It's Weird How Many Species Live At Both Poles
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- Опубліковано 12 кві 2023
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We know that lots of animals and plants can be found all over the world. But there's plenty that manage to live at the furthest points from each other they possibly can - and are /still/ the same species. It's called being bipolar, and these guys manage to live in BOTH the Arctic and the Antarctic!
Hosted by: Reid Reimers (he/him)
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🙃🙃🙃
"It's hard to imagine a species so globally wide spread that it would survive basically everywhere," he said as a representative of just such a species
But to be fair we are somewhat unique in our ability to adapt our environment to us, rather than having to adapt to it.
Yea, it should be a given that we are the exception, lol
@@geekehUK Yes, that is a unique ability of our species, and that affects the evolution of human beings on the most basic level.
@Empty Glass we did, in minor ways we adapted physically.
In more major ways we adapted our behaviour/behaviours.
The species
It's cool to me that New Zealand plants have way more in common with South American ones, than with Australian ones.
Yes. Proximity is only one significant parameter amongst so many others, like ocean currents, wind directions, etc. For example, it's easier to reach the Azores with a sailing ship from the Americas than it is from Spain, Portugal, or northern Africa. It's actually so hard to get there that these islands aren't to be found on any sea map prior to the 14th century.
@@lonestarr1490that's so interessant!
Wow
@@lonestarr1490 I'm sure its to do with tectonics. No species are crossing the long ocean other than marine life
It makes sense if there's an ice wall and the world is flat
The Arctic tern must _love_ polar summer, since it migrates between the poles to get two summers a year.
I mean there is no night at polar summer so that's something maybe( definitely not)
Honestly it sounds like an awesome ecosystem and the best time to enjoy said ecosystem, if you're built for it
Well by the time it gets there it needs another holiday
Maybe they are afraid of the dark 😂
Possibly carrying forams?
You pretty much gave a great explanation right at the start. Whales are basically there own micro-habitats, they can easily have hitchhiking algae and microorganisms
Yes, clearly, they contribute whatever they have living in their GI tract to the local ecosystems wherever they go, and they've got other micro-flora and -fauna in and on them, just like humans
This, I was going to write the exact same phrase. First thing that came to mind - whales bring many species to the poles, either through their poop, stuck in their mouths or attached to their skin. I'm more curious which species are too large to void that possibility.
My thoughts too
My first thought too, they basically gave the clue themselves. I would even go so far to say its impossible for whales to NOT carry over microbes, think of all the species specialized in cleaning large marine animals.
I was thinking that since the last ice age started around 100,000 years ago, and ended around 12,000 years ago, there was plenty of time for species to move from one cold pole to the other, and not evolve so much that they became unable to produce fertile offspring with each other
Pretty crazy that humans as a species are bipolar
😂😂
You could say that.
I am insane
good joke... icy what you did there
@@GangGang1 I believe 🙏 *you*
"We'll establish a colony on Mars" mfs when you ask them if we can even establish a year-round colony on Antarctica without needing the only supplies it ever gets being shipped or flown in there.
We could establish a colony on Antarctica, we just don't _care._ Though power on Mars would be easier, since we could just use solar power satellites to beam the power down: not necessarily impossible for Antarctic colonies, but the horizon + orbital physics makes it much harder (essentially for the same reason as day and night will sometimes last for weeks there...).
Not a whole lot of mineral resources to exploit
It's (relatively) easy to get to Antarctica, why would we (science) need an all year long outpost?!
Having one for around 6 months of the year is much cheaper.
@@spindash64 that we haven’t discovered
There is still A colony.
"How the HELL do these whales get there?!"
" they swim...."
Science.
Power of the whalevolution.
There is a portal that cuts through the spirit world. Also a princess became the moon. It's all very scientific.
And The Sun rules earth brutally. Willfully deliberately. With such a dark sense of humor!
@@duewhit310 Everything changed when the fire nation attacked.
@@JeffreyOller did jerry springer have one last big smile when USA at large is more like his show than ever?
@@duewhit310 When the world needed him most, he vanished.
@@JeffreyOller we needed him?.........
😕
It could simply be that once they move to the other pole it would be extremely disadvantageous for them to lose any adaptions to that environment. Imagine losing the ability to tolerate cold in either poles. It would be fatal. They probably hitch a ride on whales, deep ocean currents or storms.
