! Also forgotten were mammal pollinators (bats). I'm sure these also affected the evolution of angiosperms and vice versa.
Edit: Also look up honey possums. You won't regret it.
This is a very nice pollination video. Thank you
Epic story. Making us think about the things that are just part of life and taken for granted. ❤️
There is a third "revolution" if we consider the evolution of hummingbirds and sunbirds. Scientists also theorise that springtails pollinated moss by visiting the male sporangia and then move along to the female plants.
I am amazed to learn that insect pollination is older than the angiosperms. I was taught in school that with the advent of flowering plants the symbiosis had begun when in actual fact it was an old mechanism eben by then. Thank you guys for setting me straight!
I'm so thankful for you statement in the credits about indigenous peoples and in this episode Burma. It's important to recognize problems.
Also the horrible jokes, they are wonderfully bad. (:
I mean those "indigenous" people most likely took it from another group of people, should probably recognize those too no? It's such virtue signaling nonsense.
Why is pollination so wholesome as a concept?
Because cooperation
It's sort of like a marriage
Sometimes its not so wholesome. Some flowers (mostly orchids) trick insects to pollinate them without a reward.
@@astick5249 it's some some light trolling, that's all
@@LimeyLassen So only successful 50% of the time?
Thanks for the content!
Awesome video! I've always wondered how insect pollination became a thing
Oh wow that’s so cute, the dinosaurs lived with flowers🌺
I learn so much random knowledge from this channel!! Its interesting how something so common today wasn't and evolved multiple times.
Excellent episode, thank you.
Recently subbed but given all these “maybe we can revive” extinct species, has nature itself revived certain creatures to occupy niches of old species? Would love a video on that!
All the time. When an organism goes extinct, but the niche remains, eventually something will evolve to fill that niche. Sometimes it's a close relative of the original species, other times it's something completely different. After the dinosaurs went extinct, there wasn't a single animal which could live as browsers, extremely large and tall creatures which feed on the leaves too high up for any other creatures to reach. But 20 million years later, the Chalicotheres, extinct relatives of horses, were doing exactly that. Now extinct lineages of sloths and rhinoceroses developed similar strategies later on, as did the ancestors of today's elephants and giraffes.
There's some evidence of this happening in modern animals as well. The extinction of pleistocene megafauna has opened up a ton of large mammal niches practically begging to be exploited. For example, in the absence of mastodons, there currently isn't any animal which lives primarily on pine and spruce needles, as the mastodons did. When mastodons were alive, vast stretches of tundra covered most of Siberia and large swaths of North America. But without mastodons to keep their numbers in check, giant, extremely dense conifer forests--the taiga--were able to develop.
This is a hugely important niche, and it's wide open for the taking. So which animals are most likely to make the transition? Moose! Already being large, bulky herbivores, who will eat pine needles if more nutritious food is unavailable, it's quite possible that future descendants of moose will evolve to grow to gigantic creatures similar to mastodons, using powerful limbs to knock over trees and feast on the foliage. The fossil record for moose in Holocene North America shows that today's moose are already slightly larger than their ancestors just 15,000 years ago, and feed on leaves more frequently. Alas, evolution happens extremely slowly in large mammals, so we won't have true Moose-mammoths anytime soon, but 5-10 million years down the line? It's a very real possibility.
Similarly, bovids (the group that includes cattle, sheep, and antelope) have become far more common across Eurasia in the past 15,000 years, as they adapt to exploit grazing lands once occupied by Wooly Rhinos. The most striking example is the Muskox: Which in just the past 300,000 years have evolved from creatures averaging 50 kilograms to creatures averaging 1500 kilograms, now occupying the niche of large arctic grazers left vacant by the extinction of Arctic Camels in North America.
@@p00bix The legendary Super Moose?? And yea meant more recent such as the last ice age so the mastodon to moose correlation is spot on!
Thanks, liked the vid. Re: shellfish. In the southern US one syllable words often become 2 syl. Ex chair becomes chayuh, likewise shell/shayull.
Dont even get me started on Figs and Fig Wasps.... their relationship is way better and way more wild then science fiction.
This video is awesome. Thanks.
cool :) Nice episode as always
Thankyou. Fascinating. Informative. Appreciated. Awesome.
Fascinating, fantastic!
Can you make a video about the split of flora and fauna? They have such different lives and it’s just mind boggling to me what they were before they split and how that happened
You may be interested in their episode on the Ediacaran: ua-cam.com/video/PGBf4Q2XWZo/v-deo.html
Didn’t that happen before the split between Fungi and Animals though? And have something to do with absorbing either photosynthetic chlorophyll or purely respiratory mitochondria following the great oxygenation event
Apart from that, we don't really know at all how that split happened! It would still be a great topic, but the conclusion may not be very satisfactory.
I'm pretty sure it happened before multicellular life existed. I think multicellularity evolved separately in plants, animals, and several other groups of organisms.
