Feedback, one of the things that is really neat with your videos is that they are very educational. You explain rather complex things in a rather "simple"(take this the right way) so its very easy to comprehend for the listener or atleast with how my brain is wired.
straightforward is probably the more accurate way to say what you're thinking. academia is needlessly circuitous and the internet has been slowly dissolving the artificial barrier to entry
It's worth remembering that the idea of a black hole collapsing into a singularity is just one theory. All we know is that there's a region of space from which nothing can escape. Most models predict an infinitely dense singularity, but it's quite possible there's matter of very high density.
I can’t help imagining it as a kind of neutron star or whatever next step, I still think of it almost like a sun, but with so much gravity light gets stuck around it and eventually gets added onto the mass of the sphere but I can’t imagine it as an actual hole leading somewhere it just feels intuitively wrong. Like a black sun that light and matter can’t escape and it’s gravity field from being so dense is so strong it rips apart matter and reintegrates it into the black sun and that’s why it gets bigger and bigger. Instead of shining out like our sun it’s shining in because the gravity won’t let the light escape.
This is one of the best channels I've found especially because the topics are detailed and discussed in a soothing tone. Perfect for casual listening while still being very entertaining
I love your work JMG. You are well on the way to having a million subscribers. I know that sounds hyperbolic, but you keep putting out great content and you have reached the peak now, so the 'snowball effect' is inevitable. You are doing everything right. When you "make it" and go far above, please remember me, I subscribed when you had like 716 subscriptions.
That’s awesome that you got JMG in your feed when he had such few subs. Truly an awesome communicator and if this was a TV show that existed when I was a kid, I would have hung on to every word.
Thank you JMG, your channel is an absolute treasure. I hope you are doing well and that the passion you have for Space will continue on for as long as possible. Also, thank you for helping me wind down, relax, and pass out. 😁 The vastness of space and what can be learnt completely trumps my short and insignificant problems throughout life.😅
Your videos are amazing but the ending scares me every time I have one I have your videos in queue. I sleep to your videos while I learn at the same time. My only “negative” input is to lower the volume of the end or to change it. Much love.❤
The endings are the identical volume as the rest of the video. Check it with a waveform, it's perfectly industry standard normalization. What I do change is the cadence, which is what I've done in every video since I started in 2016. Were I to change it to please one listener, I'd have thousands complaining and wondering where liiiiiive went.
Hey JMG, are your books available as audiobooks? If not you should record yourself reading them and release them as such. You have a good voice for that sort of thing.
5:06 antimatter is significantly more than flipping charge. It’s more like a mirror image of matter particles that are traveling backwards through time.
nah he's right. antiparticles are just the flipped charge counterpart to the respective particles. how are they moving backwards in time when we can create and measure them
I understand that eventually,in some cases, a star can burn it's fuel supply completely and leave behind nothing but a "cinder'. What would this cinder be made of? I find it difficult to imagine anything other than sooty carbon, but i'm guessing a star is a bit different than a fire pit.
Of course, stars aren't literally burning, like wood burns in air's oxygen. Stars fuse nuclei of lighter atoms into heavier ones in their cores. “Cinder” is a metaphor, the remnant of a stellar core, after a star has exhausted available hydrogen, H, and fused it into helium, He, after the rest of the exhausted star, its outer layers, have either dissipated or exploded in a supernova. The “cinder” is most often a white dwarf, sometimes a neutron star, or even, rarely, a black hole. Heavier stars can fuse helium into even heavier atoms, but for the most of the lifetime of a star of any mass, fusion of H to He is the main, longest lasting process, because it has by far the largest energy output per atom. Stars form from the interstellar gas, 3/4 H and 1/4 He, which were created in the Big Bang, with a dash of other elements, made in the previously exploded stars. All atoms in your body except H are made in stellar explosions and neutron star mergers. Carl Sagan once said: “The cosmos is within us. We are made of star stuff,” and this is not a metaphor! Everything on our planet, and even the planet itself, is made of the same star stuff. Watch videos 1 to 4 on star evolution, and 6 on star formation in this Launch Pad Astronomy's playlist, it's a very easy introduction into stellar astrophysics: ua-cam.com/play/PLrAnGxL8nxOET_FfZinl5Z-JHrH41OpZ-.html The rest is optional, only these are essential. And the whole channel is amazing!
if some of the galaxies are made of antimatter while others arent.... we could hypothesize that some of the voids are formed when abunch of antimatter galaxies merge with regular galaxies.
You know this has me thinking a bit of the hypothesis of the proton decay. How exactly will things look when things start to decay? Will everything just start to be thanosed I assume?
Italian language lesson: you say "panino" to indicate you're having ONE sandwich; the "o" at the end of a word indicates it's singular. Panini connotates more than one; the i at the end of Italian words indicates plurality, as in bambini, cannoli, molti, etc. So, unless you're having more than one panino, please don't say "...this panini..." Buon appetito.
@~5:50, maybe dumb question, how do we know far away galaxies aren't made of antimatter? Voids around it so it hasn't encountered normal matter yet, or similar to that.
I was just a few hours ag discussing supernovae with my cousin, as well as my hope that a naked-eye one will happen in my lifetime. I missed out on SN 1987A (not even being born until 4 years later), and, knowing offhand that the last naked-eye supernova was nearly four centuries before that, given the timescales involved, I assumed that an interval of centuries was the case and that SN 1987A meant (statistically) I (most likely) missed my shot by a hair. Learning that they *should* occur closer to 50 year intervals and that we are long overdue for one makes me much more hopeful that one will occur while I am still here to observe it. Thanks JMG!
Very interesting and as per usual up my street at the moment. Great stuff and many thanks .Actually the really heavy elements are said to come from nothing less than a neutron star collision or some very large mass object . After iron a star actually dies its first life and what ever it is next makes all the elements after that but at the same time those elements only get released in a small percentage of the actual supernova the rest is the neutron star or black hole.
