hi Zelda! i really appreciate you making this video, it has been the most comprehensive one I've come across. thank you for your help truly! It's because of you that im more confident about my bio ia, thank you!
Hi Zelda! I don't even know how to thank you for making this video- it means so much to me and my grades😭 I also have a quick question....So a lot of people seems to generally stick to plants in their IA lab and bacteria growth and so on, like you did... but would you say it's possible to score over 20 with an experiment that's more psychological and has less qualitative evidence- but more like... human physiology and data collection from human observations? For example exploring the impact of a certain stimulus on intelligence or a certain part of the brain?
Hey thanks for watching :) Firstly, ik this wasn't your question, but I think you are confusing quantitative and qualitative data. Experiments using bacteria, etc. (i.e. lab based IAs) will generally have substantial quantitative data (i.e. hard measurements having a numerical value (ex. time, temp, etc)) if they scored high marks. Qualitative data would be observations that weren't quantifiable (ex. the color of the solvent turned brown, but how brown?, a hot liquids, etc--note: these do not have a numerical value associated with them). Okay.....now that we have that clarification you didn't ask for out of the way :) ..........it's really hard to say, as there are so many factors that come into play that account for your final mark. The main thing to keep in mind tho is that a high scoring IA will be far more dependent on your write up & methodology than your topic itself. I'm not going to say that it's completely impossible, however, from what you've written, it seems to me like you're trying to focus heavily on qualitative data and that won't garner you high marks for IAs in general. You need to keep in mind that this is obviously for biology and the methodology that you use for psychology IAs substantially differs from that used in biology IAs. For example, the psychology IA discusses the methodology & ethics of a study in a way that already considers ecological validity and arguably even confounding environmental variables more than is done in biology, whereas biology IAs must include more statistical analysis. It is definitely possible to do a human Physiology experiment. You would probably have to gather quantitative data from a variety of different sources and essentially do a database IA using data that others experimentally gathered if you want to investigate something rather complex (ex. internal organs) or you would have to develop a methodology that quantitatively measures something about human Physiology (for example you could use things like heart rate, lung capacity, or body temperature as your measured DV). While I personally didn't do a database IA nor did I do a human Physiology IA which somewhat limits the advice I can give you for this, I do know that they have increased the restrictions for what you can do with animals and humans in experiments with the last syllabus change (For example, you're no longer allowed to give someone caffeine as that is considered a drug). Therefore, if you choose to do such an experiment, I would highly recommend that you do read thoroughly through whatever safety guidelines there are for that as well. Regarding your idea of exploring the impact of a certain stimulus on intelligence or a certain part of the brain---this will be somewhat difficult for the aforementioned reasons. To add to this, it's also worth noting that although intelligence can be an insanely interesting topic, it's very difficult to experimentally determine what creates/ causes intelligence due to the large number of confounding variables and different things that interact with each other simultaneously. This is why even today among people who professionally study this there is a huge amount of controversy, exactly because it is so difficult to obtain reliable quantitative values. If you do want to somehow measure intelligence, you would have to find an IV and DV which could be isolated and you will definitely struggle finding this with intelligence, which is why I honestly would not recommend pursuing this particular topic further (that’s only my take tho and quite possibly you'll find something that I didn't consider). The only thing I looked into myself at one point was examining the connection between intelligence and brain myelination, as this has quantitative data backing it up and is a comparatively isolated variable which could be obtained from databases, but even this is better suited for an EE as it comes with a very extensive discussion. From what you've written, it seems like going for a human Physiology IA could be a good idea though and might be quite interesting for you. Sry that this ended up being so long, but I hope something here helped!
Hii :D your video was so so great, it was more helpful than most things my teacher has said in the past months. I just wanted to ask if you had any advice on how to chose a topic/question? Yours is so intereseting but I'm completely lost on mine :,)
Hey, I'm happy you found it helpful! First and foremost, find out what equipment in your school is available as that will generally be the major factor that limits your possible RQs. Here is what I replied to another student a while back. "If you are struggling to find a research question, I would highly recommend that you find a topic in the syllabus that you enjoy (for example plants) and then you start researching and reading published research papers about that topic. If you read about that topic you might discover that there's a subsections of the topic you are particularly interested in (ex. chloroplasts) and then you can look further into that subsection to develop a research question. I would advise looking at NCBI as many of their papers are free. Alternatively, you could find experiments on platforms like UA-cam that are not necessarily made for the biology IA, but could definitely be used or modified to suit the IA or you could simply find an experiment on the Internet. I think there's a lot of possibilities for biology IA even if your school has limited materials, so maybe try and get a little bit creative and try and re-purpose tools that you wouldn't normally use for an experiment." There is also a guide for how to come up with IA ideas on reddit that may be worth reading, which you can find here: www.reddit.com/r/IBO/wiki/howtocomeupwithiaideas . In general, I would just say that the more you read about scientific research, the more likely you are to come across feasible ideas, so passively starting to read things like national geographic, how it works, or other science based websites can also be great ways to develop ideas. In terms of choosing a topic, it's also important that you chose something you are knowledgeable about. Doing a super complicated experiment, but writing a terrible lab report because you don't know what you are talking about will probably result in you scoring worse marks than if you do something more basic that you fully understand and can write a good lab about. I hope something here helped and good luck ;)
Hi , Thanks for making this video and the other one , most example IA's have a entire page dedicated for title and some even for the table of content , I am pretty sure the table of contents , you mentioned we don't need to do this , are you sure ? Also could you tell me which examiner report you got that from. Thanks ! Thanks for making the video !
Hey, thanks for watching the video and yes I'm 100% certain. The particular subject report I was referring to is always stated at the top of whatever screenshot you were looking at throughout the video, but in this particular case you can look at practically any subject report, because it's literally mentioned in every single one (under Communication) as it is such a common mistake (see May 2017 TZ2 for example). The reason you probably saw a lot of IAs with a table of contents or a title page is because this is an incredibly common mistake. I believe in the previous syllabus a table of contents and title page was a requirement, as they didn't limit the number of pages, however, when they changed the syllabus in 2016 it became irrelevant. Some teachers obviously never realized this change and to date require students to include it in their report, which actually negatively impacts their grade unfortunately. Hope this helps and good luck with your IA!
