Demystifying the Higgs Boson with Leonard Susskind
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- Опубліковано 9 тра 2024
- (July 30, 2012) Professor Susskind presents an explanation of what the Higgs mechanism is, and what it means to "give mass to particles." He also explains what's at stake for the future of physics and cosmology.
Stanford University:
www.stanford.edu/

Stanford University Channel on UA-cam:
/ stanford
![Леонард Сасскинд - Что такое бозон Хиггса? [Стэнфорд]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/R8a6Tb2lYB0/mqdefault.jpg)
this guy is amazing, he started out life fixing pipes & plunging toilets! now he is one of the most renowned scholars in physics. definitely one of my heroes.
+Meskiagkasher There are very few people in the world that can truly grasp a full understanding on topics such as these and we need those people to relay and teach that information to others. We can't ask for him to be the perfect professor too.
+Meskiagkasher Personally, I thought it was fine. He did say at the start, and I believe him, that trying to explain one of the most difficult pieces of modern physics in an hour was going to be tricky - from a that and the date of the lecture alone I gather he also didn't have or take much time to prepare what he was going to say. He also seems to be discussing the topic with people who have at most a limited understanding of QM, which certainly makes the task more difficult. On the other hand, his other theoretical minimum lectures I found fantastic, in particular the advanced quantum mechanics lectures. It was the best introduction to the Dirac equation I had ever seen.
+Meskiagkasher I have no problem following Susskind - nor have I any problem to recognize his academic merits, nor do I have any problem with him having a cookie now and then, so, maybe the problem actually lies with you, not Susskind?.
+Meskiagkasher _"if only he could get his act together and prepare his lectures with a clear train of thought that the attendees can follow. "_
Sorry, but if you are an idiot that cannot understand then Susskind probably can't help you.
_""he also makes frequent small errors in his talk and on the board that will throw off those who can in fact follow the topic."_
Perhaps, but your initial claim was that you could not follow him, but now you imply that you can, which make me think you are just another fucking troll. And no, those errors does not "throw me off", it just tells me Susskind is a human and not a machine. Again, if you are an idiot, Susskind probably cannot help you.
i spent two yrs at his lectures , sometimes he lost me . but he was always down to back up and go over things again,(and again sometimes)
Susskind is the best explainer of complicated physics to non-physicists out there.
A big THANK YOU to Dr.Suskind and Stanford University for providing these lectures to the rest of the world for free. Making these lectures public will motivate many young people to become scientists. A good way to utilize the potential of the humanity.
I think it will also increase interdisciplinary studies as nonphysicists have so much more access to physics courses now
Dear Leonard, finally I understand something about the Higgs particle. I'm not a scientist or a physics student, just a medical doctor in Australia who has been trying for the past week to understand the Higgs particle and field. After doing so much reading and watching videos I would say that you have outdone them all and I now feel more complete as a person understanding this.
He is Professor (or Doctor, the "real" doctor) Leonard Susskind. I still do not understand why physicians keep using our first names (as if they were superior).
if you have one reason to exist as a human, its to think, and enjoy it.
@@newyoutuber1402 You're right. Physicians do that all the time. A math professor once told me he had an appointment with his physician, who proceeded to call him Greg, whereupon the professor called the physician by his first name. Upon hearing this, the physician switched to calling the professor Dr. Xyz.
I captured a video that has sound and it says that opens and closes walls
NASA developed electronicly controlled frictionless bearings Einstines learning curve.1905 for my windmills of walls of blades opening half closes when opening.
v shape funnel creates vacuum directional .flipping open and closed is addional energy not known produced you can see and hear intensifying zipping .06 second.the light partials stunningly swirl.
You are demystifying the intimate nature of matter.... and you cannot find your purple marker!!! I totally love this guy!
And he still messes up the colors
Lol
He is very functional for someone in their 70s.
@@markhernandez9746 He's "very functional" for 100 people in their 20's.
There are few better than Susskind. He's the Feynman of today.
Stanford University should be so proud in having this man amongst the teachers who lecture there!
I was won over from the word go and, after a few minutes listening to prof. Susskind my next action could only be to subscribe to the channel.
I became a religious follower of his teachings! Dr Susskind is the enlighter of general public enclined to rationalism and humanity elevation trough genuine scientifical understanding, the only way of true progressing evolution. Without such dedicated teachers our world would not progress. New technologies are discovered because we have and must appreciate these people who live for future generations.
