What's With All Those Dents In Ship Hulls?
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- Опубліковано 21 кві 2024
- In this episode we're talking about oil canning.
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The views and opinions expressed in this video are those of the content creator only and may not reflect the views and opinions of the Battleship New Jersey Museum & Memorial, the Home Port Alliance for the USS New Jersey, Inc., its staff, crew, or others. The research presented herein represents the most up-to-date scholarship available to us at the time of filming, but our understanding of the past is constantly evolving. This video is made for entertainment purposes only.
I've watched brand spanking new ships go to sea for sea trials, all sleek and smooth. They all come back from 3 days of sea trials, all oil canned!
It just everything 'settling' in to place.😊
Was just thinking about this…. Imagine ships with ice breaker hulls…. The hull shrinks in the cold, and steel under tension is strong, but deep sub zero steel is brittle. I wonder how they prevent ships that serve in heat and ice from having major hull issues.
@@rizash A better grade in steel alloy and/or heat treatment meant for those temperature ranges. Thicker than average plating. Extra structural members behind the ice breaking side.
@@rizash The steel that is used for building ship hulls varies tremendously, according to intended use.
I've never worked on an ice breaker, but I would guess that the bow and along the waterline would be similar to armor plating. Most ice breakers work by riding up on the ice and use the weight and inertia of the ship to break the ice from the top, vs cutting through it. I can't confirm, but it seems as though I read an article about a breaker that had a large weight they rode up on the ice with it placed aft, to raise the bow, then once atop the ice, it was brought forward to help break through with it's weight added to the bow. Kinda like the Dahli in Baltimore with an Interstate Highway on it.
It's not just settling, it's also flexing. I've been on both short and long boats and while you don't "see" it on short boats, they flex as well. On long boats... oh boy, ever been in an empty metro? :))
When that happens, the resistance the boat has against it is in part because of the skin acting like "lattice" between frames and horizontal segments (name escapes me atm). So it "crumples" and deforms as a result, because it stretches diagonally and makes a "belly" as a result.
One place one can see this all the time, old bug doors or frames. The older it gets, the more "belly" it has, it's also why old doors that aren't fit anymore crack their windows.
Now we solved that issue why do we call it spanking new
Ryan loves the abrupt "end of video" joke and I'm always here for it
@@AlexanderBrown77wat
Every time!
I caught the the pause after the "thin skin" comment at the beginning.
It is funny when he does it. Some of the questions deserve a short ... Sometimes just a yes or no answer.
Working as a ship fitter at BIW, brand new destroyers have this issue. Years ago this was fixed by straightening all bulkheads by using a fine spray of water and a heat from a torch. This would straighten the ripples in the bulkheads. This is still done, but only on badly warped or rippled bulkheads.
Yep, I worked Dept. O9 at the yard in the mid 2000s and I only ever saw the weather deck plating being straightened. I assume because indentations would make a puddle and/or a tripping hazard.
A bunch of the old timers I talked to said that the Arleigh Burke DDG-51 was beautifully smooth. Apparently, they flame straightened everything for the first run of ships. I'm sure it got cut for cost.
Keep up the good work, brotha'.
Bath Built Is Best Built! 🇺🇸
Bath Iron Works?
Thanks for what you guys did at Bath Iron Works. I was a sailor for a couple years on U.S.S. Preble DDG-46, and I’m sure you didn’t work on that particular ship, but Preble was built at BIW way back when. The tin can fleet owes a hearty salute to all the shipyard workers and engineers who turn out great ships. 🫡 🇺🇸 ⚓️
Until they invent a metal that can stretch and regain its shape, this isn't so much an issue as it is a design choice. You could most definetly make a rigid enough ship to not have oil canning, but do you want to? - is the question.
The more they travel, the more stretch they get, until the "belly" between frames reaches its max potential and it just exists there. Oil canning are ... essentially tiger stripes on boats - for the same reason we have them as well. Moving about, the skin stretches between rigid portions.
I worked @ BIW in the early '80s in production planning department - some of the "oil canning" is caused by welding heat shrinkage (the heat makes the metal shrink and pucker). I worked with the IHI (Japanese) consultants on flame straightening / bending techniques. We watched them lay out and form a piece of shell plating with nothing more than a torch, a water hose, and some wedges/sledgehammer in less time than the yard guys could do it with the 3-roller bending press. Took incredible skill and lots of experience to do that.