@@zeldawaite Thanks so much for the quick reply , you are such a nice person ! I liked the video so much and am now planning on watching the other ones you made. You are truly an really nice creator , hope your fashion channel grows a lot , I don't watch fashion videos alot but will recommend them to my friends. Also thanks for the clarification ! It takes a really long time and you are arguably the only creator on this platform that gives such detailed replies to every question and comment !
Hello, first of all, amazing video so thank you. Second of all, I did an ANOVA test for my statistical analysis and got a P value of 4.4 x 10^-16, but I got an F-value of 462. I double checked the calculations, but I do not know what I did wrong since 462 seems VERY large. I would greatly appreciate a response. Thank you!
Hey thanks for watching and I'm so sorry for the late reply, I hope it's not too late! Unfortunately, I can't exactly give you an answer to this without seeing all of your data and methodology and this is therefore a question that is likely better suited for your teacher, if that's an option. Note, the F value is not the same as the F critical value and I'm not entirely sure which one you are referring to here. The F value does, however, tell you the variance of the group mean in a data set, meaning if your answer is larger there is more variability in means (i.e. your group means are further apart). The thing you should be comparing your F-value to is your F-critical value, as well as your P-value and while the size of it matters it only matters in relation to your other values, so I wouldn't be too concerned if the values are different but all sort of match up. I found this link to have a decent explanation of how to treat your ANOVA results and I hope it helps you too: www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/f-statistic-value-test/ I know it's a bit of a read, but it does a better job at explaining it than I can. I'm sorry I can't help more, but I hope something here was useful.
Hi! This vid was a great help for my IA. I have a question, I`ve been doing an experiment on detergent conaminated water on the growth rate of L.Minor over 1 week ( duckweed) I have 5 various concentrations, and I measured the mass on Day 0 and Day 7. What statistical test should I pick. My supervisor is not very helpful and some suggestions would really help.
Hey thanks for watching! I'm honestly still learning how to do inferential statistics myself, so I'm probably not the best person to be asking about this. That being said, the most common types of inferential statistics people use, are the chi squared, Pearson's correlation coefficient, T test, and the ANOVA test. To my understanding the best type of test which works on almost all types of data is the ANOVA test (please do double check this because I'm definitely not 100% certain about this) just because there is a variety of different types of ANOVA tests that can be used for different types of data. Because there are different types of ANOVA tests and it requires a lot of data processing, it's not necessarily the easiest approach to obtain inferential statistics, which is why a lot of students don't use it. It does, however, give you the advantage that it statistically indicates what parts of your data are outliers which is a very big plus though (but not really necessary if you want a 7). In your case, I think at T-Test might actually work, which is apparently somewhat easier. I never used this type of test and therefore don't know much about it, but to my understanding you can use this to compare data where you only have 2 different types of data groups (which seems to be the case for you as you measured on day 3 and day 7). All that being said, please take all of this with a grain of salt and do your own research, especially because this is definitely not a topic that I am particularly knowledgeable about. I would recommend that you take a look at this website: www.real-statistics.com/anova/ it's basically a guy who's really interested in statistics and he gives some decent explanation on different types of statistics and when to use them, as well as programs that you can download for free to process data in Excel and I found him to be very helpful. I'm really sorry that I can't be more help to you, but I still wish you good luck with finding the right data processing in your IA in general!!!
Hi Zelda! Thank you so much for this video! I just wanted to ask whether the data that you enter into the raw and processed data tables has to have the same number of significant figures as your uncertainty? My uncertainty has only 1 sig fig but the data that I'm entering is time (so for example it's 18.97s or 26.2s etc) and if I had to make them 1 sig fig what would they become? Does 20 or 30 or 40 have 1 sig fig? I looked it up online but different websites say different things so I'm quite confused about that. Plus if I have to make all of it 20 or 30 then for some of it I wouldn't see any change in time because the time only changed in milliseconds.
Hey, I really hope I understood your question correctly and didn’t just make a super long explanation about something totally irrelevant, but the short answer is yes (“I just wanted to ask whether the data that you enter into the raw and processed data tables has to have the same number of significant figures as your uncertainty?”). The long answer is, it's a somewhat confusing topic and a lot of it also depends on your specific experiment, but mostly it depends on your equipment and also partially how precise you think you were at measuring. For example, if your stopwatch has a precision to the centisecond (ex. 10.28 sec i.e. +/- 0.01 sec), you will always have to write down the time with two numbers after the decimal point, (ex. 11.33, 8.29, 12.20, etc.). In reality, human reaction time is not perfect and therefore some students choose to increase their uncertainty to account for that, which is often the appropriate thing to do. Therefore, some people might increase the uncertainty and write the aforementioned values as follows: 11.3, 8.3, 12.2 sec (+/-0.2 sec), etc. Note that if you do this you should always look up approximately what the average uncertainty is for whatever tool you're using and there is almost definitely research out there on how imprecise human rate of reaction is. You would also have to shortly justify why you did this in your qualitative data. Your raw and processed data tables do not necessarily have to have the same uncertainty/sf as it really depends on your calculations. In your raw data you present the uncertainties that are directly derived from the equipment you use to measure whatever value. If you're measuring time and pressure and time has a precision of two decimals, while pressure has a precision of three decimals, you should make two columns in your raw data and present one as “Time (+/- 0.02 sec)” and “pressure (+/- 0.001kpa)” for example. Each value you record in the raw data will then have the relevant number of sf (i.e. 2 decimals for time and 3 for pressure). as such, the number of sf can vary within your raw data table to an extent but not within the same thing you're measuring (e.g. you wouldn't record 0.02sec, and then 0.4 sec, it would have to be 0.02 sec and 0.40 sec). In contrast, for the processed data in general, you will use the lowest significant figures that any of your input measurements has within a given calculation. For example, if your calculation looks something like this: 1.005kpa/ (8.31 sec x 298.0 celcius), you can see that each of these input numbers has a different number of significant figures. While in your raw data you would have to present each of them according to their significant figures, once you do your calculation in the processed data, you would have to round the final value to the smallest nr. of significant figures any of your input values has. In this case, your final value would be presented as 4.06 × 10^-4 and not 4.058 × 10^-4 because the 8.31 has the smallest nr. of sf. For this reason, it's not as though you usually have only one uncertainty, but you have multiple different uncertainties or/and sf depending on whatever you're measuring or/and calculating. From what you wrote, it appears to me that you have at least two different uncertainties and the one is for time where you have significant figures of up to two decimal spaces, whereas for something else that you haven't mentioned you have only one sf. In your raw data you would then record time with your 2 decimal spaces and whatever your other metric is with only one significant figure, whereas in your process data you would probably have to round it to only one significant figure, as that appears to be your lowest number of significant figures used in your calculation. But that is only my guess as I don't have your data and I can't really tell you without looking at your whole experiment. I hope this explanation helped you understand this better though and answered your question.