That would be like saying that animals would never evolve because it would be extremely disadvantageous for them to lose the genes for having a functioning hearts and brain. Imagine losing a functioning heart or brain. It would be fatal. And yet, we see a huge variety of animal species. Just because one gene is critical to life does not lead to all further adaptation being halted.
Put another way, the fact that a small fraction of bipolar organisms' genes code for cold tolerance does not in any way prevent mutations on the other 99% of their DNA. And the mutations on that other 99% of DNA could eventually lead to speciation.
or ships
@@eljanrimsa5843 It would be a fitting irony if the species that destroyed such bipolar migrants as the Eskimo Curlew would ultimately end up replacing them in that role, using one of the very tools employed in overhunting them, no less.
@@eljanrimsa5843 or balogna
@@eljanrimsa5843Or polar explorers that routinely migrate between the poles with bags of equipment, parasites and even domesticated animals .
You know, I was worried when Scishow Space went away, that we wouldn't be getting any more of Reid and Savannah. So glad that's not the case! Fascinating video.
When you think about how harsh the environment has been before, it’s not too far fetched to find life thriving in the poles, caves, chemical pools, and magma vents on the proverbial paradise that earth has been the last -10,000 years.
I figured the Arctic would have more because there are more land masses nearby to have species drift to and from it
I had a sad feeling about the Eskimo Curlew when the mention came with a drawing instead of a photograph, and I was right :(
It's weirder still how neither penguins nor polar bears live at the same pole, and how few people know that...
I thought that it was common knowledge that penguins live in the south and polar bears in the north.
@@speed65752 it is. Except to greeting card manufacturers 😁
Wouldn't it make sense for isolated populations at the poles to remain genetically similar, especially for microscopic species? They are facing very similar environments, after all, and so wouldn't they naturally converge towards similar adaptations?
I don’t think so. They might make the same adaptations to the in environment but their DNA would probably be different.
In terms of natural selection pressures from the similar environments, yes! However, even if most protein sequences are highly conserved, there is also genetic drift over time. That is, inconsequential "silent" mutations randomly occur and and then randomly become the population norm at a pretty steady (slow) rate. If there is no contact between the two populations for long stretches of time, then their genomes should diverge from each other in these silent ways, which we can observe by sequencing their DNA.
Physiologically similar? Sure, that's what convergent evolution is basically. But genetically similar? Not even close.
I was thinking the same thing, also if they spread in the ice age it would extend polar species ranges enough and once they were there they wouldn’t genetically diverge that much because they’re already suited to the environment!
Genes under selection would likely have convergent mutations, but most studies using phylogenetics to identify and differentiate species would use "neutral" markers. Neutral markers are regions of DNA that are not under selections (positive or negative) and the chance that isolated populations or species will have multiple identical mutations of these DNA regions are very rare.
Me before watching this: I'm going to blame Arctic terns
Edit: I was wrong :(
** shakes fist at sky ** why didn't I think of SHOREBIRDS???? I've heard of shorebirds!!!!!
It feels weird seeing Reid on regular SciShow. Not complaining; always loved his presentation over on SciShow Space.
Very interesting, and something I've been thinking about from time to time. Nice to get an answer to what's _(possibly)_ going on. SciShow never disappoints.
Another plausible type of transport could be birds, whales or fish being "dirty", small organisms hitching a comfy ride in protected spots. This means that the feasible travel time can be longer than what's implied by being spread via droppings.
Very cool video! My favorite part was at 5:18 when it was specified that the current is off the northern coast and not the southern coast of Antarctica
I love this host, he seems so comfy in front of the camera! 🎉❤
He's one of the best.
I'm frankly more shocked that Denmark, Scotland and North Ireland are deemed polar areas.
If not for the gulf current it would be obvious.
Always interesting, thanks.
1:07 I think this was supposed to be 12,000 miles. In kilometers, they're about 20,000 km apart, which makes sense because that's about half the Earth's circumference in kilometers (40,000 km).
He probably means straight through the earth, not over land. The polar diameter of the earth is just over 12,500km so their closest points being 12,000km makes sense
@@brieoconnor9824 It doesn't make sense in this context, unless we're talking about animals with the ability to travel underground in a straight line between the poles.
@@MicraHakkinen I'm not saying that's the most useful way of measuring it, I'm just pointing out that that's probably what they did.
I think they were just measuring from the edge of one polar region to the edge of the other, instead of frome pole to pole.
