@@tokamakenergy6400 If what is shown in the video, when he mentions the copper, if that is pure copper and not mixed for what he mentions, then why aren't you guys using Graphene instead to replace the copper, it can be scaled up with 100% of its purest form if you ask the right companies to do it for you. I'm sure you have seen Flash Graphene and some other new methods to scale it up that came out over this year. Key word there, "large" machines to scale up the Flash Graphene, that you place the carbon into just to use electrons and flash the carbon into Graphene, this process is known as "Flash Graphene". They turn trash / garbage into carbon and then place it into a large machine to flash it into Graphene. The quality is "above" 99% Graphene. This can be done with coal, oil, rubber, plastics, food we throw out after dinner with carbon in it, fossil fuels, anything with carbon in it can be turned into carbon and then flashed with electrons into Graphene, for Flash Graphene. Graphene by itself isn't artificial "man made", and Graphite is just layers of Graphene, like the Graphite pencil. And so imagine Graphene in its purest form is better than any other material as thermal conductive and electrically conductive, if you compare it to other materials like copper in its purest form without mixing the materials, Graphene beats them all. And it's better than silicon. So imagine if you mixed Graphene with other materials to become even better like they do with the copper in high field magnets? Replace the copper mixed, and use Graphene instead mixed with it. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Though to point out again and not to forget, please remember that anything like in this video that shows *copper alone by itself, could be replaced by Graphene.* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Copper has a melting point of *2,500* degrees. Graphene has a melting point of over *5,500* degrees. And that's just the materials by themselves *without* being mixed, see my point? Look at the video and if correct, is that copper by itself? It can be replaced by Graphene. With your high field magnets, is it copper as mentioned mixed with them? Replace the copper and use Graphene in those also. ---------------- And Graphene hasn't been completely tested, it could be higher. It depends on the source, if they are using Graphene in its "purest" form 100% Graphene, some labs will say it's lower and because of a bias, they will lie or not notice that their Graphene is not as "pure" as they think. That is why it takes multiple labs to remove such a bias, for a fair and justifying result for Graphene thermal conductivity. But everywhere you go, Graphene is mentioned as the best material as the highest thermal conductor, and "supposedly".. better than copper and way better than silicon as a semi conductor by itself without being mixed, but can become a super conductor. Graphene Twistronics = super conductor and insulator. Graphene Spintronics = electronics 2.0 "with electrons and not Photons". Photonics to replace electronics, imagine a light based world of Photons as the energy source, like with fiber optics, and Graphene is transparent to allow Graphene Photonic Computing as the transistors but also as the fiber optics in the computer for Photonic Computing, though Graphene doesn't have to be transparent, you can see many companies manage to change this in their products.
@@tokamakenergy6400 Imagine a Graphene Photonic reactor, think about it as the electronics but also as the Photonics inside the fusion reactor. Now imagine your fusion reactor inside being light based, saves on energy, quite literally because it's Photonics, see the big picture there. And so it's not just for wires / circuits inside the reactor, but also for many other parts, even replacing all the copper as more of a light based energy source before it becomes fusion, quite literally, and saves a lot of energy. Again please remember and note, that it doesn't have to be just the electronics / Photonics of the wires / circuits, it can be other parts of the reactor, or any part as *Graphene* or " *Graphene Photonics* ".
@@tokamakenergy6400 Imagine making these machines very large, massive.. to produce Flash Graphene cheaper while scaling it up. Though to keep in mind the quality of the Graphene produced, is it above 99% when you make it, it's supposed to be with Flash Graphene and these machines. Large machines to scale up Flash Graphene fast and cheap enough. ua-cam.com/video/hKIqgD-Aeds/v-deo.html ============================== And then after that, imagine Graphene for Photonic Computing, to help us save on our energy needs, really think about that for a second with Photonic Computing. Instead of Photonic Computing, now imagine that for the electronic wires / circuits, or even Photonics inside the fusion reactor, but as many different parts, not just for wires / circuits. If you want to see the big picture there, watch these 2 playlists, watch the videos from top to bottom in that order. Photonic Computing. ua-cam.com/play/PLAUtk-Q2DF7yx80jrh7uORkHKowzGy7pi.html Graphene computers for home and Starships. ua-cam.com/play/PLAUtk-Q2DF7yXpZ9mVoTfXdnKVp0SvF4v.html Learn about Graphene from my other channel's "Graphene playlist". If you want to know more about Graphene and Quantum Technologies, go to my other channel.
Great video, love listening to people that really understand difficult problems and subtleties involved in the solutions. Also would the learning on cooling the ST40 copper magnets with liquid nitrogen transfer to cooling the HTSC magnets in future machines or are the current and future systems a lot different?
Great question though. Once we have some HTSCs that operate well under standard pressure and a few kPascals higher, maybe they can be used effectively in nuclear fusion. As something other than magnets.
No, it's not. The nitrogen is cooling copper coils to enable them to produce higher magnetic fields for the experiment. Future machines for long-term operation will have magnetic coils made from superconductors.
Douglas, one of de best human that I had opportunity to work with.
This is great - lots of nice tecnical detail. more please!
Thanks. Glad you liked it.
@@tokamakenergy6400
If what is shown in the video, when he mentions the copper, if that is pure copper and not mixed for what he mentions, then why aren't you guys using Graphene instead to replace the copper, it can be scaled up with 100% of its purest form if you ask the right companies to do it for you.
I'm sure you have seen Flash Graphene and some other new methods to scale it up that came out over this year.
Key word there, "large" machines to scale up the Flash Graphene, that you place the carbon into just to use electrons and flash the carbon into Graphene, this process is known as "Flash Graphene".
They turn trash / garbage into carbon and then place it into a large machine to flash it into Graphene. The quality is "above" 99% Graphene.