Any statistical analysis calculation's shouldn't be in the sample calculations section because that's just for data processing right? Something like a chi-squared test should be explained in the statistical analysis subsection?
Well there is a difference between inferential and descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics (ex. Mean, median, mode, etc.) would go into the sample calculation section. Any inferential statistics (ex. ANOVA test, T-test, Pearsons's correlation coefficient, chi-squared test, etc.) would most likely go into the statistical analysis subsection. I'm fairly certain that you don't need extensive explanations of how to do the inferential statistics though btw, so it probably wouldn't be an extremely long sample calculation. Hope that makes sense.
hi Zelda!! this was amazing. so, so helpful. I wanted to ask a question though. what kind of statistical analysis would you advise for continuous data? I realised I don't have any trends/lines of best fit so im not really sure what to do. im just testing effects of different essential oils on s epidermis. what would you advise? thank you so so much.
continuous data is probably not the best term to use, but I basically am not focusing on any relationships but rather which oil affects the bacteria more. I have quantitative data and stuff from the area of inhibition it's just idk what to do with it. I'd be so thankful if you could help me out.
@@habhouba_555 hmm I think you would use either a t-test or a speamans rank, but tbh I'm not sure. I don't think a tukey ANOVA would be appropriate though as the data is discontinuous not continuous as you aren't measuring the same type of essential oils, but instead different ones if I understood your response correctly.
Just to add on, idk if you are still doing it but there's a possibility a post hoc test like Tukey would work. Here are some links about Post Hoc tests so you can see if that would fit your data. Also I think a spearman rank might work. What statistical test to use - guides.nyu.edu/quant/choose_test_1DV Post hoc - ua-cam.com/video/F2R63oTqXRg/v-deo.html What post hoc test to use (in spss - you can get a free trial) - ua-cam.com/video/J8lYgn0-3oA/v-deo.html Spearman's rank - ua-cam.com/video/JwNwbu-g2m0/v-deo.html
Hey Zelda! Thanks for making this video. It's of great help. Can you please tell me how you got the standard deviation and mean symbols on the google doc? Did you use google docs to write your IA?
Hey, I'm happy to hear :) I actually wrote mine on word, but you can get the equations by going to insert and then to equation. If you need any special characters you should be able to insert them in a row that pops up under the row that includes the font type, font size, zoom, etc. (hope that explanation makes sense). Alternatively, what I also did for some of my IAs when I couldn't find a specific character, was take a picture from the internet with the equation and then just shrink it and crop it to the format that worked with the text. Hope that helps!
hey, which statistical test can i go for with continuous data? i'm doing two different experiments - effect of light intensity and effect of wavelength of light on rate of photosynthesis. this is done on a simulation though, hence results in the same values over and over and i can't really calculate standard deviation or average for those. what can i do?
Hey, I know this isn't what you asked for, but for simulations I believe you are meant to use multiple different simulations and then calculate SD and averages from that. Please review the subject reports to make sure this is true, but I am almost 100% certain it is and also pretty sure you will lose a lot of marks if you don't use multiple simulations/ sources for your data, as it impacts multiple marking categories. Regarding the statistical test, I am honestly not too sure because you are doing 2 different experiments and this isn't really my expertise. I do know ANOVA tests work on the majority of continuous data, however, you have to check what type of ANOVA your specific experiment needs. You can find explanations for when to use what type of ANOVA test in the real statistics website that I linked above. You will have to read through quite a bit of information to understand it, but I found it very useful. The other common statistical tests used in IAs that might be worth looking into are chi squared, Pearson's correlation coefficient, T-test, and spearman's rank, but I don't know the details of each of these tests as I haven’t used all of them. Therefore, I would still recommend you either ask your teacher if they know or look into the ANOVA test as there is almost definitely a type of ANOVA test that will work, it may just not be the easiest inferential test you could do. Sorry for not responding earlier and not being able to help you more. Good luck with your IA though.
@@zeldawaite oh shit, my teacher never informed me about that issue :/ she said i should just show sample calculations so they know that i know the process although my data was the same for each trial. and i did the pearson’s text for light intensity since it was a correlation but the wavelength graph looked weird so my teacher said statistical test for one of them should be sufficient...? im not sure about this honestly im just rushing the IA because its pretty last moment but i cant end up scoring really bad either
I really dont understand what test to do for my data. Like I opened ANNOVA but dont understand anything written on it. My data is basically CO2 concentrations at regular intervals of 30 seconds for a total of 300 seconds. But what I am doing is investigating the effect of metal ions on average rate of respiration. I dont understand what test to do on the data, and nobody is really able to explain to me what test I need to do. could you pls help me?