If you create Universe 25, Universe 25 will then exist. Cause will manifest effect. Shocking!!! But true. Everyone smugly and self-righteously creates Universe 25. And then endlessly and endlessly and endlessly complains that it exists. Yeah, right. Logic dissonance much? Universe 25 is what you all have been calling "clown world". And no, you can't Personal Opinion away Universe 25 and its inevitable outcome. Once Universe 25 has reached extinction phase, no one will be left. And no, humans aren't magically an exception to Universe 25.
Your videos and knowledge help us to not go insane and loose our mind and sanity because of things we can't comprehend. One of the two Best UA-cam channel about science, physics, cosmology and philosophy
I believe all use of helium as a lifting gas (weather balloons and blimps in addition to party balloons) is around 1% of helium usage. They're using helium as a gas. Liquid helium is 1000x more dense, and every single MRI uses many liters of liquid helium. As just one example.
I see those Jets firing out of black holes as Universal sized Matter Colliders. There's got to be some Serious funky stuff going on at the jet terminals.
Can a white dwarf become a neutron thought they had surface nova explosions to get rid of excess mass, and if that fails it goes up in a supernova type 1a
I’d love if you could arrange an interview with Stephen Wolfram. I’d like to hear you talk with him about his physics project, irreducible computation, AI, and whatever else. Thanks so much for the content you make. It tickles my brain.
Good news! I actually did interview him a few years ago, and it's entirely possible that we'll check in again as the world careens deeper into the development of AI. The UA-cam algorithm lost it, as it does with any worthwhile content, so here's a link to the interview: ua-cam.com/video/LpK1d8mTEhI/v-deo.html
(15:47) How could metallic hydrogen maintain it's solid phase of matter without the pressures that shifted it into that state? Can anyone please help me understand?
@@jimurrata6785 But when that "liquid" water, which is below the temperature required to phase shift it to a solid, is brought 1 degree into where it should be a liquid, it cannot be changed into a solid no matter how much you shake the container .. or introduce nucleation. The metallic hydrogen is being removed from the pressures that shifted it to solid, yet remains solid in the absence of said pressure. How?
8:55 Giant stars are rare now most likely because they don't live long, so have long since gone through their shorter lifetimes. And there is less gas around, all through the observable Universe, to keep forming lots of new, giant stars. I don't have anything to cite for these ideas, but that is my guess.
I chuckled, but thought of the gold looking on from a dark corner of the bar utterly indifferently. "Meh, helium again ....". And then Argon showed up and it all went south like a villain from an old west movie. But in the end, nothing happened.
Strange matter can actually occur very much so from a neutron star or pulsar. There are a couple candidate stars that might actually be composed of it. It actually is much more stable than normal matter but requires very exotic conditions to form. In fact is contagious form of matter. It will convert normal matter into it if it gets in contact with normal matter. Theoretically it could destroy the universe if it got out of a gravity well of a neutron star. Although it might take trillions of years….. Because of distance and range. Anyway I thought I’d point that out
One of your best recent videos--and the ME call-out was amusing too! To be honest there is no saying that 'Element Zero' _isn't_ neutronium. We know almost nothing about it, beyond the fact it is created by supernovas which would also fit. However if it were neutron matter then it would need to be meta-stable neutronium since the stuff can be picked up and manipulated. The 'Mass Effect' itself is really just another name for Anti Gravity mixed with some aspects of Doc Smith's Bergenholm-style 'free' or inertialess flight.
Stars carry out fusion reaction in their cores. Stars are composed of matter that bends / curves space creating the appearance of gravity. So how does the energy released from fusion reactions counteract gravity? The presenter just said so at 7:50, but doesn't explain that mechanism.
Muon chemistry has been done before. I remember seeing a paper where they managed to make a molecule of H-He, by replacing an electron with a muon. It's obviously unstable, but weird that you can get away with it.
The hyper nova is really interesting. Due to antimatter pair instability, gamma rays go out of control, causing more anti pairs to form and then annihilate, causing more gamma... turning the outermost layers of the star into a fusion core. The resulting explosion is so extreme it does not leave a black hole, or any remnant. The whole thing converts to energy, and simply stops existing where moments before were a massive star. Anyhoo, I've never heard of electro-weak burning, that's a novelty I'll have to checkout. The quark-gluon Star I always figured would be the ultimate degenerate star, and some physicists think that is what black holes actually are, so long as you can ignore the idea of a singularity or infinity renormalization stuff. Super compact degenerate matter would dip inside the schwarzschild radius. The fact that quarks cannot easily be obliterated, they just form new quarks when getting smashed apart, so it's a firm if degenerate pressure, unlikely to collapse by gravity... But then we might hit gluon degenerate matter
Its never been a time when we didnt know we could attribute a symbol to every bit or plank length atom. Applying symbols to things is what we do but you need an entire universe to do so.
