The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #21
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- Опубліковано 21 жов 2024
- You probably know some of the signs of industrialization in the nineteenth century: Trains connected cities, symbolizing progress. But they also brought about the destruction of rural lands, divisions between social classes, and rapid urbanization. But there's a whole lot more to talk about in this episode of History of Science!
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Mauveine, the first synthetic dye, was a big deal because it was purple.
Purple was extremely expensive before Mauveine, to the point that it was pretty much restricted to the nobility and the Church. Before, the most common suitable dye came from sea snails. That rare dye, Tyrian purple (known as the 'royal purple'), could be so concentrated from a color standpoint that the modern RGB scale used for web pages cannot accurately display it.
nantukoprime Indigo from India, before mauve, I believe.
British government forced some farmers to grow indigo rather than rice, is a popular story in Indian history and the independence movement
VarahaMihira Science Forum :
Tyrian Purple is a more reddish variety of purple, see Byzantine purple (another name for it). It's a natural composition of indigo and a red dye with similar chemical composition which is why it was so rare. There were tries of using other sources of indigo, ie the plants, combined with other red dyes. The early mixes were not strongly colorfast and would revert to the more indigo hue with age and washing (indigo itself is a difficult dye to mix until industrialized societies as it is not water-soluble). Mauveine was a strong colorfast purple that could be altered towards either red or blue tones of purple. Best of all, it was comparatively cheap.
The Southern US colonies and Caribbean were forced to grow indigo as well. It was one of the main reasons for the slave trade in the southern US prior to the cotton boom.
The most expensive pigment was actually ultramarine, which could for most of human history only be created by grinding down lapus lazulus, a mineral only found in afghanistan and usually considered a gemstone.
" We did something! " hilarious! 😄
If only modern devices would make better use of interchangeable parts, a *NINETEENTH CENTURY CENTURY TECHNOLOGY*, in their repairs...
"Oh, your screen is cracked? Might as well get a new phone, since the screen costs half as much on its own to replace."
-______-
Or when your car is totalled anytime more than one thing needs to be replaced.
My car is an odd and older model. My mechanics, confirmed petrol-heads, have resorted to making bespoke parts on more than one occasion. They seen to enjoy it, and it keeps me legal and on the road.
11:51 Am I the only one bothered by the fact that "all of these nice people" has suddenly changed to "these people"? Who's not being nice to Hank?? Be nice people!
So excited to see what they think of the 18th century Biologists, I really hope that yall talk about Alexander von Humboldt! He is so underappreciated in the world of science!
England =/= UK. The industrial revolution was an entirely British endeavour, not just English.
Am I the only one who is super into the industrial revolution it is so underrated
Thezebraherd check out Machine Thinking on UA-cam!
One (social) aspect you really ought to go into is how unlimited ,capitalist, industrial production came about since production was so severely restricted by the guilds. How did the guilds lose control?
I love all of Crash Course, but this has been one of my favorite episodes of all time. Thank you, as a high school teacher, for all that you do!
Please tell me John is hosting the Review of the Anthropocene episode. No reason.
Corporis yes yes yes! We need this confirmed!
lol
The HMS Dreadnaught was launched in 1906 and gave her name to the class of battleships based on her construction... that's definitely NOT the mid-1800's.
Maybe you meant to say ironclads?
I was wondering about that, too.
The ironclads weren't a big step forward though, not until the monitor introduced propellers and pivotable gun turrets.
If you did “crash course cooking” I’d pay youtube red to watch that
AGREED
The Industrial Revolution not only streamlined the production process through the factory system and led to the explosive growth of the middle class but also changed the way people in Europe and North America viewed science and the notion of invention. Europeans essentially "invented" the idea of the invention during the 1800s. Entrepreneurs and scientists constantly tried to invent to devices, improve the designs of machines and advance general scientific knowledge to increase profit margins and improve standards of living. In the 1800s, people also became accustomed to the idea inventions and scientific discoveries would continue to advance and improve peoples' lived in the future. Although they did not know exactly how scientific advancements would pan out over time, by 1800 the smartest westerners new technology would transform the world and make the future different and better than the past. Shortly after the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin noted that he wished he'd been born 200 or 300 years in the future because machines, technology and scientific discoveries would have utterly transformed the world for the better. Many other European and American mathematicians, scientists, inventors and intellectuals shared this notion of a future transformed by technology for the better. This had never occurred before in history and is the paradigm shift that made the Industrial Revolution the most significant event in world history since the Neolithic Revolution and the dawn of recorded history. It is no coincidence that the 1800s is also the century that witnessed the dawn of science fiction as a genre that exemplified this newfound notion of a future made better by technology. The Romans were great engineers and actually invented the steam engine but lacked a way of thinking about the future that allowed them initiate an industrial revolution and transform the world through machines.