If that didn't make sense, essentially, my IA is investigating the effect of metal ions of varying concentrations on the rate of respiration of a micro-organism. I measured the rate of respiration using CO2 probes, and calculated the average rate for each concentration. Now, I dont know what to statistically analyse. when I try to find standard deviation, it is way too small to even be noticed on the graph. p test, t-test I am not understanding which one to use for my data
Hey, first of all calm down you'll be fine (Ik harder said than done, but I've been in a very similar position). Secondly, just to be clear when you say metal ions, you are only using one type and then changing the concentration of those metal ions as your IV right? In that case, I believe your problem is that you technically have 2 DVs namely time and pressure caused by the CO2 which makes it difficult to say what statistical analysis you should do (Please remember I am not a teacher and I don’t know your exact data either though). I don’t think this is necessarily a huge problem in your case though, however, you will have to figure out how to only get 1 DV. If I am not mistaken there are essentially 2 ways that ik of that you could do A) you could make your DV the amount of CO2 produced after a fixed amount of time say 300 seconds and calculate the rate based on that or B) if you have the graphs the data logger produced, you should be able to see where the reaction ended and could use that to calculate an average rate of reaction. Your IA is practically a chemistry IA and therefore very closely linked to the things that are done in IB chemistry, so you may find it advantageous to read the parts regarding rate laws and rates of reaction (I’d personally recommend the Cambridge 2nd edition text book as the explanations are quite clear and imo you can understand them well if you have a bad teacher or no idea what is going on). Also, regarding your standard deviation, I was wondering if you are doing your standard deviation for the CO2 concentration over time or comparing them for each different rates of reaction? Again, I don’t know your experiment exactly, but what I would presume from what you’ve said is that the lack of a variation in standard deviation implies that your equipment wasn’t precise enough and as a result the measurements are all very close. This basically means your data is not statistically significant, which is fine, however, you should really make sure that you used the best method for measurement that you could have given the resources in your school laboratory. Note, this would be a great point for you to evaluate. I’m sorry I can’t be of more help, but you may also want to ask the r/ibo about it because I’m certain someone has done a similar IA that knows a little more than I do. And if you do end up needing the ANOVA test, I just added another link to the resources that links to a website called real statistics, which gives a fairly good explanation on the different types of ANOVA test and also a few other statistical tests that may be of interest to you. Good luck with your IA and you’ll figure it out :)
@@zeldawaite all right thanks. just to clarify, I was measuring the concentration of CO2 being released per unit time using a CO2 probe, and the concentration of Co2 released over 5 minutes was my dependent variable. From this, I calculated the rate of respiration, but I am not sure what to calculate the standard deviation or p-test of . like do I do the tests on the average rate of respiration, or do I do it on the concentration of CO2 released over 5 minutes? Thanks a lot
Hey, I mean you could, it just wouldn't be statistically significant, because with such a small sample size any variation in any of the trials causes a huge change to the standard deviation and therefore the standard deviation is a completely useless piece of information. I'm going to explain this with an example, which will hopefully help you understand this, but you may want to do the math yourself as reading math is not always the most useful way to understand it: Note, the formula for standard deviation is this: www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-1-d&q=standard+deviation+formula Consider a sample with results 2,4,3 To get the mean (µ)= (2+4+3)/3 = 3 To get the Standard deviation you then get sqrt [(2-3)^2+(4-3)^2+(3-3)^2]/3 =~0.471 Now say I change just one of my trial results to get the sample: 2,4,12 Mean= (2+4+12)/3 = 6 (already here you can see that this is a huge difference compared to the sample above) Now the problem is amplified by the aspect that the standard deviation formula works by taking each sample, subtracting the mean and then squaring it. i.e. here you get the standard deviation: sqrt [(2-3)^2+(4-3)^2+(12-3)^2]/3 =~3.036 Here you can see by just changing a single trial, my standard deviation went from 0.471 to roughly 3.036 that is a massive difference. Of course, to illustrate this I used a pretty large change, but essentially the point you need to realize is that if you make any sort of error in your three trials or any sort of measurement is off, it hugely impacts your standard deviation. Now the more trials you have the more that error will balance out because when you calculate your mean it gets divided by whatever your number of trials are. Ex. say we have a sample of 2,4, 12, 2, 3, 2,2 clearly there is still an outlier in the data (i.e. 12 the same one as used above), but if we now calculate the mean you get: (2+4+12+2+3+2+2)/7= ~3.857 which is already much closer to the mean that you got without the outlier. On a side note, I believe that the IB actually requires you to have a minimum sample size of four trials and I would highly highly recommend that you aim for six at the very least. If you don't have enough trials, you're going to lose a lot of marks across a lot of different marking criteria and this is one of the easiest ways to ensure you lose marks. For example, if you went on to calculate a standard deviation based on only your three trials and you then use those results to say that your data is statistically significant, you've not only made a mathematical error and will lose points in your analysis, but you'll also lose points in your evaluation, conclusion, and in your method, because you didn't consider the aspect that you don't have enough data and therefore you don't have enough information to give a valid evaluation and conclusion. I know you probably have all sorts of reasons as to why you only have three trials, maybe COVID is preventing you from going back to school, but I really urge you to somehow find a way to get more trials, because I guarantee that you will lose a lot of marks otherwise and it would be a bit of a waste. Either way, I hope this helped answer your question!
@@magdalenatobar1420 I think 5 is acceptable, it's just considered a small sample according to the may 2017 subject report. 5 trials are definitely better than 3, so just try and aim for as many trials as you can and work with that.
@@zeldawaite thanks, and last question. Why did you calculate the standard deviation using the population formula instead of the sample formula ? I do not which one to choose but I have seen many people use the sample formula.
I completed my IA so long ago that I don't recall the exact reason tbh, but I think ultimately it was because my teacher said it was the appropriate one to use for my data, which seems to make sense after I just read up on the difference. Here are 2 articles that give a good explanation as to what the difference is (stats.stackexchange.com/questions/485326/confused-when-to-use-population-vs-sample-standard-deviation-in-engineering-test) and this (www.thoughtco.com/population-vs-sample-standard-deviations-3126372). The appropriate one to use will vary based on the data you gathered, but if you are confused as to which one to use I think it may be better to ask your math or science teacher bc tbh I don't have a great understanding as to when you chose which one either and really don't want to give you wrong info. Sorry I don't have a better answer for you :(
No. That would be considered plagiarism and if the IB or your teachers catch you doing this, they may very well revoke your diploma. I would strongly recommend you re-consider doing anything like this, as aside from diminishing the effort others put into their work, it quite likely will negatively impact your academic future.
This is SO HELPFUL! This is better guidance than anything I've gotten from my school, thank you
I'm happy you found it helpful 🙈🙈🙈 Good luck on your IAs and exams!!!
hi Zelda! i really appreciate you making this video, it has been the most comprehensive one I've come across. thank you for your help truly!
It's because of you that im more confident about my bio ia, thank you!
Thanks for watching the video and I'm happy it helped :)
Hi Zelda! I don't even know how to thank you for making this video- it means so much to me and my grades😭 I also have a quick question....So a lot of people seems to generally stick to plants in their IA lab and bacteria growth and so on, like you did... but would you say it's possible to score over 20 with an experiment that's more psychological and has less qualitative evidence- but more like... human physiology and data collection from human observations? For example exploring the impact of a certain stimulus on intelligence or a certain part of the brain?