@@liamjohnston2000 The endosymbiosis of the single cell lifeforms that evolved various methods of getting energy probably has something more to do with multicellularity evolving though. With it being possible due to larger energy now available from photosynthetic and respiratory organelles now existing inside the cell. I don’t think it’d have evolved exclusively to one type of cell, and I think cellulose being pretty unique to plants helps. Chitin is found in animals and fungi but they split millions of year
Actually, I noticed that we can’t really notice what’s happening until it happens twice. (Anything, many things, lots of things, everything.)
Then it can become a process or function or whatever. (2 point make a line etc….)
But before the second iteration it’s just a phenomenon.
I mention this so others can start noticing this as well. :)
Beetle: I'm the king of pollination. I started the culture.
Lacewings & Scorpion flies: Hold my pollen!
I just love ancient insects and there effects on the present day and I would love to watch a video about dragonflies since they fascinate me
i appreciate the jurassic park cosplay
can we just take a second to appreciate her outfit? She knows she's serving classic paleontologist chic right now, sis ate
great episode as expected! but it really warms my heart that Eons is taking great care in acknowledging that the pursuit and presentation of knowledge is never apolitical. I really appreciate the ethical consideration for this video as well as the acknowledgements to indigenous lands in the previous ones. Much love!
Really enjoy watching and listening to all the hosts but I assume this is Michelle and she's easiest for me to listen to. I watch eons often in the evening and her voice is so chill 😌
This may be a weird comment but only wanted to compliment them; not put others down. I love and feel Blake's energy, Kallie is super fun and, well everybody loves Hank so it's an amazing team!
Thank you to those behind the scenes not on cam that help research and come to some highlighted conclusions for storytelling. It helps our wee hominin brains' sakes when we're tired or are new to such vast topics due to their time scales. I know 'bitesize science' can easily be scrutinised however I like the channel's approach to conveying evidence and hypotheses with images, and trying to find responsible examples in this field. Furthermore, including references used is awesome.
Documentaries on TV could give all the knowledge ever researched or thunk but finding a balanced focus and making it enjoyable for many people is a great task/skill.
Also hope Hank is doing okay wrt health 🙁 Best wishes dude - UA-cam needs you to keep doing your thing of creating interesting content.
Great vid. Thank you.
I loved the content, but the background music was a bop!
I love that they used a male mosquito to represent the true flies (which they are) at 7:58. Early pollinators and probably nectar thieves before becoming blood feeders :)
Great video!
But one issue isn't clear for me. Why did pollinated gymnosperms become extinct? Wasn't it working out? Or was it something else not related that caused the extinction?
As a bryologist I'm going to drop an honorable mention to my favorite moss family, the Splachnaceae, although I'm sure it will get lost in the comments.
This family of true mosses, affectionately known as the 'dung mosses,' has uniquely evolved insect-mediated dispersal of their spores, whilst nearly all other bryophytes are wind dispersed. They grow on Nitrogen rich substrates such as dung or corpses, and their sporophytes tend to have a fleshy colour. Several types of flies may mistake the sporophyte for the smelly substrate below and instead pick up a clump of moss spores! Then the fly realises its mistake and heads off, hopefully for the moss to the next suitable substrate to deposit the spores on. As this relationship isn't mutualistic, it isn't entirely similar to the relationship between flowering plants and pollinators, but it is the only non-vascular land plant family to have evolved such a strategy.
Big fan of the Dr Alan Grant vibes from Michelle. Great video
Thank you! ❤️
Awesome- I had no idea there was a rich history of gymnosperm pollination by insects. That make me wish there was more of an explanation as to why those partnerships mostly died out, and why gymnosperms reverted to wind pollination. Since when do mutually beneficial relationships like that just disappear, and in this case disappear nearly completely? The question about why there are so few pollinator relationships amongst the gymnosperms is a question I already had; this video just makes that question bigger and even more bewildering- what is it about gymnosperms that prevents them from forming these relationships the way angiosperms do?
Very interesting! 👍
Very good I love y’all’s videos. Please do one on larvae! Like fish fry, tadpoles, maggots, polyps etc
If I were granted only one wish, it would be that upon my death I should be flung backward into the distant past and reincarnated in order to become that sole fossil example of an insect caught forever in the act of “pollination”.
American Pawpaw (asimina triloba), the largest native fruit to North America, is polinated by beetles and flies.
Great episode! I was wondering what role early birds may have played, if any, in pollination?
Eon, I would like to ask if you can do a program on the differences between convergent evolution and parallel evolution, with examples. I saw example convergent once use bats and birds, due to wings. But in parallel evolution they describe evolution between different species taking evolving the same path. Which describes bats and birds when they developed flight as well in my option. So if you can do a story on this it would be helpful in understanding these processes. Thank you, Eon.
One good example of parallel evolution is pitcher plants. Nepenthes in Austral-asia and Saracenia in boreal regions. Completely unrelated, yet share many common characteristics. Botany has many examples of parallel evolution.