Thanks Cole for the Industrial Revolution.
I love the bit about America, "We did something!"
I was looking for a comment about this, and I found 2.
Correction for 7:04 Dreadnoughts weren't a thing until the 20th century with the launch of the HMS Dreadnought in 1906. You're probably thinking of Ironclads. There were ships named HMS Dreadnought before this but none represented the same revolutionary break in naval warfare as the HMS Dreadnought did.
It's a shame you skipped the ancestry of the steam engine. The ancient eolipyle used steam, but was just a curiosity until scientists got to understand pressure, develop tools to handle it, which set the scene for Savery's and later engines: first Torricelli understood the role of air pressure, then Pascal tested it by climbing up mountains and church towers with a column of mercury in hand - evaluating the size of the atmosphere in the process. Von Guericke, following them, built an air pump and tested it spectacularly. Robert Boyle improved that pump to study gases, and Denis Papin, experimenting for him, got the idea of the pressure cooker. Finally, looking to something safer than gunpowder to run engines, Papin made the first piston in 1690. 8 years later the savery engine was patented.
The story is interesting IMO because (1) it brings to light key people that didn't make it to your series so far (Pascal! Boyle!); (2) it shows (again) that science is not national: this story travels from Italy to France to England with power and prosperity. (3) it shows the importance of the royal society, which employed Boyle and Papin (Papin had to leave France because of his religion), and set challenges like pumping water out of mines.
I'm not so sure it's right to say they "used steam" if it was "just a curiosity:. That's probably being pedantic. And you're right, they shouldn't have skipped it!
@@faceoctopus4571 The aeolipile was a remarkable object, fast spinning, revealing the potential of steam, but it didn't bring it to any use - and as is it couldn't have been any use, too much water lost and too little power gained. So it remained an "curiosity" - an interesting object for the enquiring mind, but nothing more.
Not even a mention of Luddites?
There are a whole bunch of issues with the way you breezed over agriculture. For instance, while the old system of the commons was indeed change agricultural yields in England, it wasn't England's agricultural output that fed the UK, but Ireland's, which was purposely kept from industrialising, except for the area around Belfast. The consequences of that are also still felt to this day.
The introduction of new world crops was also a big part of what changed the region. It's also why france which had been the most populous country in europe for centuries fell behind in this era.
@@DaDunge France did adopt new world crops at the time. The reason why it's population fell behind is (1) the wars and revolutions, and (2) it's population density having been high, the rest of Europe caught up more than it fell behind (in the 19th cent., not the 20th!)
He also breezes over how Britain industrialising first led Britain colonising half of Africa and all of India to get the resources needed to fuel its industrial revolution, while purposefully keeping those areas from industrialising too, similar to Ireland, the effects are still being felt to this day.
Who else is here because COVID-19 is forcing you to have school at home :(
ME!!!!
History of technology and engineering needed please
Loving this course. Just a note, on the off chance anyone will see it, #11 and #12 are missing from the main playlist.
Great video!
Cities & Skyscrapers gotta love a good crash course video! Favourite channel?
Woo!!! Darwin and Wallace!!! My favorite scientists!!!
Do a crash course video on the novel “and then there were none”
The rapid urbanization, development of rural lands, and other changes have widely contributed to a shifting landscape in the nineteenth century and beyond, the impact of which is still felt to this very present day and time.
So many people in this comment section want a crash course about topic "X".... Well, here is mine: Crash Course Public Transport. History, technology, modes, concepts, dead ends, economics, operation, environment, politics and sustainibility of public transport. There you have it.
I would not have minded if this series had had 400 episodes...
Dammit I needed this video three weeks ago!
The Dreadnought class was not built until Admiral Sir Jackie Fisher's Dreadnought of 1904, the predecessor ships were generally classed as 'Ironclads'
good stuff
austin angelo great stuff indeed!
I greatly enjoy these Crash Course videos!