When you said 4ft of the spacing it really help but the size of the ship into perspective.
You can see similar oilcanning on the fuselage of the B-52s still in service.
I was stationed at Barksdale AFB from 2002-2005. They said it was designed this way, as flying high up in altitude, the pressurized cockpit will even those wrinkles out.
A lot of aircraft get it.
The wings on a B-52 "flap" in flight. The wing tips move up and down.
If they didn't flap, turbulence would cause them to break off. 🤠
@jamesburns2232 pretty sure that's most aircraft. Wing has to be strong but flexible.
Especially at the tip when there's no winglet or fence.
Mesh doors have it too. Same reason. Rigid framing for a thin skin + movement = stretch and deformation in the skin. It's actually part of the design in most applications of this methodology. I might have it wrong, because this is just based on what i've visually seen, but i think in some parts of airframes, they specifically reinforce (extra fabric - fiberglass or carbon or whatever they may use) the edges leaving an oval shape of lesser material towards the center of the "segment" to allow it to buckle and move rather than be rigid and crack.
It's also the reason why long, lloooooooong boats, when you look down the centerline in rough seas look like a 3D variant of the empty metro, bending and twisting ... but not breaking apart (like they used to, for example, on the great lakes, where many a boat was lost because they were too rigid).
As a non nautical person I had always assumed this was from heavy waves battering the sides of ships over the years and pushing the metal in between the supporting ribs. I’m glad to finally know what the real cause of it is.
As a person who uses UA-cam often, I also guessed that would be the case.
I’m still going with the atmospheric and physical pressure changes over the giant invisible thumb chasing ships… 😂
Yep I thought the same.
You are actually also correct. Not heard it called 'Oil canning' before, maybe its an Americanism? We UK seafarers call this 'panting' and it refers to the flexing in and out like an oil can when a ship is making way in large seas. If you Google Panting in ships, it will describe exactly this
You are correct. ( I am a nav arch. ) Look at the hungry horse appearance along the waterline that is hydro loading. The sup.side of the new ship is weld shrink and possibly some global deflection induced buckling.
Jersey is a welded ship. Welding causes heat distortion, so some of this could date all the way back to construction.
I've seen "oil canning" on bulkheads on the cargo holds and engine rooms. I've worked 3 decade in shipbuilding and I have questions about his explanation.
Also I've never heard of any ship with 48 inch frame spacing. I guess it might happen however I've only seen ships with 36 inch frame spacing. Even the metric blueprints I expected 1 metre space however the print where 9144 mm 🙄
@@davea4245 haha on 9144.
There is no single frame spacing. We choose frame spacing to optimize structural efficiency balanced with cost considerations.
I believe he is partially right but welding full frames and longs on military ships is a large cause of distortion, after all strength not appearance is what they want..
@@davea4245 i dont buy his theory either. most people just dont think how much ships flex, because on most of them you cant see it happening. my first ship in the navy, i caught it in the PI, we pulled out on the edge of a typhoon, so it was a bit sporty out, not to mention it was a flat bottom lst, but on this lst you can look from the stern to the bow, right through the superstructure. first morning out my lpo says come here, look at the jack staff. mind you we were almost at the fantail at muster, and i looked through the superstructure to the bow, and holy heck the danged ship was bending 4-5 foot while riding through the waves. imo, the twisting, bending, and flexing is what causes the skin of the ship to stretch, causing the "oil can" affect.
@@leftyo9589if it’s waves that make oil canning, why does it ripple on the ends of the ship instead of the middle where most of the distortion takes place? It happens where the ship is the most curvaceous. Any welder will tell you that during the welding process, the weld metal and the adjacent base metal will expand and contract throughout the heating and cooling cycle. During these cycles, it's inevitable that some distortion will occur due to the movement of the metal.
If all of this isn’t true then I have one very simple question for you. Why do we not see oil canning on ships that are riveted together?
I've wondered this forever. Sorry for being one of the 1,000 people asking about it! LOL.
If people didn't ask questions Ryan's job would be much harder. Finding topics for one video per day is not an easy feat.
Did you really laugh out loud? I doubt it.
A sailor got angry, and went psycho with a power hammer. Simples i dont think.
But funny image to me!