I thought that initially, and then I did the maths; 12,000km is 108 degress of lattude difference (the kilometre being, by original definition, one 10,00th of the distance between the equator and the poles(for the nitpickers; the metre was defined as one ten-milllionth that distance, I know; but that's 10,000km anyway :-})), so if we centre that on the equator, we get plus or minus 54 degrees - which the presenter stated was the edge of the Arctic and Antarctic biomes. I'm not a fan of this presenter (just don't like his style; these things happen, and that says as much about my taste in presenters as it does about his style of presentation), and whilst I criticised his use of the misleading term "dark side of the moon) in a sci show space episode, I've not yet spotted any factual errors in his or any other presenters episodes in SciShow.
In short, the SciShow team are just that good that if you think they've made an error, it's worth checking your assumptions (and where appropriate, doing the maths), as it's more likely that your assumptions are wrong than that the SciShow team got it wrong! IMHO, of course.
Ah! To be the first to view a SciShow! Bucket list glory! 😂🎉
Sorry bud, you’re second
Sorry, you weren't the first here. You weren't even in the first ten.
my immediate thought when you mentioned whales, was that they unintentionally carry them. as well as boats, just like they carry barnacles. (as well as maybe sharks, or some other animals)
Thank you!
3:31 I actually think that the reason of sharing so much DNA is both reasons! They where common all over the planet long ago and they only survived at the poles.
And due to the envirement changed very little over a very long time.
Have you been on holiday, Reid? Nice to see you again!
I’ve always wondered about this!
WOW! How interesting. I love to learn new things 🙂
I like the clean shaven look! Good info too!
I hope SciShow keeps going forever. Like Doctor Who.
3 minutes ago... decent enough. Glad I can catch this before leaving.
Biologists who have studied the topic their whole lives: why are they in both poles?
Me with my galaxy brain: because it's cold and they like it.
Looking good, Reid
Crowberries are found in sub-arctic regions on the northern hemisphere, typically in mountain areas. *And* they are found on the Falkland Islands (I've seen the plants myself), but nowhere in between.
Well if the environments are similar even if far apart, then you wouldn't expect much divergent evolution because the selection pressures would be the same, and likely what the species was already well adapted to. What would be interesting would be to look for fossils of these species in the space between and if found, date them. That could be evidence that they crossed during an ice age.
I saw this moderator the first time today. And instantly fell in love with his voice.
Hey, a new host!
Cool vid.
Maybe they're using the spirit bridges as seen in Avatar TLoK. 🤓
glad to know that antarctica had a special water supply just for bottoms that’s very thoughtful of them!
Creo que se podría ver en registro fósil el pasado de ambos polos desde el carbonífero para ver mejor esto de las especies biológicas, cumplirse lo que mencionan aún más. Buen video.
Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) breeds on Arctic and wintering on Antarctic. The longest known migration of all.
Randomly, there is a sled dog who made it to both the North and South pole.
I think of 2 ways for single celled organisms to travel, 1st is hitchiking with larger organisms to other pole, 2nd is evolving around the same time when snowball earth happened then the same organisms just got seperated in time without evolving too much and sticking to similar environments but in different places
what landmass are you showing at 0:38 for the artic?
It's technically not a landmass but a mass of ice located at the North pole
Haven't you guys done episodes on "Snowball Earth"?
What about ballast water from ships? If the ship tok on water for ballast ( to keep the ship stable) in the north and then traveling south? And then removing some of that ballast for some reason - that would easily spred a lot of different things.
A lot of species have been distributed to Norway in this way
Missed ya bud!
I like this guy
I mean, some time ago those places weren't icy caps on the poles. It was at some point a rich land with vegetation. Last polar shift changed it to what we have now, but even that is starting to change.
5:18 I would like to see the non-northern coast please
who is this new guy? he speaks like reading a poem, or singing. I like it!
Hi Reid!
Is it possible that the cold temperatures of the poles are selecting for low metabolism, which correlates to a slower molecular clock, and that’s getting confused for gene flow? I.e, is it possible these animals have just diverged less from a common ancestor than animals in warmer water that go through genetic change quicker?
Yesssss
They just moved a bit up/down and wrapped around the map on the other side, easy explanation :P
A combination of animals and winter growth is probably how bipolar plants can be moved from one polar region to another.
Example, different species of birds feed on and defecate seeds from *cool or cold mountainous* areas, from the Canadian Rockies to the Andes. From the Andes range down to Antarctica.
Except that theory only applies to 1/4 of the relevant plant species? What about the other 3/4?