First, I love your video's style, format, and content. At 16:05 you mentioned "Grey Goo" being related to a type of strange mater that converts regular matter when it comes in contact but I think you are mixing that term with something else, at least the Grey Goo I know of is related to run away nanotech (that's the grey part being made of in-organic atoms, i.e. metals and silicon) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_goo
11:48: John, I have a better recipe to make a neutron star. First of all, never throw Jupiters onto the white dwarf, they're highly flammable! Here, keep some gear handy:🚭🪖🪣🧯. This is the mechanism behind cataclysmic novae, in which the white dwarf accretes top H/He atmosphere from a companion overflowing its Roche limit and burns the new material without unbinding the whole dwarf, but with enough bang to disrupt accretion with every flash; it's a discrete repeating process. They do gain mass but blow most of away. Throwing Jupiters onto a white dwarf is a sheer waste of them: they will ignite on its surface and burn to heavier elements. The white dwarf gets to keep some mass of fusion products, but the flash explosions will blow most of the new material away, just like in the cataclysmic nova. Jupiters are too big, too puffy, and unsafe to work with, too: you never know which way the large mass of ejected stuff will fly... 💥⚒ If the white dwarf a remnant of a light star, made primarily of C/N, and some He and O, it will eventually go boom as a supernova Ia, the famous standard candle. These are highly explosive, and the moment the Fermi pressure gives up, they collapse, heat up and undergo thermonuclear explosion in a runaway C burning (mainly; it's the energetically dominant process) in a very quick thermonuclear fusion throughout the whole body, tearing it apart. 💥💨🐘🌛🦬🎂🐳💨 To make a good, solid, nice neutron star, stellar core remnant of a heavier star, consisting of heavier elements, Mg and Ne, and some O, first throw a H/He balloon at it (a fraction of a Neptune size is more than enough) and take a spectrum of the flash. I don't really know if simply taking a spectrum of a white dwarf may possibly reveal its composition-it's very hot, bright and thermalized, the transition emission lines should drown in it; the absorption lines will be those of its thin but dense atmosphere, which doesn't reflect what's the body itself is made of. If it's a light-elements C/N white dwarf, no cigar: the light elements that are already in it will ignite, explode and blow the star apart, even if you throw only inert iron mass on it. Don't, especially from up close! 🔩+💣→💥💨🦵💨🙃💨🤚 What we need is mainly Mg/Ne white dwarf, a remnant of a larger star, then throw heavy, non-fusing stuff on it! I don't know if rocky planets, which are mostly SiO₂, will do-Si is certainly fine, it wont fuse with explosive energy release, but there's too much O in them. Mostly Fe/Ni asteroids and planet cores will work the best, they'll just fall on the white dwarf without much firework, outside of kinetic energy; only the remaining He, C, N and O will burn when collapse starts, but there should be too little of it to unbind the object. By the time Mg could ignite, it will be too late; generally, all elements become lighter by electron capture as pressure grows (p+e->n), and start fusion, but gravity pressure by this point counteract fusion pressure. It will eventually implode without much boom, except probably the very top layer, and heat up enormously, both from gravity and contained fusion. Right what we need! Whew, work well done!!! ♨🌟 😎☕🏆☕😎 (on this group photo, you're on the left, I'm on the right... IIRC...) Outer layers of a neutron star are proton-rich, and the crust is crystalline; mainly neutronium matter in a neutron star starts at a ~1km depth, IIRC, in the form of various “nuclear pasta”: at shallower depths it starts with spaghetti, long thin tubes mostly of neutrons but still some protons; the deepest, at higher pressures, is lasagna, sheets of neutrons with almost no proton content. This stuff is very rigid solid in the star's strong magnetic field. The very depth of the neutron start core does not compute, neutrons begin to form bosonic (spin 0 or 1) Cooper pairs, so it may be frictionless superfluid. There, Fermi pressure no longer holds. But the properties of this stuff is not well known. It may be dense enough to support the weight of the star above via the Proca bosonic pressure (only acting on spin 1 pairs, about 1/2 of the material), then it could be all the way to the center. But if not, then the very center of a neutron star may be in the state of a quark-gluon plasma. Generally, the deeper you go, the more theoretical and uncertain states of matter become. The very center is the biggest❓❓❓. Tangentially,I laughed literally like at your remark “you cannot punch your head through a table... in most circumstances.” around 11:00.
Never stop posting, that was fascinating. I still like the idea of throwing Jupiters at things though, much like a child finding a firework and lighter. Imagining that is amazing though, just how different a neutron star is to what we see in our corner of the universe. I wonder if we'll ever really know. Obviously, we won't be digging inside any neutron stars, but I do wonder if we could come up with a really good model some day and eliminate the uncertainties. I also wonder what effect AI will ultimately have in questions like neutron star structure, a quantum theory of gravity, black holes etc. Thinking on it, that might be a good Event Horizon interview. We talk about black holes all the time, but never the interiors of neutron stars. I'm recording with a black hole specialist Tuesday, so that might be an option. I'll need to see if he's done any work with neutron stars and weird states of matter. If not, any suggestions for a specialist? Will be a few weeks at least though, there will be at least two shows that are already in the can focused on ancient mathematics (the researcher on the recent cave painting mathematical notation) and Ancient Greek cosmology that may be among the best shows we've yet done at EH. Really good engaged guests.
@@JohnMichaelGodier Thank you! 😊 Yes, in a sense neutron stars are much more interesting objects. Unlike black holes, they have a lot of hair! Schwarzschild solution is boring, Kerr solution needs really advanced approximations to make sense of-although it's an exact metric solving the EFE, it can be approached only numerically, and the results are even more mindboggling-e.g., the maximally extended one has a multi-way ER bridge, so you never know in which universe you'll pop out on the other side... As with the most GR exotics, negative energy is required to squeeze through, tho; and this stuff is probably non-physical anyway. Extending a solution through mathematical singularity is not quite exactly valid. Physicists have wild imagination and abuse math batting no eyelid... When speaking of BHs, it's usually about spacetime around them, on "our side." Neutron stars are more interesting, they are real things with structure, they have magnetic fields, atmospheres (0.5m all the way to the Karman line, but still!) with strong electric currents of e and e+, abundantly torn out of the vacuum by magnetic field, crust with magnificent landscapes-whole mountains towering 15mm tall!-and even tectonics-when the crust faults and slips by ~5mm, a whole galactic neighborhood can hear the crack... I don't know anyone who specializes in neutron stars specifically, I'm not working in the field, but I'll ask a few people I know. I immediately thought of Christian Ready of Launch Pad Astronomy: he used to work at STScI and at NASA's Goddard, and must have a lot of connections. IIRC, you had two interviews with him. If you can connect with Matt O'Dowd from PBS Spacetime, he may suggest someone if not take on it himself, if he's current on the topic. He specializes in AGN/quasars, AFAIK-not an exact match, but he indeed knows a lot outside of his niche. I'll get back when I hear from my very few connections!