What Standford U is doing here w/ giving the global population access to such awesome stuff is truly an amazing great thing for those who take the time to explore such things lol
I figured out what makes Leonard Susskind such a good teacher. Aside from being thoroughly knowledgeable about what he is talking about (that alone does no pre-suppose good teaching), he uses very pertinent vocabulary/words to describe particular scientific topics (and how they correlate/correspond to one another); that's more of an art I think.
this is the ONLY thing i've seen that actually explains the Higgs mechanism. Right on, Stanford and Lenny!!!!
Thank you for actually explaining how elections get their mass without just saying that the higgs particle gives it to them. The explanation involving condensates and the weak hyper charge and its unamed boson was very intriguing and well be by next area of study.
Thanks to Stanford for all the Susskind lectures they release. Progressive university performing a progressive, extremely charitable act.
Daniel C progressivism is a joke but knowledge is always worthwhile
What do americans mean when they say progressive
@@oldoddjobs they conflate it with leftism
@@oldoddjobs to be progressive means to advocate for an unattainable, "perfect world." It's a belief held in good heart and one worth fighting for despite how impossible it would be to totally eradicate exploitation, suffering, and all of the other fun stuff that people are subjected to daily.
Mathematics and Physics don't care about progressive BS, that's what makes them fantastic.
Sat through over an hour of lecturing, which I thoroughly enjoy, but the most satisfying part was the end in which questions were opened up and Susskind says repeatedly, "we don't have an answer at the moment," or "we still don't know," or "it's still a mystery." :)
I spent a whole semester fed up with rubbish from my professor but kinda instantly enlightened by this 1 hour lecture. Prof. Susskind, thank you!
This man is a national treasure. Thank you for preserving your lectures and in essence your mind within these videos.
I so admire people that can actually understand this. I don't even know the basics of physics but for some reason I keep watching these lectures because the implications are so mind blowing. I have been trying for a month now to understand the uncertainty principal and he just breezes through it like it was taught in first grade. I need a molasses type analogy. I think I am getting closer to an understanding but smoke is coming out of my ears.
Look at a lake or at a river and you will understand all! Throw a stone and observe drops and droplets pupping up: these are particles and stone kinetik impact energyse field. Water surface is the field, waves are qvanta of fotons, regard what happens at wall and around obstacles and you will feel the Force is with you!
oh, I've learned QFT, and been doing some research about Higgs bosons as well as neutrinos, but this lecture, without too much math, still teaches me a lot. His way of doing physics is unique. have to say, amazing. fantastic job, Sir.
Godly enlighting message given genially clearly, logically, accessibly and generously to general public, dr Susskind's courses are sermons of religion of science and he is the priest giving us the good news of hope for humanity happy future: sci-tech progress, the genuine one!
This is a brilliant explanation, never heard the whole matter explained so clear. This man can even make me understand (some) math!
Lies again? Asia America
Thanks Leonard, as an Electronics/ Radio comms engineer, this is the best description for the non-scientist of the Higgs phenomenon Ive seen to date.
"The Higgs boson is greatest thing since flushed toilets"
~Leonard Susskind.
+sirawesome hat Would that it should flush some of the inanity from this comments section ;-)
sirawesome hat This is an old comment, but anyways. You can find Leonard's lecture on General Relativity (the first lecture in the course) where he says that
"Most people will tell you that General Relativity is really difficult. I think the main reason for that is that General Relativity is really difficult".
I love his lectures, even though I'm a mathematics student and not a physicist.
Nice hat.
Supposedly the Ancient Minoans of Crete had flush toilets in the 2nd millennium BC, so thats pretty damn great
The plumbing joke! ;) :D
Best physics teacher ever, without him, I could not have understood a scratch of Higgs thing.
As a grad student in physics who was just about to convince himself to rely on routines instead of motivation, I think this video has given me all the motivation I will need! Absolutely brilliant.
Intrinsically motivational!
Tensorial and operational calculus I think can describe field fluctuations, vortexes, waving of higgs field density and swrling of electric field, etc. That is why we need analitical and multidimensional geometry access, analiza matematica, diferential and integral calculus and mecanica teoretica, electromagnetism and fluidics to jump to next level of knowledge shown us by dr Susskind. Without this elementary engineering background OneCannotBe enlighten, it needs lot of working and distraction abandon.