Quite a conundrum.
Glad to know I can survive in both poles
5:16 “off the northern coast of Antarctica”
Yeah, you might need to be more specific. 😅
I love your channel anyway ❤
"off the northern coast of Antarctica", that got me a chuckle, as Antarctica has no other type of coasts!
It could be that some species that technically have populations everywhere could have larger and more noticable populations near the poles, possibly due to fewer predators or competitors.
I just noticed a graphic mistake. The bit at about 0:35 where it shows the Arctic and Antarctic regions “From space”, the Arctic is spinning the wrong direction. It should spin anticlockwise when looking down onto it. Antarctica is spinning the correct direction. As SciShow is a northern hemisphere production, I’m surprised the mistake wasn’t the other way around with Antarctica back to front.
This guy us a good commentator
The swallow may fly south with the sun or the house martin or the plover may seek warmer climes in winter, yet these are not strangers to our land
5:15 "begins off the northern coast of antarctica" isnt every coast the northern coast?
This guy is like a cartoon character
well damn, this dude has a voice fit for the expendables,
third possibility: they are hitching rides with whales or some other animal that migrates
Whoa, shifting definition Batman.
At the beginning of the video define spieces as ability to interbreed, then half way through change it change it to genotype that can only be noticed with genetic testing.
I clicked on a notification for a minute earth video & it brought me here. Similar misdirects have happened a few times now. Has anyone else had this sort of thing happen?
I wonder if some of them are hitching a ride in the whale's baleen. Like they attach themselves somehow to the baleen in the cold water near the poles and then don't unattach themselves until they detect they've gone through warm water and then back into cold water again which might land them at the opposite pole.
Whoa that's an interesting hypothesis
5:15 Isn't the entire coast of Antarctica the Northern Coast?
1:25 Lmao 😂
This may be due to the survivor paradox in which the fertilized eggs don't germinate until conditions are right. That is why you don't see them all over, they need to know all stages of the organism.
Listening to you at 2x speed, you sound like Penn from Penn and Teller
"Ice age is here, right in your town
Antarctica, look what you've done"
Rather complicated solution, but what if there was horizontal gene transfer between polar microbes and something like whale gut bacteria? The evolutionary pressures are very similar in both places so it stands to reason the same genes would get selected for
I want to see bipolar bears. I know it would ruin the penguins but it would fufill the pun.
Whales and other filter feeders might play a part
Nice to know my mom is one of these species.
Why wasn't the Arctic Tern up for consideration in the plant dispersal theory?
Makes me think of migratory coconuts carried along by swallows.
I would have thought the migrations of bar-tailed godwits and arctic terns would be good candidates to investigate with respects to carrying material between the arctic and antarctic.
Would it be possible that these things have spread with the help of former ice ages?
Shipping ??
I think that for simple organisms, it could also be a case of convergent evolution due to how similar their habitats are.
That's the first time I've heard the word bi-polar used outside of my profession in mental health. Made me go "huh?... wait, yeah, that's right grammatically. I'll be damned."
They’re all riding back and forth on the whales!!!
Arctic and Antitarctic 🥶🥶🥶
I know how important those deep ocean currents are, I saw Pokemon 2000
Could a wail not transfer microbes during migration?
1:33 Oh. So are Scotland and Northern Ireland in the Arctic now?
I think that there is so many bipolar species because of the weather and living conditions. For example microbes don't really know where they are, pretty sure that they just evolve naturally. The ones in the non bipolar area just don't need the same genetics or they just die. People in bipolar area have light skin, because of the lack of sun. If the species is really old, in the Pangea times continents were much closer together than nowdays.
Seeds and single-celled creatures could also be getting trapped in the feathers of birds, and with the deep-water species, my first thought was whales. Also, some of the species may have had a much wider range during the Ice Ages, making intermingling between the poles easier, and during interglacials their ranges contracted to just populations near the poles. The last ice age was recent enough that there hasn't been time for too much genetic drift, plus if the populations are still occasionally intermingling due to hitchhikers, that'd help keep their genes in synch. Thinking about it, with more water locked up in ice and lower sea levels during an Ice Age, the volume of water in the oceans would be lower, and between that and differences in seawater temperatures between ice ages and interglacials, the ocean currents may have been quite different. It'll be interesting to see what is found out on this subject!
Wow was the volume loud in this video
Video flew under my radar because of how unassuming that premise is. Anyway something something Bipolar joke mood etc