Math abuse is on the Event Horizon radar actually. The obvious go to is Sabine, but the time difference between here and Germany has so far confounded scheduling. I know Christian and yeah, he does have a lot of connections. I actually also appeared on one of his live streams regarding the New Horizons flyby. I do have a nuclear option, so to speak, in that I can always get Paul Sutter to talk about anything including neutron stars and the finer points of obscure European cheeses and their relation to Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Another option is an ArXiv deep dive for neutron star papers. I've found that far more often than not, at least one of the authors involved are happy to chat, if not several at once.
What are atoms? Random little jiggly bits of reality that are stuck in the Higs field. They are fairly rare, at least compared to neutrinos, photons, and possibly dark matter particles, if they do infact, exist. They are uncommon in the vast expanse of the observable universe, though they tend to clump together. They are easy to find as they spawn photons when excited and neutrinos when they clump together in certain ways.
There is a type of matter proposed that works because an anti-muon can't annihilate with an electron. It is proposed that the electron can bind to the muon in a fast-decaying arrangement (muons only exist for ~2.2 microseconds) to build "muonium" with a weight of 106 MeV and therefore 1/9th of the weight of hydrogen. The muon decays into a proton that annihilates with the electron and two neutrinos.
One of my favorite vids you have done, thanks...i wish everyone would view each other as energy instead of their own selfish individual balls of matter...life makes more sense when you understand matter is energy...great content sir
John, as I lie here in the hospital staring at the walls, your videos are my lifeline to sanity.
Best wishes, I hope things improve and get better quickly.
Just remember the universe hears your thoughts, does not judge, and is absolutely literal.
Hope you feel better soon. 🙏
If you got the jab, I'll say goodbye now.
@@lightdark00 That was unnecessary and unhelpful. Are you unable to put yourself in another's shoes?
My dog died today. Thanks for uploading, John. 💛
Chin up. Was it a good dog? Had a dog that ate the Christmas ham once. And the easter eggs. Must have been an anti Christian dog.
I am so sorry to hear that.
I was unbelievably upset when our last dog died.
How old was your dog?
it’s gonna suck when all my dawgs die
Lucky that this version of JMG exists in our universe
It's possible he entered this universe from another universe.
In another universe he does meth and works at a gas station. I call him Bizzaro Godier.
hear hear!!!
Well, think about it. If the version from Event Horizon -- the one with the opossum -- existed in this universe, we'd all be doomed.
There may be alternate universes that are even more hospitable to JMG as we know it. But this universe does appear to be fine tuned for his existence.
Feedback, one of the things that is really neat with your videos is that they are very educational.
You explain rather complex things in a rather "simple"(take this the right way) so its very easy to comprehend for the listener or atleast with how my brain is wired.
straightforward is probably the more accurate way to say what you're thinking. academia is needlessly circuitous and the internet has been slowly dissolving the artificial barrier to entry
It's worth remembering that the idea of a black hole collapsing into a singularity is just one theory. All we know is that there's a region of space from which nothing can escape. Most models predict an infinitely dense singularity, but it's quite possible there's matter of very high density.
It can increase in density in this dimension and at its time of collapse it touches the time dimension
Planet Earth 🌏 escape is impossible because there is nowhere to " escape " to.
Not mathematically there isn't.
Are you saying black holes might not be black holes at all?
I can’t help imagining it as a kind of neutron star or whatever next step, I still think of it almost like a sun, but with so much gravity light gets stuck around it and eventually gets added onto the mass of the sphere but I can’t imagine it as an actual hole leading somewhere it just feels intuitively wrong. Like a black sun that light and matter can’t escape and it’s gravity field from being so dense is so strong it rips apart matter and reintegrates it into the black sun and that’s why it gets bigger and bigger. Instead of shining out like our sun it’s shining in because the gravity won’t let the light escape.
Always a fun listen when JMG is giving his thoughts.
...should come back home to Green-Bow, Al-uh-BAM-uh
Sorry, your profile name forced my hand
This is one of the best channels I've found especially because the topics are detailed and discussed in a soothing tone. Perfect for casual listening while still being very entertaining
idk, i like my science and futurism with a speech impediment, ablist
I love your work JMG.
You are well on the way to having a million subscribers.
I know that sounds hyperbolic, but you keep putting out great content and you have reached the peak now, so the 'snowball effect' is inevitable. You are doing everything right. When you "make it" and go far above, please remember me, I subscribed when you had like 716 subscriptions.
That’s awesome that you got JMG in your feed when he had such few subs. Truly an awesome communicator and if this was a TV show that existed when I was a kid, I would have hung on to every word.
Same
Fantastic video as always..
Also love your musing closing comments on all your videos that are often very humorous
This is some crazy stuff man! 16:12
I been watching space an everything in it but you bring it to a whole other level!
Thank you JMG, your channel is an absolute treasure.
I hope you are doing well and that the passion you have for Space will continue on for as long as possible. Also, thank you for helping me wind down, relax, and pass out. 😁
The vastness of space and what can be learnt completely trumps my short and insignificant problems throughout life.😅
Your videos are amazing but the ending scares me every time I have one I have your videos in queue. I sleep to your videos while I learn at the same time. My only “negative” input is to lower the volume of the end or to change it.
Much love.❤
I look at it this way: when the ending shocks me back to the real world I just know that, for now, I still liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiive haha
Scared?
I must be missing something here.
