2021's Biggest Breakthroughs in Physics
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- Опубліковано 23 лип 2024
- It was a big year. Fermilab discovered possible evidence of new physics with the muon G-2 experiment. Physicists created a time crystal, a new phase of matter that appears to violate one of nature’s most cherished laws. And we got a glimpse of an enormous pair of bubbles towering over the Milky Way.
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Quanta Magazine is an editorially independent publication supported by the Simons Foundation www.simonsfoundation.org/ - Наука та технологія
Time crystals have got to be one of the coolest scientific names given to an object.
But they don't power time machines, so forget that idea.
@@ANDROLOMA well there go weekend's plans😞
How long do you think before we have a movie out that references 'time crystals' as part of the movie plot?
Probably before you can say 'unobtainium' three times! ;)
Sounds like a marvel thing
Time crystals = Quasicrystals
I love how the scientist explained what 3.7 sigma represents in a coin toss, its much more easy to understand and I think if he didnt I would certainly be confused. Its always great to translate these discoveries into something more people can reach.
Honestly one of the best parts of the video.
ya cuz u aint smart
@@impulsiveurge5837 I cannot stop laughing at your grammatical and spelling errors. 🤣
100 coin toss is nothing and anything can happen , you can ask that from any gambler
@@Naturexl jojo fan 🤢🤢🤢
It's so awesome that they managed to find a way to legitimately call something a time crystal.
Exactly, some sci-fi shit
Now who can argue with that??
It's giving sci-fi vibes where protagonists use it to go back in time XD.
...or antagonist like Thanos to accomplish his fulfilment
Yo imagine if we can transform our bodies into another biological form of life or abiotic form? Like water, ice, wood, rock, or grass?
Quanta, first video I watch of yours - and I gotta say I'm very impressed.
1. You dumb down sophisticated subjects adequately, like not condensending and not too high level. Props to your script writer, this is not easy so gj!
2. Your community is respectful and curious, and I thoroughly enjoy this corner of the internet. Im going to check out a couple more of your vids and if its the same story you earned yourself a sub. Thank you and keep it up!
Samd exact here, another sub.
Same here
I love it when educational UA-camrs don't just target the people who already know, but want to spread their passion and knowledge with everyone!
You are only dumb
As if there stone that has all properties described
A time crystal really
👆
Time crystal just doesn't consume energy like any atom for example. Perpetual motion machine generates energy from nothing. The idea of the time crystal is not that it's perpetual motion machine or breaks some physics law but that this is periodic motion without losing energy. We knew the possibility of such motion with super fluids and other exotic states for a while, but this is the first legit exactly zero energy loss demonstration.
Just wondering: if the crystal is a material object (I am prepared to hear it's not), could its periodic reappearance in a known location trigger action in neighboring objects? I guess not, as that action will require investing energy...
@@OlegSidorenko1974 Interacting with it most probably destroys the quantum state it is in anyways, so I doubt it can be used to do any mechanical work.
@@OlegSidorenko1974 It's lowest energy state I think, so to the contrary it will gain energy. It's not moving in regular sence, i.e. it has no energy to give, but it can gain energy.
Yeah not really a perpetual motion machine. It has to output more than is put in. It's not outputting anything, therefore it's not free energy or perpetual motion. As soon as you try to get some of that energy, the motion would stop.
@@SimSim314 But it is in motion...doesn't that require energy?
Thank you so much Quanta Magazine to fill young hearts with this deep inquisitiveness and fascination with the reality around. The true potential of the platform is limitless. This epic summary just resonates so many unexplained questions than I had the time before.
TV
@@heathermorrison7533 I have the silly hobby to try to spread science and education.
Would you like some recommendations?
@Science Revolution Mate, stop embarassing-yourself-in-public. It’s weird; it’s like someone coming at you at the Supermarket and fl-shing you. WTF is what people think then.
Youre username combined with youre crin-e-claims that Science got it all wrong and only you and youre merry friends know the True Truth of Truthyness is extremly remindful of flat-earthers, Quanon and anti-vaxxers, who are all lumped into one and the same drawyer for a Reason.
@Science Revolution I recommend you delete youre own comment before people see; and i furthermore recommend you learn about the Dunning-Kruger-Effect and what it means.
Oh, and make sure to check out ‚This Man thinks he debunked Einstein’ by ‚Sci Man Dan’, one of his best recent videos with one of the best comment-sections, who you can learn a lot from.