I love to listen to this guy speak, for me this is leisure activity
He has a soothing cadence to his voice. I also can listen to him speak for hours, as one listens passively to music or the radio.
it's a great fortune to be on the way with this living legend.eonard Susskind. thanks a lot!
Before watching this lecture I had "a vague idea of what particle physics is about, probably", and a vague idea of what Feynmann diagrams are a notation for.
After having watched this one hour lecture I kinda think I now understand a bit *of actual particle physics* , and principles of particle interactions which I could build on by looking up the relevant info about all of those that were not mentioned too much in here.
Like, literal first part of a crash course. Done as an aside while explaining how mass and Higgs work.
That's a level of amazing teaching skills I didn't know it was possible to have, let alone ever hoped I would ever have the fortune to be able to subject myself to.
Susskind is amazing. And internet is awesome.
What a time to be alive.
Thank you for uploading these lectures professor Susskind is a great teacher.
GOTTA love this guy: he is TOPS in his understanding of numerous fields but of course especially particle physics, and his "physics for the average person in the street" explanations is WONDERFUL!! Even relative morons like myself, who never progressed past Physics 101, can understand most of what he so meticulously explains - provided i actually pay attention, lol! Bravo to Stanford for making such delightful videos generally available, through the medium of UA-cam. Generous actions such as this, make it clear that Stanford University is not simply a resource for the Wealthy Elite, but for anyone and everyone.
As always, wonderful lecture by Leonard Susskind.
he has a wonderful way of using imagery to convey the lesson. Thank you Stanford for sharing.
To the folks @ Stanford: Thank you so much for giving us access to this tremendous lecture! For a physics neophyte like myself, this is absolutely fascinating!!
ive listening to this guy talk for 3 hours so addictive
Thank you for your explanation:Usually you find that the Goldstone bosons are "eaten" by the massless gauge bosons.
The part on "Ziggs" confused me at first because I hadn't realized that the Godstone bosons can be considered forming a condensate!
I completely agree with you: "Great talk"
I came for Higgs field, but learnt uncertainty principle in a new way. You are just fantastic
life as we know it would be impossible without a supply of infinite uncertainty
In 1894 a Scots physicist was working on Ben Nevis. He got curious about the
Brocken Spectres he saw. So he built a device to study the phenomena. The physicist was
Charles Wilson and by 1911 he had perfected the Wilson Cloud Chamber. With it as a tool scientists could now study sub-atomic particles. It led to more and better tools for particle physics.
Exactly 100 years later, it's off-spring, the Hadron Collider is finding particles never dreamed of in the early 20th Century.
Thanks for the upload. Good teachers are priceless! A lecturer I respect[ed] once said that a good teacher needs nothing more than a blackboard and a piece of chalk. Leonard needs no gimmicks in order to convey the most complex concepts in his field. Respect!
I just realized how many of these amazing lecture videos are available for viewing. There's truly a ton of them, I don't know where to start xD I guess I'll just go with playlists, one by one.
There may be parts I don't understand very well, but any understanding at all, I am grateful for. I hope that with a few brush-up sessions in mathematics I'll be able to better grasp these concepts.
Finally a simple but not over simplified explanation of mass
This is the first explanation of the Higgs that actually made sense to me. Thank you!
Yay, free knowledge I actually want to know about...
I like “ziltch” better. Thank you for sharing, love being able to consume this kind of educational content!
د مجد ححطططط لا اله إلا ححججج
Very good description. His explanation allows even an engineer to understand.
Professor Susskind's lectures remind me of Feynmans. He can make you feel you understood something but at the same time have you come back time and time again to gain deeper understanding.
Great lecture. I'm doing my final project on the Higgs boson and this will be a great help.
Wonderful presentation. I finally understand fields, condensates, and how exactly particles get mass.
+FirstRisingSouI Not bad to "exactly" understand how particles gets mass. Maybe you can tell me a little bit more about the coupling constants then - why does it has the values it has? I kind of missed that in Susskind's presentation.
jomen112 My bad. I understand the logic and theory now. Why the strength of the coupling constants are what they are is still a mystery. I assume finding that answer would be Nobel prize-worthy.