@@user-kcrpine the endings are quite loud. If you’ve watched his videos you’d know. I really enjoy his content except the endings.
The endings are the identical volume as the rest of the video. Check it with a waveform, it's perfectly industry standard normalization. What I do change is the cadence, which is what I've done in every video since I started in 2016. Were I to change it to please one listener, I'd have thousands complaining and wondering where liiiiiive went.
@@JohnMichaelGodier Fair point, thanks for your response.
Hey JMG, are your books available as audiobooks? If not you should record yourself reading them and release them as such. You have a good voice for that sort of thing.
Your opinion is so incorrect. In fact, he has among the top 10 most make you want to murder the nearest human voices on this planet.
@@robertnewhart3547 His voice is certainly different. I can't stand Mike Lindell's voice. Makes me think of murder. 😃
@robertnewhart3547 Your voice must sound like a 7 year old girl on a megaphone.
5:06 antimatter is significantly more than flipping charge. It’s more like a mirror image of matter particles that are traveling backwards through time.
nah he's right. antiparticles are just the flipped charge counterpart to the respective particles. how are they moving backwards in time when we can create and measure them
I hate it when my matter goes all wrong.
it doesn't matter
What's the matter?
what’s the matta wit you eh
Mind over matter, I suppose
I understand that eventually,in some cases, a star can burn it's fuel supply completely and leave behind nothing but a "cinder'. What would this cinder be made of? I find it difficult to imagine anything other than sooty carbon, but i'm guessing a star is a bit different than a fire pit.
Of course, stars aren't literally burning, like wood burns in air's oxygen. Stars fuse nuclei of lighter atoms into heavier ones in their cores. “Cinder” is a metaphor, the remnant of a stellar core, after a star has exhausted available hydrogen, H, and fused it into helium, He, after the rest of the exhausted star, its outer layers, have either dissipated or exploded in a supernova. The “cinder” is most often a white dwarf, sometimes a neutron star, or even, rarely, a black hole.
Heavier stars can fuse helium into even heavier atoms, but for the most of the lifetime of a star of any mass, fusion of H to He is the main, longest lasting process, because it has by far the largest energy output per atom. Stars form from the interstellar gas, 3/4 H and 1/4 He, which were created in the Big Bang, with a dash of other elements, made in the previously exploded stars. All atoms in your body except H are made in stellar explosions and neutron star mergers. Carl Sagan once said: “The cosmos is within us. We are made of star stuff,” and this is not a metaphor! Everything on our planet, and even the planet itself, is made of the same star stuff.
Watch videos 1 to 4 on star evolution, and 6 on star formation in this Launch Pad Astronomy's playlist, it's a very easy introduction into stellar astrophysics: ua-cam.com/play/PLrAnGxL8nxOET_FfZinl5Z-JHrH41OpZ-.html The rest is optional, only these are essential. And the whole channel is amazing!
A ball of iron
Like the other person said, the result is usually just iron. You can sort of think of it as cosmic ash if you'd like, but that's just semantics.
Depending on the size of the star, it can be a ball of carbon and oxygen, a ball of oxygen and magnesium, or a ball of iron.
Seems as if you always upload at the best possible time. 😊
if some of the galaxies are made of antimatter while others arent.... we could hypothesize that some of the voids are formed when abunch of antimatter galaxies merge with regular galaxies.
You know this has me thinking a bit of the hypothesis of the proton decay. How exactly will things look when things start to decay? Will everything just start to be thanosed I assume?
Once this panini is ready I will watch
That’s a good panini
Don't burn it
Few sandwiches compare to a good properly toasty panini.
I would just start watching while making said panini
Italian language lesson: you say "panino" to indicate you're having ONE sandwich; the "o" at the end of a word indicates it's singular. Panini connotates more than one; the i at the end of Italian words indicates plurality, as in bambini, cannoli, molti, etc. So, unless you're having more than one panino, please don't say "...this panini..." Buon appetito.
You just said "Supernovae," and I just geeked So hard I couldn't even wait for the end of the presentation. Thanks for that 😂👍👍
Hey John, been a fan for years. Your endings are so entertaining. Of the content misses the mark your closings never do!
""helium is non-reactive and useless""
- Insert sad helium face image in ballon doing high pitch sobbing noises -
A Mass Effect and Prince reference, a mention of the grey goo scenario... Masterclass.
This is my favourite essay you have ever made! Thank you.
@~5:50, maybe dumb question, how do we know far away galaxies aren't made of antimatter? Voids around it so it hasn't encountered normal matter yet, or similar to that.
I was just a few hours ag discussing supernovae with my cousin, as well as my hope that a naked-eye one will happen in my lifetime. I missed out on SN 1987A (not even being born until 4 years later), and, knowing offhand that the last naked-eye supernova was nearly four centuries before that, given the timescales involved, I assumed that an interval of centuries was the case and that SN 1987A meant (statistically) I (most likely) missed my shot by a hair. Learning that they *should* occur closer to 50 year intervals and that we are long overdue for one makes me much more hopeful that one will occur while I am still here to observe it. Thanks JMG!
Love & Light Brian. Thank you
Very interesting and as per usual up my street at the moment. Great stuff and many thanks .Actually the really heavy elements are said to come from nothing less than a neutron star collision or some very large mass object . After iron a star actually dies its first life and what ever it is next makes all the elements after that but at the same time those elements only get released in a small percentage of the actual supernova the rest is the neutron star or black hole.
Entertainingly informative, as always. Thank you!
Thank you for talking about the history of atoms going back so far! Its such an interesting topic
Outstanding. Thank you. A voice of reason and information in a world gone mad...
If you create Universe 25, Universe 25 will then exist.
Cause will manifest effect. Shocking!!! But true.
Everyone smugly and self-righteously creates Universe 25. And then endlessly and endlessly and endlessly complains that it
exists.