Hey thanks for watching :) Firstly, ik this wasn't your question, but I think you are confusing quantitative and qualitative data. Experiments using bacteria, etc. (i.e. lab based IAs) will generally have substantial quantitative data (i.e. hard measurements having a numerical value (ex. time, temp, etc)) if they scored high marks. Qualitative data would be observations that weren't quantifiable (ex. the color of the solvent turned brown, but how brown?, a hot liquids, etc--note: these do not have a numerical value associated with them). Okay.....now that we have that clarification you didn't ask for out of the way :) ..........it's really hard to say, as there are so many factors that come into play that account for your final mark. The main thing to keep in mind tho is that a high scoring IA will be far more dependent on your write up & methodology than your topic itself.
I'm not going to say that it's completely impossible, however, from what you've written, it seems to me like you're trying to focus heavily on qualitative data and that won't garner you high marks for IAs in general. You need to keep in mind that this is obviously for biology and the methodology that you use for psychology IAs substantially differs from that used in biology IAs. For example, the psychology IA discusses the methodology & ethics of a study in a way that already considers ecological validity and arguably even confounding environmental variables more than is done in biology, whereas biology IAs must include more statistical analysis.
It is definitely possible to do a human Physiology experiment. You would probably have to gather quantitative data from a variety of different sources and essentially do a database IA using data that others experimentally gathered if you want to investigate something rather complex (ex. internal organs) or you would have to develop a methodology that quantitatively measures something about human Physiology (for example you could use things like heart rate, lung capacity, or body temperature as your measured DV). While I personally didn't do a database IA nor did I do a human Physiology IA which somewhat limits the advice I can give you for this, I do know that they have increased the restrictions for what you can do with animals and humans in experiments with the last syllabus change (For example, you're no longer allowed to give someone caffeine as that is considered a drug). Therefore, if you choose to do such an experiment, I would highly recommend that you do read thoroughly through whatever safety guidelines there are for that as well.
Regarding your idea of exploring the impact of a certain stimulus on intelligence or a certain part of the brain---this will be somewhat difficult for the aforementioned reasons. To add to this, it's also worth noting that although intelligence can be an insanely interesting topic, it's very difficult to experimentally determine what creates/ causes intelligence due to the large number of confounding variables and different things that interact with each other simultaneously. This is why even today among people who professionally study this there is a huge amount of controversy, exactly because it is so difficult to obtain reliable quantitative values.
If you do want to somehow measure intelligence, you would have to find an IV and DV which could be isolated and you will definitely struggle finding this with intelligence, which is why I honestly would not recommend pursuing this particular topic further (that’s only my take tho and quite possibly you'll find something that I didn't consider). The only thing I looked into myself at one point was examining the connection between intelligence and brain myelination, as this has quantitative data backing it up and is a comparatively isolated variable which could be obtained from databases, but even this is better suited for an EE as it comes with a very extensive discussion. From what you've written, it seems like going for a human Physiology IA could be a good idea though and might be quite interesting for you. Sry that this ended up being so long, but I hope something here helped!
I wanna cry
It's good your not quite there yet though ❤️❤️❤️
Hii :D your video was so so great, it was more helpful than most things my teacher has said in the past months. I just wanted to ask if you had any advice on how to chose a topic/question? Yours is so intereseting but I'm completely lost on mine :,)
Hey, I'm happy you found it helpful! First and foremost, find out what equipment in your school is available as that will generally be the major factor that limits your possible RQs. Here is what I replied to another student a while back. "If you are struggling to find a research question, I would highly recommend that you find a topic in the syllabus that you enjoy (for example plants) and then you start researching and reading published research papers about that topic. If you read about that topic you might discover that there's a subsections of the topic you are particularly interested in (ex. chloroplasts) and then you can look further into that subsection to develop a research question. I would advise looking at NCBI as many of their papers are free. Alternatively, you could find experiments on platforms like UA-cam that are not necessarily made for the biology IA, but could definitely be used or modified to suit the IA or you could simply find an experiment on the Internet. I think there's a lot of possibilities for biology IA even if your school has limited materials, so maybe try and get a little bit creative and try and re-purpose tools that you wouldn't normally use for an experiment." There is also a guide for how to come up with IA ideas on reddit that may be worth reading, which you can find here: www.reddit.com/r/IBO/wiki/howtocomeupwithiaideas . In general, I would just say that the more you read about scientific research, the more likely you are to come across feasible ideas, so passively starting to read things like national geographic, how it works, or other science based websites can also be great ways to develop ideas. In terms of choosing a topic, it's also important that you chose something you are knowledgeable about. Doing a super complicated experiment, but writing a terrible lab report because you don't know what you are talking about will probably result in you scoring worse marks than if you do something more basic that you fully understand and can write a good lab about. I hope something here helped and good luck ;)
Hi , Thanks for making this video and the other one , most example IA's have a entire page dedicated for title and some even for the table of content , I am pretty sure the table of contents , you mentioned we don't need to do this , are you sure ? Also could you tell me which examiner report you got that from.
Thanks !
Thanks for making the video !
Hey, thanks for watching the video and yes I'm 100% certain. The particular subject report I was referring to is always stated at the top of whatever screenshot you were looking at throughout the video, but in this particular case you can look at practically any subject report, because it's literally mentioned in every single one (under Communication) as it is such a common mistake (see May 2017 TZ2 for example).
The reason you probably saw a lot of IAs with a table of contents or a title page is because this is an incredibly common mistake. I believe in the previous syllabus a table of contents and title page was a requirement, as they didn't limit the number of pages, however, when they changed the syllabus in 2016 it became irrelevant. Some teachers obviously never realized this change and to date require students to include it in their report, which actually negatively impacts their grade unfortunately. Hope this helps and good luck with your IA!
@@zeldawaite Thanks so much for the quick reply , you are such a nice person ! I liked the video so much and am now planning on watching the other ones you made.
You are truly an really nice creator , hope your fashion channel grows a lot , I don't watch fashion videos alot but will recommend them to my friends.
Also thanks for the clarification !
It takes a really long time and you are arguably the only creator on this platform that gives such detailed replies to every question and comment !
@@subifyoulikethecomments8546 Yea nw and that's very kind of you to say 🙈
Hello, first of all, amazing video so thank you. Second of all, I did an ANOVA test for my statistical analysis and got a P value of 4.4 x 10^-16, but I got an F-value of 462. I double checked the calculations, but I do not know what I did wrong since 462 seems VERY large. I would greatly appreciate a response.