Three cheers for the Enlightenment and its continual success in improving our understanding and lives whilst producing wonderful human beings like Professor Susskind
That was fantastic. It takes a master teacher to present such advanced material in a self-contained fashion without watering anything down. :)
Thanks, Leonard! Excellent lecture! Not only a great introduction to the Higgs, but a pretty thorough overview of the standard model too. I got a lot out of it. I enjoy your pragmatic and concrete approach. (However, I still think the name "weak hypercharge" is cooler.) :-)
Wonderful lecture, even to someone with a bachelor's in astronomy. The math is not something I will ever be good enough at but the concepts were very well explained here. It makes me appreciate what the experts are able to do!
Astronomy is pretty mathematical, right? Is the maths of this physics even harder?
Engineering is also very physico- mathematical endeavour, so these lectures are broadly adressed to a sci-tech oriented public and dr Susskind has the talent to motivate and aquire the full attention of techically educated auditorium. Stanford University is so generous to share us via UA-cam those precius lectures for free, this is a very useful project for future developpings in technology. Nuclear Fusion surely comes true due to such public free sharings of knowledge.
He is mental. Watched hundreds of Susskind hours by now.
Thanks for sharing the video. I love watching and listening to this guy talk.
Best explanation i've seen so far.
IM RIGHT HERE PROFESSOR!!!!! PLEASE DONT EVER LOSE ME AGAIN!
PURPLE MARKER HAHAHA
Thank you Mr. Suskind for recognizing Mr. Englert discovery. It is unfair that the world is ignorant of Mr. Englert discovery and rather only refers to the predictor of the boson.
A pure delight to listen to these lectures.
I completely agree. It is a really neat way of looking at things. Thinking of SSB in terms of a condensate makes so much sense. Much more satisfactory than simply rewriting the Lagrangian in terms of new coordinates and noticing that out pops a mass term. I have always said that physicists with a mathematical inclination (as opposed to vice versa) make the best lecturers ... and I rest my case :-)
fascinating and refreshing
Excellent job by prof. Susskind, explains everything in such a simple manner that you can quickly understand, atho not thoroughly deep but enough to get you the basic idea. Great job!
Mission accomplished Dr. Susskind. Great lecture.
I love the way this guy teaches, one up. How about more videos.
He has an entire 20+ lecture series on math and physics. It's absolutely spectacular.
Some interesting trivia; everybody knows BOSE stereo systems. The father of it's founder, the late Dr. Amar Gopal Bose, MIT Professor of Physics, was a cousin of Dr. Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974), the Indian physicist after whom the Boson particle was named and which later became the Higgs-Boson after it's existence was proved by Peter Higgs. Bose lived, worked and died in India but did spend two years doing research in Berlin, Germany at the invitation of Albert Einstein.
Jackson, Mississippi.
Bosons are a class of particles into which the Higgs falls, your summary is incorrect.
Appreciate your correction, sir. Thanks.
cool story! I did not know they were related.
Thanks Leonard. I always enjoy learning from you. You would have liked my grandfather, who coincidentally taught me a gambling dice game called Zilch when I was about 5 or 6. He also taught me to draw proper 2 point perspective drawings, and encouraged my knife collecting hobby by giving me a Mexican stabbing dagger, and a bayonette from the Mexican american war I think. Although I was very young then, he gave me these very complicated grown up things to think about. Thanks for not dumbing it down, just making it simple. Tobias.
Excellent, clear presentation for anyone who has a little background in particle physics. It's great being alive at the time of Dr. Susskind.
This is where Susskind's example of photons in a reflective box comes in. In the box, photons move at the speed of light, c, and thus have energy determined by their wavelength (E=hv) (v for frequency). Since the walls are reflective, the photons are stuck in the box--so the box is full of energy, which is equivalent to mass (E=mc^2). The nucleus of an atom is like this box--the gluons are trapped in the nucleus with the quarks, moving at c, thus adding to the energy (mass) of the system.
Wait, so the value of the field (edit : at a point) is like a particle and so has momentum, and is subject to the uncertainty principle? Huh.
You clarified many of my queries. Excellent! Thank you.
This alone has been worth the creation of the world wide web..where else would us poor scmucks who never got a chance at higher education in this class ridden English society get access to such outstanding educational material. It has been an exit from the dark ages into the light of accessible knowledge and a judgement on those who would deny us this access.
36:40 brian green does exactly that. He tries to dumb down non zero highs field vacuum expected value to Higgs ocean explaining mass of particles as resistance to Higgs ocean. Thanks to the man in video, I realised my mistake
All the articles I read were just wrong...