Yeah, right. Logic dissonance much?
Universe 25 is what you all have been calling "clown world".
And no, you can't Personal Opinion away Universe 25 and its inevitable outcome. Once Universe 25 has reached extinction phase,
no one will be left.
And no, humans aren't magically an exception to Universe 25.
Or have u gone mad
U are more reasonable than the whole world? Nice
Your videos and knowledge help us to not go insane and loose our mind and sanity because of things we can't comprehend. One of the two Best UA-cam channel about science, physics, cosmology and philosophy
It's lose not loose for fucks sake. Why is everyone doing this these days? Lose. It's lose. Not loose.
I must have been awake for this for two minutes, thank you dude. In all seriousness though, I do enjoy the content.
Excellent, as usual. You're setting a high bar.
Wow, I feel like I haven't listened to this guy's podcast/channel in over a year. 懐かしい
Fantastic video, John! Thanks a bunch!!! 😃
Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
I believe all use of helium as a lifting gas (weather balloons and blimps in addition to party balloons) is around 1% of helium usage. They're using helium as a gas. Liquid helium is 1000x more dense, and every single MRI uses many liters of liquid helium. As just one example.
Don't stop writing. The heroic is always the greatest guide to the relevant.
This content is a source of life
Request: a video where you stretch out the "liiiiiiiiiiiive" to 10 hours or so.
Good stuff! Nice closing thought.
Another Excellent Video👍
Thank you.
I see those Jets firing out of black holes as Universal sized Matter Colliders. There's got to be some Serious funky stuff going on at the jet terminals.
I reluctantly concede that I am also an instance of matter viewing itself suspiciously.
Just what I need to fall asleep to. . .then come back and listen intently.
Can a white dwarf become a neutron thought they had surface nova explosions to get rid of excess mass, and if that fails it goes up in a supernova type 1a
One of your best ever John.
As the star begins fusing heavier and heavier elements, until it eventually becomes a Lorna Shore breakdown.
I’d love if you could arrange an interview with Stephen Wolfram. I’d like to hear you talk with him about his physics project, irreducible computation, AI, and whatever else.
Thanks so much for the content you make. It tickles my brain.
Good news! I actually did interview him a few years ago, and it's entirely possible that we'll check in again as the world careens deeper into the development of AI. The UA-cam algorithm lost it, as it does with any worthwhile content, so here's a link to the interview:
ua-cam.com/video/LpK1d8mTEhI/v-deo.html
Right, that's it....I am offiically never leaving the house again. It's too risky :D
(15:47) How could metallic hydrogen maintain it's solid phase of matter without the pressures that shifted it into that state? Can anyone please help me understand?
"because it's thought to be metastable"
Just like liquid water can exist above boiling or below freezing if there are no nucleation sites.
@@jimurrata6785 But when that "liquid" water, which is below the temperature required to phase shift it to a solid, is brought 1 degree into where it should be a liquid, it cannot be changed into a solid no matter how much you shake the container .. or introduce nucleation. The metallic hydrogen is being removed from the pressures that shifted it to solid, yet remains solid in the absence of said pressure. How?
This is one of my favorite videos .
I love watching your videos I've always loved space and what could be and what will be in the future civilizations .
Nicely timed, John. Settling in to bed now.😂
Somewhere in an alternate universe, there is Anti John. Beware The Anti John.
I feel bad for him. He's in the Event Horizon alternate universe getting subverted by A.N.N.A. and tormented by that weird possum.
I'm surprised the scariest matter of all wasn't mentioned..... the universe killing Strangelet.
8:55 Giant stars are rare now most likely because they don't live long, so have long since gone through their shorter lifetimes. And there is less gas around, all through the observable Universe, to keep forming lots of new, giant stars. I don't have anything to cite for these ideas, but that is my guess.
I love that you mention kanada. India and the indus valley get overlooked way too much!
Hey, usable fusion power is only 20 years away!
Lol we just don't know which 20 years. Maybe 3023
I stopped watching a Skeptick video for this. Worth it.
We're just swirling particulate with nothing in between, so it prolly don't matter...
Honestly i would love to have many parts of this video as a background picture..... so incredibly beautiful 😮❤
Helium entered a bar. The bartender said "we don't serve noble gases here". The Helium didn't react.
(Sorry, John! I couldn't resist! 😬)
I chuckled, but thought of the gold looking on from a dark corner of the bar utterly indifferently. "Meh, helium again ....". And then Argon showed up and it all went south like a villain from an old west movie. But in the end, nothing happened.
My favorite form of exotic matter is muonium, which is formed from an electron orbiting an antimuon and is capable of undergoing chemical reactions.
I saved Muonium for its own dedicated video. Very interesting possibilities in that one.
@@JohnMichaelGodier That'll be an instant watch. It's such delightfully weird stuff.
Well actually, everthing we see is light, which is made of Bosons, not the Fermions which atoms are made of...
You say everything we see here is made out of atoms but I thought everything you see is Photons or am I wrong?
Strange matter can actually occur very much so from a neutron star or pulsar. There are a couple candidate stars that might actually be composed of it. It actually is much more stable than normal matter but requires very exotic conditions to form. In fact is contagious form of matter. It will convert normal matter into it if it gets in contact with normal matter. Theoretically it could destroy the universe if it got out of a gravity well of a neutron star. Although it might take trillions of years….. Because of distance and range. Anyway I thought I’d point that out
One of your best recent videos--and the ME call-out was amusing too!
To be honest there is no saying that 'Element Zero' _isn't_ neutronium. We know almost nothing about it, beyond the fact it is created by supernovas which would also fit. However if it were neutron matter then it would need to be meta-stable neutronium since the stuff can be picked up and manipulated. The 'Mass Effect' itself is really just another name for Anti Gravity mixed with some aspects of Doc Smith's Bergenholm-style 'free' or inertialess flight.