@@Michael_Brock Yep, Popeye after downing too much spinach! 😃
@@ronsamborski6230 Popeye eating some rotten spinach and having a bit of a backwards burp. :))
USS Peleliu LHA 5 came into LBNSY for some finishing work shortly after being constructed. When work was completed she was homeported at Long Beach Naval Station. She went on a cruise into Alaskan waters and encountered 50 foot waves (or higher), some crashing into her superstructure. When she came back she had those marks all over her superstructure.
yeah I always thought it was caused by waves hitting the ship over time
Exactly - water hammer
I was on the FFG 37 in the Gulf of Alaska during a September storm. A roller coaster was a tame ride after that.
I served on a Charles F. Adams-class guided missile destroyer and on a Knox-class frigate, and the oil-canning was immediately apparent all the way down the hull, especially right at or above the waterline.
I had (apparently incorrectly) believed that this was from water repeatedly striking the steel over the years that caused it over time.
Yet again, I learn something new thanks to this excellent channel.
I was in Bristol, UK, in 1988 at a military show day.
The Royal Navy were there with the Sea Cadets in a smallish craft. About the size of a Coastguard Cutter. Whilst trying to navigate the lock system, they made a massive cock up, and backed it hard into the concrete dockside, which put a rather spectacular dent in the transom on one corner. The kind of dent which doesn't buff out.
Oops.
They didn't stick around for everyone to see.
Someone got a major bollocking after that little bump.
put a big suction cup onit and it may pop out..
Haha wow, sounds like you saw Troutbridge come in to dock!
I saw cops smash one of their twin merc 250 outboards by backing in to a piling. My laughter resulted in a rather hostile safety inspection.
@@davidncw4613 Were they state cops? They 're the most fragile egotistical tyrants.
There's a saying in the USN. If your ship runs a ground, so does your career. Same with running into a dock and causing damage.
Funny thing. We were at lunch and I asked if one of the Nuclear Carriers ran a ground. I forget which one. It turned out that carrier had run a ground in California. It caused a lot of damage. He went on to tell me what happened to that guy.
My father had one of those oil cans is the garage when I was a kid. It would make a "dunk ah dunk ah" sound when you used it. I haven't thought about that can until just now, watching this video.
I used those oil cans when I was a kid. They were round. I don’t know what Ryan is talking about with the triangle shape.
@@bebo4807 They were funnel shaped, I guess that's what he meant to say. 🤔
Not the oil cans I used. They were a half sphere with a flat bottom with a spout in the center. You depress the flat part with your thumb and out comes the oil.
Exactly 👍@@bebo4807
I've inherited two of those. Now we have cans that dispense oil for 3 times the cost.
Usually caused by the welding, it can be rectified by applying heat on the opposite side , but there is a knack to this , and it will burn off the paint inside and out, as well as take a lot of time.
Also referred to as "hungry horse" because it looks like you can see the ribs...
Ah, thanks for posting. That's what I was told it was called years ago. Thanks for confirming my memory!
Heat expansion is true. I used to be a welder at Newport News shipbuilding, and carriers are built in sections in various places throughout the yard. These sections come to the dry dock already canned. This is from the skin being welded to the frame. A tremendous amount of heat is introduced from welding in that square pattern, so to speak, causing that effect.
Ryan, I think a lot of us would be interested in how you became the Curator of the New Jersey. What kind of career path did you take? How were you educated in relation to the ship? What was your journey to the BB New jersey?
The video was 3 yrs ago-
How to become a ship museum curator.
I've always considered the term "oil canning" to be related to the old metal and paper cylindrical oil cans used before the switch to plastic packaging. You'd stab an oil spout through the top of the can and when emptying it the bottom would pop in and out as air replaced the oil as it drained from the can.
Fun fact, you can actually still buy oil in cans like that, BUT only if your daily driver has a turbine engine. For whatever reason, jet/gas turbine oil still comes in cans, so if you daily an M1 Abrams or a Cirrus VisionJet you still gotta have the funky little spout.
Me too
The oil cans he is talking about are quite old. Using them made a cool "poink" noise as you oiled, clicking your thumb in and out on the thin metal bottom. My grandfather had one back in the 70's and we would play with it as kids.
@@wbstaple8387 Ever time I hear about those oil cans I think of the Tin Man in the Wizard of Oz.