Hello team CrashCourse, I am a keen viewer of your videos and find them very interesting and full of knowledge but I want to say (complain about) two things :- 1. Why do you speak so fast? Not everyone among your audience is from a English speaking nation. Consider foreigners as well. Sometimes it's very difficult to understand what the host speaks. And 2. You don't give enough time to read the cards/messages that pop up during the video. Please give appropriate time for that. I hope you will consider this sincere request. Thank You. A fan from India.
You can actually change the video settings, to make it slower - or faster if you wish.
Painting large structures white to reduce the effects of solar heating isn't silly. It's something that's done quite often, because it works.
Thanks for the info
These Industrial revolution's process began in British on 18th century and from there it became spread widily to the other parts of the world. Industrial revolution made the lives of humans easier and the development growth of economy. But it sad to say, that it has negative impact in our environment. That mostly most of us didn't see and care about the negative effects in our environmentand when it comes to our mother earth. I hope we can less using factories that can destroy the mother earth.
Amazing
Brewing tea
Yes! More Hank Green!
Cool video!
your basically my economic history teacher haha
Nice, find yourself an English teacher now. XD
Crash Course History of Humour?
Wow. Super thought provoking episode this week. I had to put the book down long enough to focus my attention here!
11:02 So, we’ll come back to this? What, like REVIEW it?
The industrial revolution is a surprisingly controversial subject and there's some antiquated information in here.
For one, prosperity wasn't exactly what prompted the industrial revolution, unless you really want to describe colonialism, slavery, and domestic servitude as prosperity. These things led to the economic conditions that would allow industrialization, but conditions worsened for the majority of the population while "prosperity" only really occurred for the rich industrialists. The "free market" was the transition of mercantilism into capitalism through liberalism, but that's another subject.
The "population boom" is another controversial topic. Insane asylums were emptied out to make room for new laborers (being unemployed was considered a form of insanity before the industrial revolution) and the witch hunts resulted in robbing most people access to birth control. Also... slavery, colonialism, and servitude.
The process of enclosure actually resulted in a period of starvation as yields fell. The impoverished, robbed of the common land they used to work and gather in, were more dependent on the market for survival. To make up for this fall in productivity and keep the population from starving, countries turned to... you guessed it... colonialism, slavery, and servitude. That's kind of the theme here.
With that out of the way, the rest of the episode was an excellent overview. This being my field of interest / study I couldn't resist providing another narrative for the brave comment readers of this video.
Not to mention Great Britain was in a really strong economic spot to dominate the world trade thanks to the napoleonic wars destroying europe
Thank you for the additional input. You rock!
I prefer courses on Science be about Science. Trains ‘caused’ divisions between social classes was in the intro. Maybe for a sociopolitical topic, but not science. I usually love love love Crash Course, vlogbrothers. But it’s sadly trending, like many things, into political opinion pieces.
Meehleib Science is political. Everything is political. That's just how it goes.
Pretending it isn't political is political.
Metadigital+
" but conditions worsened for the majority of the population while "prosperity" only really occurred for the rich industrialists. "
Just because some people become very wealthy doesn't mean everyone becomes poor. Its not a zero sum game. Wealth that didn't exist before can be produced through advancements in technology. There is no doubt that the industrial revolution increased the standards of living - the only debatable part is how long it took to take effect.
"The "population boom" is another controversial topic"
Not controversial at all. Just look at trends in world population and the spread of the industrial revolution. The effect again wasn't immediate but there is no doubt the industrial revolution made significant population increase possible.
8:55 - I LOLed so hard! Thank you, Pavilion Professor of Geometry. :-)
negroids
@@quintaviousjaquintamarion8022 real
I love that one
wow never knew the river Thames was pronounced like that at 7:48
Um, What about Industrial Hemp... Carbon gunpowder, Fibre textiles, Crete for construction and Seed for food?
Do one with the Greek civil war
I like study of sceince😙
*psyince
Ali Abidi nailed it 😅
That's a very beautiful hijab you have in your profile pic 😍
Harm Aouke Haaijer thank you
1:40 arguably markets were the LEAST free during the industrial revolution as they have ever been
The Industrial Revolution was such a significant time for mankind. It's amazing to see how many technological advances were made during this time.
The Industrial Revolution and it’s consequences have been a disaster for the human race.
Guess who just started a project on the industrial revolution. This guy.