Thank you!
Hey thanks for watching and I'm so sorry for the late reply, I hope it's not too late! Unfortunately, I can't exactly give you an answer to this without seeing all of your data and methodology and this is therefore a question that is likely better suited for your teacher, if that's an option. Note, the F value is not the same as the F critical value and I'm not entirely sure which one you are referring to here. The F value does, however, tell you the variance of the group mean in a data set, meaning if your answer is larger there is more variability in means (i.e. your group means are further apart). The thing you should be comparing your F-value to is your F-critical value, as well as your P-value and while the size of it matters it only matters in relation to your other values, so I wouldn't be too concerned if the values are different but all sort of match up. I found this link to have a decent explanation of how to treat your ANOVA results and I hope it helps you too: www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/f-statistic-value-test/ I know it's a bit of a read, but it does a better job at explaining it than I can. I'm sorry I can't help more, but I hope something here was useful.
Hi! This vid was a great help for my IA. I have a question, I`ve been doing an experiment on detergent conaminated water on the growth rate of L.Minor over 1 week ( duckweed) I have 5 various concentrations, and I measured the mass on Day 0 and Day 7. What statistical test should I pick. My supervisor is not very helpful and some suggestions would really help.
Hey thanks for watching! I'm honestly still learning how to do inferential statistics myself, so I'm probably not the best person to be asking about this. That being said, the most common types of inferential statistics people use, are the chi squared, Pearson's correlation coefficient, T test, and the ANOVA test. To my understanding the best type of test which works on almost all types of data is the ANOVA test (please do double check this because I'm definitely not 100% certain about this) just because there is a variety of different types of ANOVA tests that can be used for different types of data. Because there are different types of ANOVA tests and it requires a lot of data processing, it's not necessarily the easiest approach to obtain inferential statistics, which is why a lot of students don't use it. It does, however, give you the advantage that it statistically indicates what parts of your data are outliers which is a very big plus though (but not really necessary if you want a 7).
In your case, I think at T-Test might actually work, which is apparently somewhat easier. I never used this type of test and therefore don't know much about it, but to my understanding you can use this to compare data where you only have 2 different types of data groups (which seems to be the case for you as you measured on day 3 and day 7). All that being said, please take all of this with a grain of salt and do your own research, especially because this is definitely not a topic that I am particularly knowledgeable about. I would recommend that you take a look at this website: www.real-statistics.com/anova/ it's basically a guy who's really interested in statistics and he gives some decent explanation on different types of statistics and when to use them, as well as programs that you can download for free to process data in Excel and I found him to be very helpful. I'm really sorry that I can't be more help to you, but I still wish you good luck with finding the right data processing in your IA in general!!!
Hi Zelda! Thank you so much for this video! I just wanted to ask whether the data that you enter into the raw and processed data tables has to have the same number of significant figures as your uncertainty? My uncertainty has only 1 sig fig but the data that I'm entering is time (so for example it's 18.97s or 26.2s etc) and if I had to make them 1 sig fig what would they become? Does 20 or 30 or 40 have 1 sig fig? I looked it up online but different websites say different things so I'm quite confused about that. Plus if I have to make all of it 20 or 30 then for some of it I wouldn't see any change in time because the time only changed in milliseconds.
Hey, I really hope I understood your question correctly and didn’t just make a super long explanation about something totally irrelevant, but the short answer is yes (“I just wanted to ask whether the data that you enter into the raw and processed data tables has to have the same number of significant figures as your uncertainty?”).
The long answer is, it's a somewhat confusing topic and a lot of it also depends on your specific experiment, but mostly it depends on your equipment and also partially how precise you think you were at measuring. For example, if your stopwatch has a precision to the centisecond (ex. 10.28 sec i.e. +/- 0.01 sec), you will always have to write down the time with two numbers after the decimal point, (ex. 11.33, 8.29, 12.20, etc.). In reality, human reaction time is not perfect and therefore some students choose to increase their uncertainty to account for that, which is often the appropriate thing to do. Therefore, some people might increase the uncertainty and write the aforementioned values as follows: 11.3, 8.3, 12.2 sec (+/-0.2 sec), etc. Note that if you do this you should always look up approximately what the average uncertainty is for whatever tool you're using and there is almost definitely research out there on how imprecise human rate of reaction is. You would also have to shortly justify why you did this in your qualitative data.
Your raw and processed data tables do not necessarily have to have the same uncertainty/sf as it really depends on your calculations. In your raw data you present the uncertainties that are directly derived from the equipment you use to measure whatever value. If you're measuring time and pressure and time has a precision of two decimals, while pressure has a precision of three decimals, you should make two columns in your raw data and present one as “Time (+/- 0.02 sec)” and “pressure (+/- 0.001kpa)” for example. Each value you record in the raw data will then have the relevant number of sf (i.e. 2 decimals for time and 3 for pressure). as such, the number of sf can vary within your raw data table to an extent but not within the same thing you're measuring (e.g. you wouldn't record 0.02sec, and then 0.4 sec, it would have to be 0.02 sec and 0.40 sec).
In contrast, for the processed data in general, you will use the lowest significant figures that any of your input measurements has within a given calculation. For example, if your calculation looks something like this: 1.005kpa/ (8.31 sec x 298.0 celcius), you can see that each of these input numbers has a different number of significant figures. While in your raw data you would have to present each of them according to their significant figures, once you do your calculation in the processed data, you would have to round the final value to the smallest nr. of significant figures any of your input values has. In this case, your final value would be presented as 4.06 × 10^-4 and not 4.058 × 10^-4 because the 8.31 has the smallest nr. of sf.
For this reason, it's not as though you usually have only one uncertainty, but you have multiple different uncertainties or/and sf depending on whatever you're measuring or/and calculating. From what you wrote, it appears to me that you have at least two different uncertainties and the one is for time where you have significant figures of up to two decimal spaces, whereas for something else that you haven't mentioned you have only one sf. In your raw data you would then record time with your 2 decimal spaces and whatever your other metric is with only one significant figure, whereas in your process data you would probably have to round it to only one significant figure, as that appears to be your lowest number of significant figures used in your calculation. But that is only my guess as I don't have your data and I can't really tell you without looking at your whole experiment. I hope this explanation helped you understand this better though and answered your question.