This can be done with coal, oil, rubber, plastics, food we throw out after dinner with carbon in it, fossil fuels, anything with carbon in it can be turned into carbon and then flashed with electrons into Graphene, for Flash Graphene.
Graphene by itself isn't artificial "man made", and Graphite is just layers of Graphene, like the Graphite pencil.
And so imagine Graphene in its purest form is better than any other material as thermal conductive and electrically conductive, if you compare it to other materials like copper in its purest form without mixing the materials, Graphene beats them all. And it's better than silicon.
So imagine if you mixed Graphene with other materials to become even better like they do with the copper in high field magnets? Replace the copper mixed, and use Graphene instead mixed with it.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Though to point out again and not to forget, please remember that anything like in this video that shows *copper alone by itself, could be replaced by Graphene.*
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copper has a melting point of *2,500* degrees.
Graphene has a melting point of over *5,500* degrees.
And that's just the materials by themselves *without* being mixed, see my point? Look at the video and if correct, is that copper by itself? It can be replaced by Graphene.
With your high field magnets, is it copper as mentioned mixed with them? Replace the copper and use Graphene in those also.
----------------
And Graphene hasn't been completely tested, it could be higher. It depends on the source, if they are using Graphene in its "purest" form 100% Graphene, some labs will say it's lower and because of a bias, they will lie or not notice that their Graphene is not as "pure" as they think. That is why it takes multiple labs to remove such a bias, for a fair and justifying result for Graphene thermal conductivity. But everywhere you go, Graphene is mentioned as the best material as the highest thermal conductor, and "supposedly".. better than copper and way better than silicon as a semi conductor by itself without being mixed, but can become a super conductor.
Graphene Twistronics = super conductor and insulator.
Graphene Spintronics = electronics 2.0 "with electrons and not Photons".
Photonics to replace electronics, imagine a light based world of Photons as the energy source, like with fiber optics, and Graphene is transparent to allow Graphene Photonic Computing as the transistors but also as the fiber optics in the computer for Photonic Computing, though Graphene doesn't have to be transparent, you can see many companies manage to change this in their products.
@@tokamakenergy6400
Imagine a Graphene Photonic reactor, think about it as the electronics but also as the Photonics inside the fusion reactor.
Now imagine your fusion reactor inside being light based, saves on energy, quite literally because it's Photonics, see the big picture there.
And so it's not just for wires / circuits inside the reactor, but also for many other parts, even replacing all the copper as more of a light based energy source before it becomes fusion, quite literally, and saves a lot of energy.
Again please remember and note, that it doesn't have to be just the electronics / Photonics of the wires / circuits, it can be other parts of the reactor, or any part as *Graphene* or " *Graphene Photonics* ".
@@tokamakenergy6400
Imagine making these machines very large, massive.. to produce Flash Graphene cheaper while scaling it up. Though to keep in mind the quality of the Graphene produced, is it above 99% when you make it, it's supposed to be with Flash Graphene and these machines.
Large machines to scale up Flash Graphene fast and cheap enough.
ua-cam.com/video/hKIqgD-Aeds/v-deo.html
==============================
And then after that, imagine Graphene for Photonic Computing, to help us save on our energy needs, really think about that for a second with Photonic Computing.
Instead of Photonic Computing, now imagine that for the electronic wires / circuits, or even Photonics inside the fusion reactor, but as many different parts, not just for wires / circuits.
If you want to see the big picture there, watch these 2 playlists, watch the videos from top to bottom in that order.
Photonic Computing.
ua-cam.com/play/PLAUtk-Q2DF7yx80jrh7uORkHKowzGy7pi.html
Graphene computers for home and Starships.
ua-cam.com/play/PLAUtk-Q2DF7yXpZ9mVoTfXdnKVp0SvF4v.html
Learn about Graphene from my other channel's "Graphene playlist".
If you want to know more about Graphene and Quantum Technologies, go to my other channel.
That liquid nitrogen system looks incredibly well designed! Great work
Incredibly inspiring. I appreciate the detail you guys go into!
Thanks. So glad you liked it.
Yeah, more of this guy please :)
Incredibly informative, I really enjoy these video's from you guys, keep it up!
A great video! Keep it up, more details from the guys on the ground. It's really a privilege to watch history in the making.
I wish I had a few million to invest in this! Excellent work folks!
Fascinating!
Nice demonstration.
have a great big work !!!
splendid details
Informative, thanks
Great video, love listening to people that really understand difficult problems and subtleties involved in the solutions. Also would the learning on cooling the ST40 copper magnets with liquid nitrogen transfer to cooling the HTSC magnets in future machines or are the current and future systems a lot different?
Its I^2R loss not IR^2 loss, I think. Fascinating video.
Where do the high-temperature superconductors fit in?
HTSCs tend to be very fragile and might snap under pressure.
Great question though. Once we have some HTSCs that operate well under standard pressure and a few kPascals higher, maybe they can be used effectively in nuclear fusion. As something other than magnets.
Very cool.
Is cooling HTS coils easier than copper coils? Is there a difference in principles?
do the coils contract when cooled?
Is it possible to apply for an internship as an electrical engineer?
You would have to go to the contacts page.
thing is,, for sustain operation, one would need a lot of nitrogen cooling, which probably means it's not a design for long term operation.
No, it's not. The nitrogen is cooling copper coils to enable them to produce higher magnetic fields for the experiment. Future machines for long-term operation will have magnetic coils made from superconductors.
Is that a Cape Town accent?... Or do I dare to suggest a Zim one? It's pretty gentle so I cannot tell.
Well spotted. Very much a Capey.
@@sharpie842 He's a good mate of mine - and yes - Cape Town!
Same. Known him since he was a teenager
Amateurs. 😏😜🤓