The (American) Industrial Revolution was one of the reasons for the Civil War, in that it made slaves less necessary and the idea of slavery less "fashionable" (at least, to Northerners.) It is also one of the reasons why the North won the War. (Better technology, infrastructure, and material production.)
ellaser93 well said
Thanks for fixing the light in this video from last time
The sound is still needs a bit of tweaking
Otherwise, excellent job.
This video makes me want to play factorio
The pre-han dynasty in ancient china was mass producing interchangeable crossbow parts.
Where did Mr. Green go? 🙄🙄🙄
Rain,steam,speed
Good video!
The Dreadnought is actually 20th century, not mid 1800’s
IF ONLY I KNEW THIS EXISTED 24 HOURS AGO WTF I JUST BOMBED THAT EXAM
Fossil fuels have greatly increased our health, wealth and quality of life
Yup. They also have consequences. For instance, the Great Smog of London (which killed about 10,000 people and injured hundreds of thousands more), acid rain, and mercury bioaccumulation in fish can all be traced back to our coal- and petroleum-burning habits.
Are John and Hank the same person?
The American system sounds suspiciously like the division of labour idea from Adam Smith. I'm not sure it was so revolutionary...
Social effects @ 9:01
I am very glad you made this, and I was excited to see another episode, but I am disappointed that you ignored all the prior knowledge of Steam Power that was developed, and in some cases put to use, by the Ancient Greeks. Somewhere in the world beyond Ctesibius, Heron, and Archimedes are crying.
There was no follow-up to those, though. (And the stories about Archimedes are at least doubtful.)
varana312 Though it is true there was no direct follow up, there was indirect follow up by medieval scientists trying to understand how the ancient peoples did it, only to then be developed upon further in the Renaissance, then again in the age of enlightenment, and only to be mastered by the industrial revolution. My comment was only to point out that Crash Course left out some of the most important progenitors of the idea of Steam Power to begin with.
What ever happened to John Green?
Next week: D A R W I N !!!!!!
Why do i need to know this. Why are they not learning us how to do taxes or other stuff like that
Only the fittest will survive: Muscle Hank
Come on, we are all humanity, so we all did everything! Lets go on for a while pls.
how can i get the sources he refers to?
Industrial revolution best revolution (exempt for maybe agricultural revolution)
Dreadnoughts were from 1906. I’m sure you meant Ironclads
@2:56 I think it's pronounced HOY-gens.
James “I have a unit named after me” Watt
Say Watt?
in short this ep is a highlight of Connections season 1 😀
This episode felt a bit rushed. Industrial revolution is the historical process that changed the world and you basically flew over it.
The Dutch did so much for science
PatrickAllenNL they did! It would be awesome to see everything that lead to a bunch of modern tech/science we take for granted. Like all the people and discoveries and nationalities that culminated in say...me typing to you on a touch screen ‘phone’ via the Internet...😅
@@TommoCarroll yes a summary
I'm supposed to be watching a video about classification for my bio exam tomorrow.....
how did I end up here
2:50 It's pronounced Huygens
Na bro, it's pronounced HUYGENS. Ffs.
It's Huggins
Huggy Bear
Guys guys guys. It’s HÛŷGūñŠ
its pronounced as Hayden
Only the fittest will survive! Words to live by.
I love this series so much, but please learn to pronounce the names of the scientists correctly! Huygens is pronounced Hoy-gens and Bernoulli is Ber-noo-ee.
Interchangeable parts for industry the US made, but more generally China and other Asian countries used the idea for centuries earlier for buildings.
This series is still going on? I didn’t realize.
Nuclear flash white
can't a modern machine gun be considered a gunpowder engine?
Why do you call the Industrial Revolution a “trope”? Almost sounds like you don’t think it was really a revolution, when to me it was the BIGGEST revolution. Great video otherwise.
sad agricultural revolution noises
Hank's pronunciation strikes again! I think you'll find that Christiaan Huygens isn't pronounced Hoogins but Hoy-gens. Then again he was Dutch, so that g was probably very guttural.
James Harmer Nope sorry dude, as a Dutchie I can tell you that it’s also not Hoy-gens, the “uy”-sound (now more commonly written as “ui”) is an entirely different sound that doesn’t exist in English (which is why I can totally forgive Hank for not having a perfect pronunciation)
And there was me thinking it was another Principia pronunciation. ( See Eons ) Every time I've heard Huygens pronounced on TV over here, ( I'm British ) it's always been as I said. Well, that's the BBC for you.
So are you conveniently skipping Adam Smith's concept of "division of labour" to attribute its advances to the USA?