Thanks for sharing.
dr. susskind is a living legend thanks for publishing your lectures!
26:26 : The first lecturer to say this that I've heard. But it's the first thing that comes to mind... And the first lecture, really, where I can also say that I, as a layman, really did begin to grasp something of what the Higgs is all about.
And for bonus, just as I'm wondering what the conservation of energy has to say about all this, this is exactly what begins to be addressed.
Wouldn't the flip side of the Uncertainty Principle, as Susskind describes it around 17:20, say that if you know the momentum of a bit of space then that means it's locality/position becomes more uncertain (how non-local does this get)?
How does one make sense of this?
Jonathan Langdale that is actually why quantum mechanics and general relativity don't mesh. A black hole (in GR) is a singular point with a definite mass. In this sense, the mass is the momentum of the field. Thus, the location cannot be known. String theory explains this by taking the singularity, and smearing it out over the length of the string.
@@jonbona876 THIS IS ALL SOOO COOOLL!!!!
before I lay down my mind tends to race. and I've had trouble sleeping. I found this guy on UA-cam I simply watch his videos and about 20 minutes later I am completely passed out.
"this guy"
when your brain is working it takes a lot of energy , i used to use feynman to get to sleep.
He breaks down some simplified patterns at how fermions generally emit bosons, at 27:00 and beyond. I'm on my 5th repeat. Of course the entire lecture is awesome.
Leonard is amazing!!! He se such a person!!!!! i Love him, his lectures...Thank You mr.Sussinkd!!!
The quantum mechanic fact #1 is just Feynman's "comes in lumps" point from his popular lectures.
The one observation I get from all this is imagine some highly advanced ET alien in the audience musing over the preposterous standard model described could be compared to a primitive man building boat without knowing the slightest thing about the physics of buoyancy . Yet he can fish with it !
Yes! High resolution at last! (At least to 720)
Thank you for moving these wonderful lectures into the 21st century
it's great lock can to stay in the way with this live legend. Leonard Sussikind. thanks a lot!
I have just finished my GCSE's so do not possess the technical know-how behind what i just watched yet i understood it perfectly. Why is this? Was this lecture dumbed down in terms of scientific explanation or is Susskind simply a fantastic teacher?
+Green Hermit Both of it. This is continued education with the purpose to spread knowledge to those who wish to learn more about current state physics. From what I understand there are people even older than Susskind himself in the audience. The pace is much slower than actual university lectures. He teaches the basic concept in an intuitive way, and skip all the heavy formal technical details which you otherwise are forced to learn if you take an actual course or degree in physics. That said, Susskind still manage to teach a lot of technical advanced and complex concepts in such a simple way even a fool might understand it.
+jomen112 Much of the typical maths as presented, is Guild Preserving Handwaviness.... Gerald Jay Sussman on 'We Don't really know how to compute' q.v.... Oh, and SICM (Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics). MIT csail ... look it up. Great book, iconoclastic and practical at the same time.
Thanks i will :)
One day with the gift of quantum manipulation, you could make ANY of those markers purple.
excellent!! more videos please!
the lecturer is pure genius and a master of how to explain the complex.
Thank you. This was a deeply significant lecture.
What we need is an objective understanding to the mathematics of quantum mechanics that is relative to our everyday life!
we can't. like Einstein tried and called it the unification theory and couldn't also. so nobody can lets just say yet
you will be waiting a long time, math is not the language of physics!!!!!! quantum mechanics is an irrational theory that cannot explain pull, you cannot explain pull with a particle, sorry for the bad news, you will have to look somewhere else for an explanation of gravity, light and magnetism.
pooltrader -_______________________________________________________-
what we all want is clarity, but we cant get more clarity because the physics is incomplete and not fully understood and what little is understood is in the mathematics which most people cannot do.
Reading the comments on this video is like watching the movie "idiocracy". freaking hilarious!!!
too many electrolytes
5:04 THANK YOU for fixing the audio !
Top video! Congratulations Professor Susskind.
This professor looks like John Malkovich with a beard. Thanks for this lecture.
Bob Ross of Physics
Richard Feynman is the Bob Ross of Physics, sir.
For me he is more like the Dumbledore of physics ^^
Feynman is the Chuck Norris of Physics.