Love you for this ❤❤❤❤❤
I'm grateful you found it helpful :) GL on your IA!
Any statistical analysis calculation's shouldn't be in the sample calculations section because that's just for data processing right? Something like a chi-squared test should be explained in the statistical analysis subsection?
Well there is a difference between inferential and descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics (ex. Mean, median, mode, etc.) would go into the sample calculation section. Any inferential statistics (ex. ANOVA test, T-test, Pearsons's correlation coefficient, chi-squared test, etc.) would most likely go into the statistical analysis subsection. I'm fairly certain that you don't need extensive explanations of how to do the inferential statistics though btw, so it probably wouldn't be an extremely long sample calculation. Hope that makes sense.
@@zeldawaite yes that helps so much, and thank you for the quick response. This video has helped me immensely, I can't thank you enough
hi Zelda!! this was amazing. so, so helpful. I wanted to ask a question though. what kind of statistical analysis would you advise for continuous data? I realised I don't have any trends/lines of best fit so im not really sure what to do. im just testing effects of different essential oils on s epidermis. what would you advise? thank you so so much.
continuous data is probably not the best term to use, but I basically am not focusing on any relationships but rather which oil affects the bacteria more. I have quantitative data and stuff from the area of inhibition it's just idk what to do with it. I'd be so thankful if you could help me out.
@@habhouba_555 Hey did you test 1 type of essential oil or 2?
@@zeldawaite Hi Zelda! I actually did six different essential oils
@@habhouba_555 hmm I think you would use either a t-test or a speamans rank, but tbh I'm not sure. I don't think a tukey ANOVA would be appropriate though as the data is discontinuous not continuous as you aren't measuring the same type of essential oils, but instead different ones if I understood your response correctly.
Just to add on, idk if you are still doing it but there's a possibility a post hoc test like Tukey would work. Here are some links about Post Hoc tests so you can see if that would fit your data. Also I think a spearman rank might work.
What statistical test to use - guides.nyu.edu/quant/choose_test_1DV
Post hoc - ua-cam.com/video/F2R63oTqXRg/v-deo.html
What post hoc test to use (in spss - you can get a free trial) - ua-cam.com/video/J8lYgn0-3oA/v-deo.html
Spearman's rank - ua-cam.com/video/JwNwbu-g2m0/v-deo.html
Hey Zelda! Thanks for making this video. It's of great help. Can you please tell me how you got the standard deviation and mean symbols on the google doc? Did you use google docs to write your IA?
Hey, I'm happy to hear :) I actually wrote mine on word, but you can get the equations by going to insert and then to equation. If you need any special characters you should be able to insert them in a row that pops up under the row that includes the font type, font size, zoom, etc. (hope that explanation makes sense). Alternatively, what I also did for some of my IAs when I couldn't find a specific character, was take a picture from the internet with the equation and then just shrink it and crop it to the format that worked with the text. Hope that helps!
@@zeldawaite thank you!
@@rashisoneji7620 No worries :) good luck with your IA!!!
hey, which statistical test can i go for with continuous data? i'm doing two different experiments - effect of light intensity and effect of wavelength of light on rate of photosynthesis. this is done on a simulation though, hence results in the same values over and over and i can't really calculate standard deviation or average for those. what can i do?
Hey, I know this isn't what you asked for, but for simulations I believe you are meant to use multiple different simulations and then calculate SD and averages from that. Please review the subject reports to make sure this is true, but I am almost 100% certain it is and also pretty sure you will lose a lot of marks if you don't use multiple simulations/ sources for your data, as it impacts multiple marking categories.
Regarding the statistical test, I am honestly not too sure because you are doing 2 different experiments and this isn't really my expertise. I do know ANOVA tests work on the majority of continuous data, however, you have to check what type of ANOVA your specific experiment needs. You can find explanations for when to use what type of ANOVA test in the real statistics website that I linked above. You will have to read through quite a bit of information to understand it, but I found it very useful. The other common statistical tests used in IAs that might be worth looking into are chi squared, Pearson's correlation coefficient, T-test, and spearman's rank, but I don't know the details of each of these tests as I haven’t used all of them. Therefore, I would still recommend you either ask your teacher if they know or look into the ANOVA test as there is almost definitely a type of ANOVA test that will work, it may just not be the easiest inferential test you could do. Sorry for not responding earlier and not being able to help you more. Good luck with your IA though.
@@zeldawaite oh shit, my teacher never informed me about that issue :/ she said i should just show sample calculations so they know that i know the process although my data was the same for each trial. and i did the pearson’s text for light intensity since it was a correlation but the wavelength graph looked weird so my teacher said statistical test for one of them should be sufficient...? im not sure about this honestly im just rushing the IA because its pretty last moment but i cant end up scoring really bad either
I really dont understand what test to do for my data. Like I opened ANNOVA but dont understand anything written on it. My data is basically CO2 concentrations at regular intervals of 30 seconds for a total of 300 seconds. But what I am doing is investigating the effect of metal ions on average rate of respiration. I dont understand what test to do on the data, and nobody is really able to explain to me what test I need to do. could you pls help me?
If that didn't make sense, essentially, my IA is investigating the effect of metal ions of varying concentrations on the rate of respiration of a micro-organism. I measured the rate of respiration using CO2 probes, and calculated the average rate for each concentration. Now, I dont know what to statistically analyse. when I try to find standard deviation, it is way too small to even be noticed on the graph. p test, t-test I am not understanding which one to use for my data
Hey, first of all calm down you'll be fine (Ik harder said than done, but I've been in a very similar position). Secondly, just to be clear when you say metal ions, you are only using one type and then changing the concentration of those metal ions as your IV right? In that case, I believe your problem is that you technically have 2 DVs namely time and pressure caused by the CO2 which makes it difficult to say what statistical analysis you should do (Please remember I am not a teacher and I don’t know your exact data either though). I don’t think this is necessarily a huge problem in your case though, however, you will have to figure out how to only get 1 DV. If I am not mistaken there are essentially 2 ways that ik of that you could do A) you could make your DV the amount of CO2 produced after a fixed amount of time say 300 seconds and calculate the rate based on that or B) if you have the graphs the data logger produced, you should be able to see where the reaction ended and could use that to calculate an average rate of reaction. Your IA is practically a chemistry IA and therefore very closely linked to the things that are done in IB chemistry, so you may find it advantageous to read the parts regarding rate laws and rates of reaction (I’d personally recommend the Cambridge 2nd edition text book as the explanations are quite clear and imo you can understand them well if you have a bad teacher or no idea what is going on).