Hi
Hi
I thought Europe had an agricultural revolution in medieval times, when they finally bread horses big enough to pull a plough?
External combustion engine
I really dislike this first and second industrial revolution trope. Because it ignores the massive contributions many countries other than england and the US did to the process. The germans outstripped british industrialisation before the americans did, and there were Swedish engineers pushing the boundaries of steam engines and trains.
Compared to Britain's contributions the rest of Europe's are embarassing.
How can you talk about Anthropocene but didn't mention John's podcast? Hahaha 😂
How do you have 8.2 million subs and only get 40k views per video?
YO PEOPLE
Just an advice, you should add spanish subtitles it would be better for the people who doesn´t understand english.
Industrial Revolution marks the end of the evolution of men: welcome anthropocene!
The Industrial Revolution was a time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small goods, products to large factories that brought by the technology nowadays. This is very big changes in our cultures, it might bring us advantages or disadvantages. But then, thankfully we are now in modern era so every things are being modernized.
As a human individual, we all know that even in a rural places it have a technologies they are using, so how much for the big cities in our places they have more technologies that work inside their places. Thus, these industrial revolution 's process began in British in the 18th century and from there it became spread to other parts of the world. Another thanks for the science technology evolution by the different aspects of human being. Especially, thanks to our instructor for bringing us here to this channel, thank you ma'am.
Industrialization means that a country or a place is progressing but it also means destruction and social division to the people living in that area.
The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in the mid 17th and mid 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in England into industrialized, urban ones. In this time of the year, the technology made the world smaller. Thus in 1900, the industrial revolution totally transformed the world.
In the past, Americans allowed unskilled workers. Goods that had once been painstakingly crafted by hand started to be produced in mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the introduction of new machines.
The latter part of the Industrial Revolution also saw key advances in communication methods, as people increasingly saw the need to communicate efficiently over long distances.
The combination of all these developments led to many new technological advancements.
Today, as what the video states, we are in our new geological epoch which is called ANTHROPOCENE. This is due to human alterations of the earth creating many advantages and disadvantages. Despite the fact that it also have disadvantages, it cannot be denied that there are many advantages than disadvantages.
Some historians call his First Industrial Revolution , and the changes that happened in the United States a century later , the Second Industrial Revolution . A revolution started with coal , iron , and textiles in the 1700's. By 1800 , industrialization was still pretty limited , even in England . But by 1900 industrialization had transformed the world. A period of peace followede by unification of England and Scotland. And both enjoyed a strong rule of law and a free market . Industrialization required a large pool of labor to staff the new factories . The population grew thanks in part to what some historians call the British Agricultural Revolution or the Second Agricultural Revolution in the first being the invention of farming itself . "Miner's Friend " worked by boiling steam and then cooling it to create a partial vacuum , which them drew the water out of the mine. Watt then teamed up with a Birminghan manufacturer , Matthew Boulton , to produce his engine on a large scale. Before the early nineteenth century, most finished goods were made in small batches in the so called cottage system , where craftspeople, including women , worked at home. As the years passed by our technologies start evolved and more high tech . As human its very important for us also to have a new invented technologies , where in can give us more easiest ways to do all things .
Industrial revolution indeed made the lives of humans easier and helped the economics of countries but with the expense of destroying our environment or the planet eart itself. Up until today, humans still continue to destroy this planet in every part of the world. There is no limit to what humans can do in terms of technology but the resources has of course its limitation. Our planet has limitation. And we humans should focus on that and start doing something. But the sad fact is that most people doesn't really care and just continue with their everyday lives. I hope one day in the near future, with the improvement of technologies, humans hopefully also improve and realize that they NEED to do something and not just rely on the government. Each person must work for humans to be unified. I really do hope we humans would save this dying planet.
Industrialization help us and lead us in many ways. There are a lot of advantages this industrialization brought, it lead us to a pro-active, productive and beneficient to us. Industrialization lead us to many new tecnologies through bigger farms, plentiful coal miners to dig it up steam engines trains to move materials and precision machines. Through with it, communication gets easier as what video said. But through out the advantages of industrialization, a big distructions also comes to us. An extreme exploitation to our environment that industrialization did was a blast and sad truth. Industrialization also lead us in increase standard of living, environmental degradation, harsh working conditions and lastly anthropocene which will eventually lead us in harm. I conclude that everything that we must do is in moderation.