Fermentation Media (Urdu/Hindi)| Industrial Microbiology lecture 11|

Media formulation
Most fermentations require liquid media, often referred to as broth, although some solid-substrate fermentations are operated.
Fermentation media must satisfy all the nutritional requirements of the microorganism and fulfil the technical objectives of the process.
The nutrients should be formulated to promote the synthesis of the target product, either cell biomass or a specific metabolite.
In most industrial fermentation processes there are several stages where media are required.
They may include several inoculum (starter culture) propagation steps, pilot-scale fermentations and the main production fermentation.
The technical objectives of inoculum propagation and the main fermentation are often very different, which may be reflected in differences in their media formulations.
Where biomass or primary metabolites are the target product, the objective is to provide a production medium that allows optimal growth of the microorganism.
For secondary metabolite production, such as antibiotics, their biosynthesis is not growth related. Consequently, for this purpose, media are designed to provide an initial period of cell growth, followed by conditions optimized for secondary metabolite production. At this point the supply of one or more nutrients (carbon, phosphorus or nitrogen source) may be limited and rapid growth ceases.
Most fermentations, except those involving solid substrates, require large quantities of water in which the medium is formulated.
General media requirements include:
carbon source, which in virtually all industrial fermentations provides both energy and carbon units for biosynthesis, and
sources of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur.
and trace elements must also be supplied,
and some microorganisms require added vitamins, such as biotin and riboflavin.
Aerobic fermentations are dependent on a continuous input of molecular oxygen, and even some anaerobic fermentations require initial aeration of media, e.g. beer fermentations
Usually, media incorporate buffers, or the pH is controlled by acid and alkali additions, and antifoam agents may be required.
For some processes, precursor, inducer or inhibitor compounds must be introduced at certain stages of the fermentation.
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