@Science Revolution I suggest you check out Veritasium’s video, “The Most Powerful Computers You’ve Never Heard Of.” Tides are controlled by a number of forces (called tidal constituents), with the most significant being the gravitational pull of the moon. Each of these tidal constituents contribute a sine wave which can be summed using an inverse Fourier transform to model the behavior of the tides. Veritasium does a great job of breaking this down and explaining how the idea of predicting tides was a driving force behind the development of analog computers.
This is beautiful. This video implicitly tells you that how science works. Science doesn’t always comprise of eureka moments. Often scientists slog through different inconsistencies assumptions and opposing theories to purport a hypothesis.
Hypocrite?
@@HarshithPranesh sorry I suffer from a condition because of which I have difficulty in writing
they literally said:
"They call it 3.7 sigma"
.......
@Science Revolution Look we found the crayon eater.
have you studied science sir?
People overlook physics too much, this is where the cool stuff comes from :)
it wasnt the case during newtons or even einsteins time. Scientists were like celebrities and everyone was so engaged in the newest findings
I look forward to these videos every year. Thank you Quanta!
every year?
It's amazing to see how much we still have to learn!
"still" is very naive lol; what we know is infinitely insignificant compared to what there is to know
'infinitely' are you sure about that? If so How do you know?
In a sense, it is infinite. For example, in high energy physics, we know (pretty much) everything (via the standard model) about systems whose enrgy doesnt exist some E0, which we can experimentally access. What about systems with E>E0? It's often argued there is different physics beyond E0 in order for the regularizations we make in QFT calculations to make sense. E0 is a finite number so there is infinitely more energies for which we don't know the relevant physics.
In many body physics, we only really understand a small part of the physical Hilbert space, which is computationally speaking, an exponentially small region of the total Hilbert space. We really know only an infinitely small part of what is possible in many body systems (although some may argue that tiny part captures everything worth knowing).
@@anhbayar11 I'm pretty sure about that. @CE A gave a good breakdown
Ya. How to wipe our noses .
Thanks for creating this site. .Although I am a retired physicist, it is exciting to read about what discoveries are being made, particularly in quantum world.
woah woah why retire?
👆
Thank you for your excellent articles (and for links to the original research paper at the bottom!) You do a great service for those of us that wish we had time to sort through all the 1000's of published research that comes out each month but don't have the time to figure out which articles are interesting or have profound/important implications in their respective fields.
Every time I look at one of your physics videos, I'm astounded by the fast pace of technology and the fast pace of our understanding of the universe. The world is becoming more advanced before our very eyes.
@@pizdaxyu Lest substantiated claim of the day award.
@@pizdaxyu That's exactly what I mean. When we break apart our own theories, that shows that science is maturing. Science is about finding the best model for truth, and when we edit our own theories to include what we observe, we end up with a more complete model of truth. At the rate that we are going, we'll prove a lot of physics things soon I believe.
@@pizdaxyu Also I wouldn't say that Relativity is "ripping apart at the seams" it's one of the most accurate theories that we have. I'm pretty sure it's been proven to be right already. I don't think scientists are debating whether or not it's right. Perhaps the theory of Relativity is not *complete*, which would make sense. We dont know what happens in black holes or during the Big Bang (if it even happened). These queries are being answered by things like the James Webb Space Telescope that's launching on Christmas! 🙂🙂
High quality content from Quanta and great choices for the biggest breakthrough in physics in 2021.
Your videos remind me that just because only a few science breakthroughs reach major headlines outside the academic community, progress is constantly being made.
I want to ask though since you showed that formula of the standard model, what is z that it is solving for?
Z is a partition function, it carries no obvious physical significance but can be best thought of as a mathematical tool to efficiently encode information about a theory.
But it was a little misleading though saying that time crystals are like perpetual motion machines.
@@devlinmcguire7543 Just a little?! 😆
@@devlinmcguire7543 but they are at odds with 2nd law of thermodynamics, isn't it?
@@wecare838 not really, no. Entropy is deeply related to energy, and time crystals have no energy to give because all the "motion" comes from quantum ground states. It's like saying a buoy is moving forever because it's resting in the undulating ocean; what would violate thermodynamics is if the buoys were moving by themselves instead of being bounced around by the waves, or if they had a natural tendency in themselves to flow to one end of the beach they're by, or if you removed the water, air, and so on from the system so the buoys were just moving alone with no friction or anything. What time crystals are doing basically is exploiting the waves, not so much the buoys, which is basically free.
It's also worth mentioning that the laws are ≥ things, not > things, and entropy can remain constant in a system. It's just that when you're talking about systems with trillions of bits like a coffee mug the > nature ends up being more defining than the = nature. Time crystals are exploiting the = nature of things, and doing so at very small, stable scales so that as much of the > nature of things can be ignored as possible.