I still have my old oil spout I used years ago. It got put in the tool box thinking someday the plastic containers wouldn’t be used any more and the cans would be back. I looked at it a couple years ago thinking I should just throw it away but I wiped it off and put it back.
It's very common on the Great Lakes freighters. There's youtube channels that show these ships going in/out of Duluth and other harbors, and the Soo Locks. You can see the oilcanning on them in the videos.
I have noticed for many years and have always wondered what the real explanation was. Thank you Ryan for what you are doing to educate all of us.
I was just there on Saturday, and while you can explain the bilge keel dings, the bow ones were not explained. At least tracked to known incident.
The hull pitting (all dead rust) was quite surprising. I assume most of that came from being in storage. I had very strong urge to start welding the pits back up and grinding them smooth. I wonder how that effects hydrodynamics.
It was a great experience, and I was able to see a Tico and CV67.
It actually makes the ship go faster!
@@tedmoss Is that like the dimples on a golf ball? 😃
I've noticed this so many times that I realised that it probably wasn't grounds for concern, but then I assumed it was the result of heavy weather...
Thanks from the UK for straightening that one out!
It is something I often wondered about . It's almost universal on modern ships and I assumed nothing anyone worried about . Thanks to Ryan I've found out . Certainly on the older ships that were riveted and much more heavily built I never noticed much .
Its speed ripples, the indentations capture vortexes of turbulent water which reduces friction over the hull. Those WWII submarines were so advanced!
They make a big difference. You can’t waterski off the back without these speed ripples…
glad to see yall still around!
This oil canning can be seen on the B-1B Lancer and the B-52 as well, and for the same reasons. Heat causes the aluminum to expand and contract and the skin pops in and out.
Hi Ryan,
I’ve been following & watching your videos on the dry docking of battleship New Jersey.
Thank you for all of the videos and the hard work that you put into them. It is appreciated.
In 1969. I was in first grade. Our elementary school took a field trip to Seattle. We went to various sites and saw different things.
And then we went to the Bremerton shipyard and we took a tour on the decks of battleship Missouri . As the first grader, I was quite impressed.
With your videos about battleship, New Jersey and Iowa class battleships, it puts everything into perspective and I understand the ship even more.
Once again, thank you for all of your hard work!
Interesting. I wouldn't have thought those vertical lines were 4' apart. As always, thanks for sharing.
As someone else pointed out, these deformations are commonly called "hungry horse". While heating from sunlight may be an issue, these distortions look like plate yielding due to wave slam loading - huge dynamic seawater pressures from wave impacts in high seas exacerbated on flared bows where the plating deforms, plastically, to a more stable and resistant bent or curved shape. It's not usually considered "damage" unless it significantly decreases performance or results in bent framing or stiffeners. Navy ship bows (aircraft carriers, in particular, which can be severely flared) have been destroyed by wave slam in severe storms. Similar, but less severe, distortions also reflect weld-bead shrinkage during hull construction on the internal side of thin plating, which unavoidably pulls the plate to the inside ... they are pretty much always seen on thinner plating.
yeah I always thought it was caused by waves hitting the ship over time
@@geronimo5537 I'm sure that this *can* cause it to some degree or deepen existing oil canning by stretching out the metal. That being said, you can find pictures of oil canning on ships that are still under construction and haven't even touched a wave yet.
For instance, search up 'DDG 123 under construction Ingalls Shipbuilding'. You can find a picture of her port bow before she was launched and you'll see some pretty pronounced oil canning going on.
There are ways to eliminate oil canning. Both to minimize its formation during welding and to correct it after the fact. That being said, I don't think anyone considers it to be a priority on warships. No one goes to go to the work and expense to do anything about it.
If you want to know more about those sorts of techniques, you can find accessible versions looking into videos by guys that do sheet metal work on custom cars. Same principles, just at a smaller scale.
Hi Ryan. Sorry to disagree with you but "oil canning" is NOT caused by the heat of the sun. It is more properly called, in structures circles that is, diagonal semi-tension buckling or simply shear buckling and is common in thin (relative to the length and width dimensions) skin structures where the shear stress exceeds the critical shear stress for buckling (most practical shell structures) and the shear load is the caried by a diagonal tension field similar to the way a girder truss works. It is very common in aircraft (even at night or in the hangar).
it can be caused by the sun. have you ever been inside of or near a metal object all day long? many of them will oil can under the sun, announcing themselves *PING* when they have oilcanned.