John, you are amazing. Always remember that
Stars carry out fusion reaction in their cores. Stars are composed of matter that bends / curves space creating the appearance of gravity.
So how does the energy released from fusion reactions counteract gravity? The presenter just said so at 7:50, but doesn't explain that mechanism.
Thanks JMG 🎉
This is the kind of video I show to a friend to make him think I'm smart 🤓
Fantastic stuff!
John, we don't know what the most abundant stuff in the universe is, because we have no idea what dark matter or dark energy are.
Please don't ever stop ending your videos with _"in which we liiiiive"._
Muon chemistry has been done before. I remember seeing a paper where they managed to make a molecule of H-He, by replacing an electron with a muon. It's obviously unstable, but weird that you can get away with it.
The hyper nova is really interesting. Due to antimatter pair instability, gamma rays go out of control, causing more anti pairs to form and then annihilate, causing more gamma... turning the outermost layers of the star into a fusion core. The resulting explosion is so extreme it does not leave a black hole, or any remnant. The whole thing converts to energy, and simply stops existing where moments before were a massive star. Anyhoo, I've never heard of electro-weak burning, that's a novelty I'll have to checkout. The quark-gluon Star I always figured would be the ultimate degenerate star, and some physicists think that is what black holes actually are, so long as you can ignore the idea of a singularity or infinity renormalization stuff. Super compact degenerate matter would dip inside the schwarzschild radius. The fact that quarks cannot easily be obliterated, they just form new quarks when getting smashed apart, so it's a firm if degenerate pressure, unlikely to collapse by gravity... But then we might hit gluon degenerate matter
Its never been a time when we didnt know we could attribute a symbol to every bit or plank length atom. Applying symbols to things is what we do but you need an entire universe to do so.
Question? A Universal sized Singularity, normal matter, size 1.0. A Universal sized Singularity, Anti-matter, size .75. What happens if they collide
"Everything you see here is made of atoms"
Actually all tou see there are photons
Close your eyes or turn the lights off and knock on a table. There be atoms without photons.
Star Trek TOS quote from "A Piece of the Action" episode- Scott : Aye, he's here. Mad enough to chew neutronium....
Krako! 😂
First, I love your video's style, format, and content.
At 16:05 you mentioned "Grey Goo" being related to a type of strange mater that converts regular matter when it comes in contact but I think you are mixing that term with something else, at least the Grey Goo I know of is related to run away nanotech (that's the grey part being made of in-organic atoms, i.e. metals and silicon)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_goo
11:48: John, I have a better recipe to make a neutron star. First of all, never throw Jupiters onto the white dwarf, they're highly flammable! Here, keep some gear handy:🚭🪖🪣🧯. This is the mechanism behind cataclysmic novae, in which the white dwarf accretes top H/He atmosphere from a companion overflowing its Roche limit and burns the new material without unbinding the whole dwarf, but with enough bang to disrupt accretion with every flash; it's a discrete repeating process. They do gain mass but blow most of away. Throwing Jupiters onto a white dwarf is a sheer waste of them: they will ignite on its surface and burn to heavier elements. The white dwarf gets to keep some mass of fusion products, but the flash explosions will blow most of the new material away, just like in the cataclysmic nova. Jupiters are too big, too puffy, and unsafe to work with, too: you never know which way the large mass of ejected stuff will fly...
💥⚒
If the white dwarf a remnant of a light star, made primarily of C/N, and some He and O, it will eventually go boom as a supernova Ia, the famous standard candle. These are highly explosive, and the moment the Fermi pressure gives up, they collapse, heat up and undergo thermonuclear explosion in a runaway C burning (mainly; it's the energetically dominant process) in a very quick thermonuclear fusion throughout the whole body, tearing it apart.
💥💨🐘🌛🦬🎂🐳💨
To make a good, solid, nice neutron star, stellar core remnant of a heavier star, consisting of heavier elements, Mg and Ne, and some O, first throw a H/He balloon at it (a fraction of a Neptune size is more than enough) and take a spectrum of the flash. I don't really know if simply taking a spectrum of a white dwarf may possibly reveal its composition-it's very hot, bright and thermalized, the transition emission lines should drown in it; the absorption lines will be those of its thin but dense atmosphere, which doesn't reflect what's the body itself is made of. If it's a light-elements C/N white dwarf, no cigar: the light elements that are already in it will ignite, explode and blow the star apart, even if you throw only inert iron mass on it. Don't, especially from up close!
🔩+💣→💥💨🦵💨🙃💨🤚
What we need is mainly Mg/Ne white dwarf, a remnant of a larger star, then throw heavy, non-fusing stuff on it! I don't know if rocky planets, which are mostly SiO₂, will do-Si is certainly fine, it wont fuse with explosive energy release, but there's too much O in them. Mostly Fe/Ni asteroids and planet cores will work the best, they'll just fall on the white dwarf without much firework, outside of kinetic energy; only the remaining He, C, N and O will burn when collapse starts, but there should be too little of it to unbind the object. By the time Mg could ignite, it will be too late; generally, all elements become lighter by electron capture as pressure grows (p+e->n), and start fusion, but gravity pressure by this point counteract fusion pressure. It will eventually implode without much boom, except probably the very top layer, and heat up enormously, both from gravity and contained fusion. Right what we need! Whew, work well done!!!
♨🌟 😎☕🏆☕😎 (on this group photo, you're on the left, I'm on the right... IIRC...)