Truly fascinating. I’m just glad that all these new opportunities for discovering new types of physics is where I will have an opportunity to discover new physics
Thank you for the upload! Amazing what humans have mastered, but the greatest thing is that there are only more and more questions with each discovery.
Please, upload more, we need this!
Cheers
Well, that would be a good series to look back to, later on, when you need to remember what significant discoveries happened that year
As an aspiring grad school physicist, this video was fantastic at making these phenomena understadable at all levels. Great job guys/gals.
I am just in awe of how I KNOW for fact that in this lifetime I could never possibly be as smart or in the same caliber of intelligence as these scientists/engineers/physicists that go on to discover scientific marvels like these in the video. WOOOW!
You are setting the boundaries of the things you can accomplish, if you want it you can achieve it through hard wok. Wish you the best.
@@Phat_Lizard thanks. I am soon to be a graduate with a bachelors in Computer Engineering but I STILL FEEL SO FREAKING DUMB HAAHA. It's chipping away at my self-esteem. Thank you for the encouraging words, though.
@@rabbitazteca23 I come from theoretical physics background and as far as I know, what you are feeling is actually very common among students. Especially during PhD this is quite tense as you are supposed to do actual research while only starting to march to the frontline.
One of the things that surprised me was that even classmates that struggled during bachelor degree managed to grow into amazing researchers through consistency, hard work and love of the field.
Seriously - even if you were average student at high school, I really believe through consistency you can become a great researcher. Maybe not the next Newton or Hilbert, but you will surely be able to do your part and do it well no matter the field you choose.
I think our, and especially USA, culture of glorification of great individuals is very harming . These people should be inspirational, but our culture puts them on such a high pedestal, they become superhuman. And you are not, you are certainly only a human. How can you ever dream about walking along side them? I think it makes more people doubt themselves than inspired.
I even think the glorification is really over the top - those people are not as smart as you make them in your head. I mean, Newton and Galileo were sure one of the greatest physicists in whole history, but nowadays we teach kids their theories in school and they manage well enough.
@@michalmaixner3318 love your comment. Inspiring
👆
What a fantastic video, thanks to all concerned!!
A great overview and well worth watching. Thank-you for making this video!
Really appreciate the work quanta magazine is doing. Love this kind of content.
Well this has changed my life. Thank you Fermilab.
Thank you science! wether its in physics or in other fields. im grateful for all the people that work hard & achieve so much
I have the silly hobby to try to spread science and education.
Would you like some recommendations?
@@loturzelrestaurant if people came knocking on my door with this, i'd happily invite them in (easy robbery lmao)
@@bay0r XD
Yeah, but that doesnt answer my question: Want some or not?
Quanta! I love your videos and reading your articles. Thank you for creating this content.
Love these videos. It always reminds me how much and how little of what we have known.
They went from asking what exists in nature to asking what does quantum physics allow. That’s an exciting step!
This video just demonstrated to me how utterly clueless I am about the world around me and I love it
What a great channel this is. Thank you for sharing.
amazing visuals and explanation. well done to everyone involved in creating this video, and the scientists.
I may not be smart enough to be one of those who's helping with pushing science forward, but I wish I live long enough to see the magic & wonders that are coming.
9:58 with the force of 100,000...
Me: Nuclear Bombs?
Narrator: Supernovas
Me: O________________________________O
Time crystals?! Holy shit, we're 5 new discoveries away from a fuckin infinity gauntlet!
As always your posts are always appreciated...thankyou.
I cannot wait until I can actually work. These topics always interest me. I know it’ll be hard work, but these profound discoveries just have to make it worthwhile.
I don't know how old you are but if this interests you then please, do your absolute best to get into one of the hard sciences, such as physics. I love the idea that there are
kids out there that are getting inspired by good youtube videos such as this. Particularly as there's so much rubbish out there. Good luck for your future.
There's actually something called a time crystal, what a time to be alive!
Yoshiaki Sofue is an amazing example of the possibilities of the human spirit. We're lucky to scientists like him.
love theses videos! thank you for making these!
Read the articles in full at Quanta: www.quantamagazine.org/the-year-in-physics-20211222/
404 not found lol
@@focusezz6947 Fixed!
I really enjoy living in a universe where time crystals are an actual thing.
Didn't really have much say in choosing which universe to live in, eh?