Yep.
It will also be there permanently if some of the members (spars, ribs, frames, stringers, etc) have gone beyond their yield strength.
More like "hungry horse" thermal expansion and rarefaction
Mhhm. Yes. Indubutably. I totally understand.
Sorry to disagree with you but look the location where it is happening that blows your argument out of the water.
I'd never thought of this issue before watching this video, and I would have thought it was water pressure until you explained this blindly obvious cause. Nice and simple. Good vid. 👍🏼
Did you say "...if you visit my old Torsk down in Baltimore"? Almost my home town. (Baltimore County resident 56 years.) This was a cool trivia video. I've wondered about 'oil canning' for many years, but it was on YT that I finally learned the answer! I don't think I would have guessed it was expansion from repeated exposure to sunlight/darkness, but it sure as hell explains it simply enough!
Thanks as always! As other people have said, I have wondered this for years! For me at least, in my opinion, it makes the battleship (and other ships) look cool.
Keep up the good work Ryan. I always learn lots from your videos
Good question Charles
Awesome discussion of the What, How and Why. I learned a lot. Thanks.
B-52 56-0687 located at MCO (Orlando Airport FL) has the same skin wrinkles although it is a Vietnam era Strategic Bomber.
Every B-52 I have seen pictured has those. I wonder if there is a different cause on aircraft?
that's exactly what I was thinking on b52s after I heard his explanation
Almost every aircraft has them, it's normal for aluminum.
It's the air pushing against the fuselages. With water it's hydraulic action.
I would have figured on aircraft it's from the the airframe flexing. Ryan stated in the video it's due to heat on the ships hull, is that not correct?
Very interesting and reassuring. Thanks!
These videos are always full of interesting information.
Thank you for answering a years-long question I had about these distortions. My best guess up until now was from the years of hammer-chipping to remove the old paint.
I love learning about this stuff, im a contemporary diesel mechanic, i work on locomotives mostly, but i love seeing the engineering that goes into these incredible machines, if a battleship were deployed today, i'd be one of the first to signup as crew
My dad's ships had this and I always wondered what was going. Thanks for this video!
Learn so much here. Love it.
I always wondered but never took the time to research it. Thx for the video.
My dad was on the New Jersey when it was stationed in Long Beach. CW03 Rivera. He was down below in the boiler room. I will never forget being onboard that ship.
The tour was great!
That was an excellent explanation
I'm 45 Years old and almost this long interested in ships, maritime warfare and so on. But I did learn today what oil canning ist! Great video, thank you, enjoyed it very much. All the best from germanry.
Thank you Ryan.
this honeslty answered a question i've been wondering for years. thanks
Very interesting as well as educational. Thank you for sharing your knowledge. God bless 🙏
You know, I knew all this stuff before I clicked on the video. I think I had pieced it together from different bits of trivia over the years, but I've never heard anyone put it together in a clear simple explanation before. Well done.
You learn something new every day ,now I know ,thank you 🎉
This was a total "huh, I never thought that was it" moment. Love it.
As long as the poopdeck is dent free. All I care about!
Great explanation.
I always heard of it as "waffling" and it is something that is rarely seen on pre-1920s vessels because they rarely employed as thin a steel shell over frames spaced as wide. It is much more common on welded construction as opposed to riveted. Take a look at the USS Olympia for example, you really need to look hard to find any distortions.
Oil canning is common on aircraft as well and generally not a grounding discrepancy, unless it’s popping rivets between the skin and supporting structure.
0:25 this joke never gets old😂
Interesting as per always Ryan. Thank you.
but wrong this is not due to the sun its the welding process, extream differences in heat, sun has not enough power
Thank you for explaining this curiosity bro.
Thanks Ryan for this information. Great explanation.
but wrong this is not due to the sun its the welding process, extream differences in heat, sun has not enough power
Intéressant, j’avais remarqué ça depuis longtemps et je ne comprenais pas pourquoi, maintenant je le sais, merci.
Did my apprenticeship in the early 80s RNZ there were two Leander class there at the time one was built during piece work and was badly effected due to the extra high amps used to achieve faster completion. I am a Bioler maker welder and this made sense to me.
I've always wondered about those ripples on the ship. Now. I know thanks Ryan.