Mr. Rodgers of physics.
I enjoyed that immensely. Thank you so much for posting it.
Finally a great discovery really well explained. Still a wonder that even physicists don't know why some things are and why some are not.
I don't get what he means at 11:52 where he says "the internal space of the field".
zarchy55 at each point in real space, there could be that circular motion of the fields... the circles aren't in x,y,z, we couldn't see them circling. i imagine it like another dimension touches space at each point, and that other dimension can oscillate.
also what malawigw said is true
malawigw and N Marbletoe - What physical parameter is represented by these internal degrees of freedom? What is it that is oscillating?
zarchy55 the field. the Higgs field in this case. it can oscillate at any point in spacetime.
I've been watching a lot of physics videos lately, and I long for the day when I can scan the comments without encountering half a dozen anonymous "experts" condemning the work of the world's most accomplished physicists, even as they proffer their own puerile, barely intelligible gibberish as the truth.
***** While it's true that there are many fields that don't require people to have an advanced degree to make significant contributions (literature and the arts, come to mind), in the world of high energy particle physics, the math is so complex and the technology is so elaborate and expensive, that it's nearly impossible to find non-credentialed people making significant theories or predictions, conducting meaningful research, or making the groundbreaking discoveries that elite physicists produce. When someone with the record and credentials of Leonard Susskind explains what is and what isn't, I listen.
Art Moss I agree. This field drives me to learn more and pursue a degree in it.
Art Moss Sorry to break it to you, but I already see a comment calling the concept of spacetime as "retarded".
jetlagsyndrome Oh, well.
Art Moss So incredibly agreed - I long for the return to the day when scientific research was heralded as being just fucking awesome and not always having to do with how can it be monetized and criticized by a bunch of know nothing asstards. As Pinkman might say - time to THIN DA HERD YO...
"...what the future might or MIGHT NOT bring" Wise words right there!!
What A national treasure... Tells you everything he knows, which is a bunch. Thanks ls
84 viewers had their brains fried.
haha yea. Or maybe they are extreme religious and in their mind this is bullshit since religion has everything explained and figured out for them.
now there is 90
Maybe it was the quality of the video, or rather the quality of the teaching to non-experts, that this video possibly lacked in demystifying the concept to non-physicists (the interruption 2 minutes in, the coughing fit, the lack of having a ping pong ball prepared to name a few) To make the assumption that to dislike a video on physics, has to do a non relevant belief position, or the acceptance or rejection of theism, is a bit far fetched. We both see 90 dislikes, we can claim anything, maybe they were anti-americans, maybe it's a bunch of Hawking fan-boys who dislike this guy for suggesting Hawking was wrong regarding black holes in the 70s.
raijinmeister
I noticed that nearly all videos have dislikes. I've also noticed that these dislikes comprise about 10% of the votes, on average. There are a few videos which are quite niched and therefore not so exposed, that tend a small number of votes, and no dislikes; but for mainstream videos it's absolutely normal for there to be 10% dislikes.
no they just didnt like the production value, they clearly didnt get anything substantive out of it
Glad to see he has to count on his fingers.
I kinda see interacting with the Higgs field as analogous to a car driving in the rain. Where the speed of the car and the shape of the windshield determining how strongly or weakly it interacts. The rain falls at a constant rate but the amount of rain hitting the windshield at any given time varies when velocity of the car and the slope of the windshield changes. How strongly a particle interacts with the field determines its type.
I strongly recommend watching Dr. Susskind lectures on Quantum Entanglements...great view!
UC Berkeley, The Higgs Boson Explained, is also excellent.
I didn't know that George Carlin taught physics at Stanford
I thought he was Mike, Hitman of Walter White
Boson Higgs appears to decay in 1,5 times quickly then process of creating the Boson Higgs. So is probably there a new particle!
So we have got particles responsible for energy and mass! What is next? We will try to find a particle which is responsible for time! Very interesting!
Time is an illusion, its just relative motion.
Do you want a Nobel prize too? Only thing you have to do is introduce a boson that gives a particle volume or charge. The scientific establishment is so retarded they'll defend anything.
Yeah, the time particle. You observe time and it’s particle; don’t observe it and it’s a field. A Time Field; more like a mine-field. 🥴
Excellent lecture as always Doc. Thanks again.
This is excellent stuff. Mexican hat off for Susskind for this lecture.