@@ANDROLOMA Speak for yourself. I had the choice and I found the other ones kinda boring
If we survive long enough and keep on evolving, I wonder where we will be in 1000 thousand years from now on
I'll have to look into time crystals some more, though I've heard of them; thank you.
It's Amazing where humanity has reached over this century, it gives us hope to aim higher. Awesome. Physics is the future.
Keep the inspiration going.
This is something I enjoy no matter how bad my day has been
So is a time crystal a 4-Dimensional object? Would that explain why it changes over time but doesn't consume energy? We're just looking at different parts of it?
Wait hold up....
Very informative and digestible. Thank you very much
Thank you for making this easily accessible video! This makes me happy
so awesome to hear a real-world peer review experience and benefit.
thanks to ALL scientists! really guys you are the best of our society!!
Always great quanta magazine !
Super super cool video. Great work all around
More videos like this please!
Hopefully we'll be discussing the observations from JWST this time next year
I just hope my grandchildren can get data from the JWST lol
What's jwst
@@cesaresp101 the James Webb space telescope
@@pocatellopvp3182 it launches tomorrow
@@keyofdoornarutorscat I hope so
What are the g-2 measurements mentioned at 3:40 ? What are the implications if being in line with it, that the theory is wrong?
That there might be a new particle out there
Question: can Muons be held together and form the makeup of an object or element? I saw a video recently about how gravity effects time dilation. Time moves differently under different gravities. I had the thought of a muon casing of some sort. Im trying to think of what the casing of a time crystal might be like. It could just be the time crystal encases nothing and it is the crystal itself that lends its structure using an unseen artificial element.
great job on simplifying these ideas!
Hi, I'm from year 2100. We've found some time crystals, they are used to save the state on games you're playing. So, next time you open the game, you don't need to start over, but you'll continue from that last time crystal.
Honestly would be surprised if the global economy hasn't collapsed by 2100
@@charliecrome207 Yeah it collapsed, but a new much-improved global financial system has emerged, thanks to the technology in quantum computing.
Unfortunately, I can't tell you more because it will break the rule of time-travel.
Hi am from early times and it surprises me people still haven’t figured out 0 & 1 In Dimension
At 2:44 mark and beyond, I've always looked up to physicists in blue shirt that explain the most advanced laws of physics while displaying a booger right below their nose. It's the most convincing evidence of his expertise.
Super hyped about the discoveries made in physics last year!!!
I've been a Rockhound and precious amateur gem collator since childhood.amd I have a amazing discoveries to share with you.
The time crystal doesn't seem any more amazing than an electron within an orbital: it has perpetual motion and time independence too.
Exactly. Having perpetual motion is one thing, but being able to extract work from it is another thing. People like use these buzzwords, but it's not really honest scientifically.
So as far as I understand, time crystals haven't actually been discovered in nature. They seem to be allowed, but not actually discovered? And they're allowed to exist because the second law of thermodynamics applies in equilibrium only, and not to out-of-equilibrium systems?
dude did you read the details?, its a crystal not a loop, equilibrium is part of the crystal, what they have artificially created is a phase change from higher energy levels at very low temperatures can follow nice periodic oscillations while reaching equilibrium..
@@niks660097 I don't think it's clear that the system is reaching equilibrium. The impression I got was that it would remain oscillating while the laser was being applied without absorbing energy from it.
Really cool stuff. It gives me something to think about. I like knowing about the polar bubbles in space. I'm glad these people get to do so much cool research. Seems like a lot of fun.
The faculty of Physics at my University (Aalto) designs memory components for quantum computers using Time Crystals. They’re also potentially very useful in communications and diagnostics (especially in Neuroscience)
Those bubbles that they discovered in deep space almost sounds like each one of them is it's own Universe.
I had this exact thought. Or dimension. Biggest bubble is our whole universe, & then we have our pancake 3d dimension/universe, & the other two bubbles are two different universes or dimensions. Making 4 universes in one whole universe, or 3 different dimensions, in our whole universe... it also kinda looks like some sort of atom or molecule.... o.o
@@DanLyndon
Hot gas, no less.
This video describes three discoveries, beginning at 0:00, 4:04, and 7:50
The most interesting is the time crystal, at 4:04
OH IVE BEEN WAITING FOR THIS ONE
Really interesting , subscribed immediately.
Finally the breakthroughs which has the biggest impacts are released.
The Standard Model of particle physics doesn't include gravity, but unfortunately the formula shown at 0:39 includes a gravity term.
You can do QFT on a curved background just fine though, and then you would get exactly this Lagrangian but without varying g or R when doing computations.