Outer layers of a neutron star are proton-rich, and the crust is crystalline; mainly neutronium matter in a neutron star starts at a ~1km depth, IIRC, in the form of various “nuclear pasta”: at shallower depths it starts with spaghetti, long thin tubes mostly of neutrons but still some protons; the deepest, at higher pressures, is lasagna, sheets of neutrons with almost no proton content. This stuff is very rigid solid in the star's strong magnetic field. The very depth of the neutron start core does not compute, neutrons begin to form bosonic (spin 0 or 1) Cooper pairs, so it may be frictionless superfluid. There, Fermi pressure no longer holds. But the properties of this stuff is not well known. It may be dense enough to support the weight of the star above via the Proca bosonic pressure (only acting on spin 1 pairs, about 1/2 of the material), then it could be all the way to the center. But if not, then the very center of a neutron star may be in the state of a quark-gluon plasma. Generally, the deeper you go, the more theoretical and uncertain states of matter become. The very center is the biggest❓❓❓.
Tangentially,I laughed literally like at your remark “you cannot punch your head through a table... in most circumstances.” around 11:00.
Never stop posting, that was fascinating. I still like the idea of throwing Jupiters at things though, much like a child finding a firework and lighter. Imagining that is amazing though, just how different a neutron star is to what we see in our corner of the universe. I wonder if we'll ever really know. Obviously, we won't be digging inside any neutron stars, but I do wonder if we could come up with a really good model some day and eliminate the uncertainties. I also wonder what effect AI will ultimately have in questions like neutron star structure, a quantum theory of gravity, black holes etc.
Thinking on it, that might be a good Event Horizon interview. We talk about black holes all the time, but never the interiors of neutron stars. I'm recording with a black hole specialist Tuesday, so that might be an option. I'll need to see if he's done any work with neutron stars and weird states of matter. If not, any suggestions for a specialist? Will be a few weeks at least though, there will be at least two shows that are already in the can focused on ancient mathematics (the researcher on the recent cave painting mathematical notation) and Ancient Greek cosmology that may be among the best shows we've yet done at EH. Really good engaged guests.
@@JohnMichaelGodier Thank you! 😊
Yes, in a sense neutron stars are much more interesting objects. Unlike black holes, they have a lot of hair! Schwarzschild solution is boring, Kerr solution needs really advanced approximations to make sense of-although it's an exact metric solving the EFE, it can be approached only numerically, and the results are even more mindboggling-e.g., the maximally extended one has a multi-way ER bridge, so you never know in which universe you'll pop out on the other side... As with the most GR exotics, negative energy is required to squeeze through, tho; and this stuff is probably non-physical anyway. Extending a solution through mathematical singularity is not quite exactly valid. Physicists have wild imagination and abuse math batting no eyelid...
When speaking of BHs, it's usually about spacetime around them, on "our side." Neutron stars are more interesting, they are real things with structure, they have magnetic fields, atmospheres (0.5m all the way to the Karman line, but still!) with strong electric currents of e and e+, abundantly torn out of the vacuum by magnetic field, crust with magnificent landscapes-whole mountains towering 15mm tall!-and even tectonics-when the crust faults and slips by ~5mm, a whole galactic neighborhood can hear the crack...
I don't know anyone who specializes in neutron stars specifically, I'm not working in the field, but I'll ask a few people I know. I immediately thought of Christian Ready of Launch Pad Astronomy: he used to work at STScI and at NASA's Goddard, and must have a lot of connections. IIRC, you had two interviews with him. If you can connect with Matt O'Dowd from PBS Spacetime, he may suggest someone if not take on it himself, if he's current on the topic. He specializes in AGN/quasars, AFAIK-not an exact match, but he indeed knows a lot outside of his niche.
I'll get back when I hear from my very few connections!
Math abuse is on the Event Horizon radar actually. The obvious go to is Sabine, but the time difference between here and Germany has so far confounded scheduling.
I know Christian and yeah, he does have a lot of connections. I actually also appeared on one of his live streams regarding the New Horizons flyby. I do have a nuclear option, so to speak, in that I can always get Paul Sutter to talk about anything including neutron stars and the finer points of obscure European cheeses and their relation to Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Another option is an ArXiv deep dive for neutron star papers. I've found that far more often than not, at least one of the authors involved are happy to chat, if not several at once.
John love your videos. I'm a big fan. Thank you. Your voice is like Morgan Freeman
Thanks Will! Be well.
Best ever , well done John ☆☆☆☆☆
1 sec or 1 day or 1 yr , how long did the bang bang ?
Here comes my existential crisis again, big time.
would a supersova present any sort of threat to electronics like a solar flare or would it be mitigated by the huge distances?
Grey Goo? Love that topic lol
What are atoms? Random little jiggly bits of reality that are stuck in the Higs field. They are fairly rare, at least compared to neutrinos, photons, and possibly dark matter particles, if they do infact, exist. They are uncommon in the vast expanse of the observable universe, though they tend to clump together. They are easy to find as they spawn photons when excited and neutrinos when they clump together in certain ways.
Aristotle hated the idea, but he was a bugger for the bottle.
John, you're just **Keeping your EYE on MATTER**
I have a question.
If I attach my "oscillation overthruster" to a spaceship,could I travel through a neutron star ?????
No
There is a type of matter proposed that works because an anti-muon can't annihilate with an electron. It is proposed that the electron can bind to the muon in a fast-decaying arrangement (muons only exist for ~2.2 microseconds) to build "muonium" with a weight of 106 MeV and therefore 1/9th of the weight of hydrogen. The muon decays into a proton that annihilates with the electron and two neutrinos.
This is awesome!
Where's Tay Zonday? u seein this?
The more I learn about physics, the more I think these "scientists" are zealots with an unreasonable amount of faith in very dubious claims.
Yup
One of my favorite vids you have done, thanks...i wish everyone would view each other as energy instead of their own selfish individual balls of matter...life makes more sense when you understand matter is energy...great content sir
Dubious of the paradox of matter viewing matter suspiciously.