Also, regarding your standard deviation, I was wondering if you are doing your standard deviation for the CO2 concentration over time or comparing them for each different rates of reaction? Again, I don’t know your experiment exactly, but what I would presume from what you’ve said is that the lack of a variation in standard deviation implies that your equipment wasn’t precise enough and as a result the measurements are all very close. This basically means your data is not statistically significant, which is fine, however, you should really make sure that you used the best method for measurement that you could have given the resources in your school laboratory. Note, this would be a great point for you to evaluate. I’m sorry I can’t be of more help, but you may also want to ask the r/ibo about it because I’m certain someone has done a similar IA that knows a little more than I do. And if you do end up needing the ANOVA test, I just added another link to the resources that links to a website called real statistics, which gives a fairly good explanation on the different types of ANOVA test and also a few other statistical tests that may be of interest to you. Good luck with your IA and you’ll figure it out :)
@@zeldawaite all right thanks. just to clarify, I was measuring the concentration of CO2 being released per unit time using a CO2 probe, and the concentration of Co2 released over 5 minutes was my dependent variable. From this, I calculated the rate of respiration, but I am not sure what to calculate the standard deviation or p-test of . like do I do the tests on the average rate of respiration, or do I do it on the concentration of CO2 released over 5 minutes? Thanks a lot
and my independent variable was varying concentration of one type of metal ion
Hi! Why cant I determine the standard deviation with less than five trials? I have only three.
Hey, I mean you could, it just wouldn't be statistically significant, because with such a small sample size any variation in any of the trials causes a huge change to the standard deviation and therefore the standard deviation is a completely useless piece of information. I'm going to explain this with an example, which will hopefully help you understand this, but you may want to do the math yourself as reading math is not always the most useful way to understand it: Note, the formula for standard deviation is this: www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-1-d&q=standard+deviation+formula
Consider a sample with results 2,4,3
To get the mean (µ)= (2+4+3)/3 = 3
To get the Standard deviation you then get sqrt [(2-3)^2+(4-3)^2+(3-3)^2]/3
=~0.471
Now say I change just one of my trial results to get the sample: 2,4,12
Mean= (2+4+12)/3 = 6 (already here you can see that this is a huge difference compared to the sample above)
Now the problem is amplified by the aspect that the standard deviation formula works by taking each sample, subtracting the mean and then squaring it.
i.e. here you get the standard deviation: sqrt [(2-3)^2+(4-3)^2+(12-3)^2]/3
=~3.036
Here you can see by just changing a single trial, my standard deviation went from 0.471 to roughly 3.036 that is a massive difference. Of course, to illustrate this I used a pretty large change, but essentially the point you need to realize is that if you make any sort of error in your three trials or any sort of measurement is off, it hugely impacts your standard deviation. Now the more trials you have the more that error will balance out because when you calculate your mean it gets divided by whatever your number of trials are.
Ex. say we have a sample of 2,4, 12, 2, 3, 2,2 clearly there is still an outlier in the data (i.e. 12 the same one as used above), but if we now calculate the mean you get: (2+4+12+2+3+2+2)/7= ~3.857 which is already much closer to the mean that you got without the outlier.
On a side note, I believe that the IB actually requires you to have a minimum sample size of four trials and I would highly highly recommend that you aim for six at the very least. If you don't have enough trials, you're going to lose a lot of marks across a lot of different marking criteria and this is one of the easiest ways to ensure you lose marks. For example, if you went on to calculate a standard deviation based on only your three trials and you then use those results to say that your data is statistically significant, you've not only made a mathematical error and will lose points in your analysis, but you'll also lose points in your evaluation, conclusion, and in your method, because you didn't consider the aspect that you don't have enough data and therefore you don't have enough information to give a valid evaluation and conclusion. I know you probably have all sorts of reasons as to why you only have three trials, maybe COVID is preventing you from going back to school, but I really urge you to somehow find a way to get more trials, because I guarantee that you will lose a lot of marks otherwise and it would be a bit of a waste. Either way, I hope this helped answer your question!
@@zeldawaite thank you so much ! Would 5 trials be ok to do the analysis? I am not sure I have the materials to do 6 trials
@@magdalenatobar1420 I think 5 is acceptable, it's just considered a small sample according to the may 2017 subject report. 5 trials are definitely better than 3, so just try and aim for as many trials as you can and work with that.
@@zeldawaite thanks, and last question. Why did you calculate the standard deviation using the population formula instead of the sample formula ? I do not which one to choose but I have seen many people use the sample formula.
I completed my IA so long ago that I don't recall the exact reason tbh, but I think ultimately it was because my teacher said it was the appropriate one to use for my data, which seems to make sense after I just read up on the difference. Here are 2 articles that give a good explanation as to what the difference is (stats.stackexchange.com/questions/485326/confused-when-to-use-population-vs-sample-standard-deviation-in-engineering-test) and this (www.thoughtco.com/population-vs-sample-standard-deviations-3126372). The appropriate one to use will vary based on the data you gathered, but if you are confused as to which one to use I think it may be better to ask your math or science teacher bc tbh I don't have a great understanding as to when you chose which one either and really don't want to give you wrong info. Sorry I don't have a better answer for you :(
Hey, how many pages was this IA completely including works cited?
12 you aren't allowed to go over btw or you'll lose communication marks
what website did you use to create your graphs?
Hey, I used a combination of excel and PowerPoint.
How many pages is this IA in total?
Hey thanks for watching the video ☺️. It's exactly 12 (including the bibliography)
@@zeldawaite thank you so much, this was actually really helpful.
can i copy your IA
No. That would be considered plagiarism and if the IB or your teachers catch you doing this, they may very well revoke your diploma. I would strongly recommend you re-consider doing anything like this, as aside from diminishing the effort others put into their work, it quite likely will negatively impact your academic future.
This was so helpful thank you so much ! I have some questions, would love contacting you ! Do you have an email?
Hey thanks for watching! Sending your questions here is probably the easiest.