Ryan, you are getting ridiculously funny these days. Love it brother
Very nice information Sir. Thanks for the knowledge being passed on.
but wrong this is not due to the sun its the welding process, extream differences in heat, sun has not enough power
Always wondered about this. Thank you for explaining 😅
Enjoying the journey of New Jersey into drydock after having visited her a number of years ago.
So glad to see the Jersey up on blocks receiving some needed TLC.
So wise , Thank You
I got to see USS Little Rock last Friday. It was my first time ever seeing a large warship up close and photos or videos do not do justice for these behemoths, they have to be seen in person to truly marvel in their glory. Leaves you breathless. I hope one day to see an Iowa class.
Man I love this and Battleship Texas they both went to dry dock
Thanks for the explanation. Have a marvellous day!
but wrong this is not due to the sun its the welding process, extream differences in heat, sun has not enough power
Thanks for that. I was in the Royal Canadian Naval Reserve during the late sixties early seventies, and always wondered why the hulls of our DDE and DDH destroyers looked like that.
That thumbnail was 👌 perfect.
Thanks for this video, since long time I was wondering why a ship has so many dents. 👌👌👌👏
Oh yes, the "hungry hound" look. Welds do that. Panel flex and weld draw. heh.
So now we have a perfect explanation for the dents all around every car on Manhattan Island; they are caused by the Sun! (And I thought it was just bad drivers)!😁
Thanks.
I've been told that when they attached the last connection of the two halves of the St. Louis Arch, they did it on a worm sunny day so the steel would be hot, then they used fire trucks with water cannons to cool the exact spots needed in order to align the bolt holes at the top.
Oil canning is also common on aluminum skinned aircraft. If you ever saw a 747 on jacks and not on its landing gear in a maintenance hanger the entire aft section of the aircraft under the vertical stabilizer is puckered in or out depending where the supporting frames under the skin of the plane are at It is just another example of oil canning and it does not hurt or even damage the aircraft. Once the 747 is in the air the oll canning will go away as the aircraft is pressurized.
I've been a mariner my whole adult life and did not know this. Thanks!
Thanks for answering a question that I always wondered about but didn't ask anyone. I guess straightening out a plate isn't as important unless it increases radar cross section if you don't or something consequential like that.
I appreciate the metric measurements Ryan. 🇦🇺🙂
I remember my old oil can as you mentioned.
Was wondering that too. Thought it was where tugs would push against to maneuver the ship to/from the dock. Thanks!
Thanks, always wondered what those hull depressions were
Hi. Can you do a video on the maintenance repair of the propeller shaft bearing packing? Can you show the packing material being stuffed around the propeller shaft to prevent seawater from coming into the ship?
Interesting and informative.
Would love to see the props after their cleaning, and awesome across the board, thank you!
one mistake i noticed, mentioned lighter colours absorb light, but it reflects more, other than that, another awesome video and explainer thank you!
BB62, Watched her come into Long Beach for refitting. Took the tour, many years later. Amazing.
When I was in the navy I served on a destroyer that was 30 years old. Sometimes when we were in port and the rising or setting sun hit the ship properly you could clearly see all the frames and longitudinals along the hull.
Great content❤
Thankyou
Metal roofer here, enjoyed this..
This does not as likely to appear on riveted ships since there is not a heat affected zone like the double fillet welds at the frames and bulkheads. Yes flat areas are most susceptible while curved plates being more ridged will offer greater resistance to this. This is also called "Hungry Horse". Two British destroyers a new welded one, and the other an older riveted. The skipper on the riveted ship sent a message saying that the other skipper needed to feed his horse since she was showing her ribs.
I see it on Great Lakes freighters all the time. Many of those vessels are straight sided and between 700 to 1000 feet long.
Thanks for the explanation, Ryan! It makes sense. Temperature differentials, different materials, different densities, the effects of sun on different paint schemes/colors. Science actually can explain many things!
but wrong this is not due to the sun its the welding process, extream differences in heat, sun has not enough power
It's also very evident in old planes; B-52s particularly.
Copying my reply from another comment:
It's caused by different things, though. On the B-52, the wrinkles are diagonal not vertical or horizontal, and it's caused by something called a diagonal or Wagner tension field. It's caused by having a very thin panel or web in shear in a post-buckled state. Still very strong. On ships, the bucking is caused by thermal expansion of the skin but the skin being clamped / restrained by the frames.
Wonderful video!!