You can also do quantum mechanical standard model plus gravity calculations just fine, but only as an EFT at low energies. So you can't describe black holes, but you can do tree-level scattering processes between normal matter and gravitons in the standard model for example.
Don't confuse "the standard model plus gravity has unsolvable divergences at high energy" with "you can't combine the standard model plus gravity and make predictions". You can. Adding in supersymmetry allows you to make a lot more sense out of the calculations though.
Kudos to your graphics team - the visuals are very smart 👍
If only the first scientist dealing with the _muon G2_ experiment, would wipe under his nose and mouth. I found it really nauseating, which is a shame because he had
a lot of interesting things to say.
These Videos are Really amazing.
From the engineering perspective, what could be the possible inventions in near future out of time crystals?
time travel letssssss GOOOO
Memory for quantum computers
@Satyam 12A aa I said that I SAID!
@@baab4229 what, they would use the same kind of memory regular computers use
@@baab4229 eh I just looked into it, I think it's persistent cycling could be useful for memory
It would appear as we advance our knowledge in science, that the equation and formulas that we have grown so defensive of over the decades is slowly losing its foundation. And wile I don't think that things like Einstein's theory of relativity and special relativity are wrong. But I feel that we are soon going to renew his theory or find a better one
That’s why politicians, activists, and agenda peddlers say ‘Science says my way is right!’ while a real science believer says ‘In this set of conditions, this is what we have found to be true - until we likely refine or disprove it when we know more.’
that's the way it always was!
Amazing breakthroughs!!!!!!!
waited all year for this
When I was a teenager, I flipped a penny 1000 times.
Surprisingly, I got exactly 500 heads and 500 tails.
I did not then know how to derive the expected value.
i heard it should be one side more than the other from a tiny weight difference... but, i also sWExperiments showing it almost has to.. a matrix thing.
I really wish I watched this videos as a kid, I’d love to go into physics and study astrophysics…
But now it all feels to late as my career has nothing to do with this field.
You’re like 20 dude! That’s one of our greatest flaws thinking it’s to late to start. You’ve got so so much time left! This channel is why I’m studying statistics again and I’m 21. It’s never to late to catch up!
My dad studied computer science back in the 80s. He recently went back to school to study psychology at the age of 50. It's never too late to do what you want dude.
I started my physics career at 29
@@magtovi hell yea dude good job 👍
Dude go do it! You're still young don't give up!!!
Nice video. Informative. Didn't know before I watched it.
Well done! Fascinating!
Still seeking an understandable visual representation of a Time Crystal.
It'd be good if Benedict Cumberbatch (aka Dr Strange) did a really high quality documentary explaining it
@@alwaysdisputin9930 Yes, as Dr. Strange!
As a Stony Brook University Physics and Astronomy student, I feel proud that the discrepancy in g factor was first notice at the Brookhaven National Laboratory...
Excellent video! More on quantum mechanics please.
Truly wonderful to think that these things coexist with our daily living. Curious to see what more can we uncover in the known universe!
I don't think a time crystal could oscillate at the same rate forever without ever putting some energy into the system. I'd still expect it to slow down eventually. It's just that the frequency of the energy you add to it doesn't change the frequency of its oscillation unlike what's happening normally when you're giving something a kind of push and the movement of the system or partical will change depending on the push. But I can't imagine a time crystal oscillating forever at the same rate without ever needing some energy input.
You're assuming it needs energy in the first place. Time crystals are defined as motion without energy.
The biggest breakthrough in science is a very interesting theory of how Fred Flintstone could steer his car.
rock and pinion steering
Can't wait for next years discoveries!!!
I have never heard about the 3rd case.
Impressive job.
New subscriber here.
So you can have an explosion 100.000x times stronger than a supernova... Dragonball suddenly makes a ton more sense.
Dragon ball characters are casually universal, they would laugh at that muahaha
@@cesaresp101 good thing they can't exist
Ever since I was a kid I was never convinced with the classic physics alone.
Love this video! Thanks👍🏽
i was waiting for this video
Just so you know, the captions on this video do not match the spoken words
Thank you, we've updated to auto-generated captions.
@3:21 "such as dark matter - a substance we know exists but haven't yet detected"
No. Dark matter is a theory to account for an observation of the motions within distant galaxies.
I agree with both statements. "Know" is a relative term
Please do an update on Fluid dynamics and fluid transition research.
Very Interesting! Excellent presentation! Thank you for sharing.
2:15 I think you have some meuons on your lip
Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video.
These should be an hour long documentaries every year not just 10 minutes.
thank you for this ! 💚