We've heard some experiments are even worried about seeing too many neutrinos! (To be fair, they're trying to find dark matter: www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/september-2015/hitting-the-neutrino-floor)
I worked on a neutrino experiment at Fermilab back in the late 1970s. Our detector was separated from the source of the neutrino beam by a kilometer or two of earthen berm which served to filter out the shower of muons that would accompany each burst of neutrinos. With a detector so close to the neutrino source, how do you keep it from being overwhelmed by the muons produced with the neutrinos?
My favorite experiment for the near future (if it ever gets going) would be the one to detect the cosmic neutrino background. (PTOLEMY has been proposed, and a pilot experiment is reportedly supposed to start in 2025.) My favorite experiment for the far future (if the technology can advance far enough -- apparently needs a LOT of advancing) would be one to resolve neutrinos and antineutrinos from opposite sides of a black hole accretion disk that is hot enough to have some fusion occurring in it, to determine whether turning a neutrino/antineutrino around by gravity converts it into its antiparticle.
A cubic crystal like diamond could be oriented such that a beam of neutrinos would enter almost perfectly aligned with the plane of carbon atoms. This way the neutrinos would graze the plane of carbon nuclei. Since the carbon nucleus is 10,000 times smaller than the spacing between atoms, and if the graze angle is less than arctan(1/10,000), then all the grazing neutrinos would hit a nuclei. If neutrinos must hit a quark inside the nucleus then the graze angle would depend on the location distribution of quarks or neutrons or protons inside the nucleus. Think of the experiment as a variation of the Rutherford experiment that detected nucleus of atoms, only this time using crystals with arrays of nuclei in geometric planes. More interesting than neutrinos, do this experiment with neutrons and see if neutron absorption rates drastically increase at small graze angles. It could lead to improved chain reaction technology.
Interesting. I appreciate the enthusiasm of you both. But I have a (layman) question: if it matters so much to be close to the source, why weren't ICARUS and MicroBooNE more nearby in the first place? Was that of construction reason?
Good question! If you look at the diagram at 3:21, various neutrino experiments have observed anomalies in the number and type of neutrinos at point B (the yellow tick on the right). Together, SBND and ICARUS will work to solve this mystery. SBND will measure the neutrinos as they were produced in the Fermilab beam and ICARUS will measure the neutrinos after they’ve potentially oscillated. So, where previous experiments had to make assumptions about the original composition of the neutrino beam, the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program will definitively know.
Ah I've been looking for someone to fix my liquid argon time projection chamber. It had a quantum instability and then it blew out the flux capacitor.😅
You need the distance to allow time for neutrino oscillations to occur. So the near detectors detect the neutrino composition before they have had time to oscillate, and the far detectors detect the neutrino composition after they have had time to oscillate.
@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio but how this will help B/c we cannot detect all the neutrinos say 7000 detected/hour . We also need a detector far away to check oscillation . This is separate experiment or what
@@HPGamer428I agree that it would have been better to have both detectors in the same beam. Best excuse I can think of is that for some reason the construction wouldn't work within the budget -- although I would have thought that separate particle accelerators would run the cost up much more.
If Physicists describe electrons as point particles with no volume, where is the mass of the particle? Can one extra spatial dimension produce a geometric explanation of the 1/2 spin of electrons? The following is an extension of the old Kaluza-Klein theory. Can a twisted 3D 4D soliton containing one extra spatial dimension help solve some of the current problems in Particle Physics? What do the Twistors of Roger Penrose and the Geometric Unity of Eric Weinstein and the exploration of one extra spatial dimension by Lisa Randall and the "Belt Trick" of Paul Dirac have in common? Is the following idea a “Quantized” model related to the “Vortex Theory” proposed by Maxwell and others during the 19th century? Has the concept of the “Aether” been resurrected from the dead and relabeled as the “Higgs Field”? In Spinors it takes two complete turns to get down the "rabbit hole" (Alpha Funnel 3D--->4D) to produce one twist cycle (1 Quantum unit). Can both Matter and Energy be described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature? (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Mass= 1/Length, with each twist cycle of the 4D Hypertube proportional to Planck’s Constant. In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) If quarks have not been isolated and gluons have not been isolated, how do we know they are not parts of the same thing? The tentacles of an octopus and the body of an octopus are parts of the same creature. Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. The "Color Force" is a consequence of the XYZ orientation entanglement of the twisted tubules. The two twisted tubule entanglement of Mesons is not stable and unwinds. It takes the entanglement of three twisted tubules to produce the stable proton. The term “entanglement” in this case is analogous to three twisted ropes being wrapped around each other in a way which causes all of the ropes to move if someone pulls one of the ropes. Does the phenomenon of “Asymptotic Freedom” provide evidence that this concept is the correct interpretation of the experimental data now available? Within this subatomic model neutrinos are made up of a small, twisted torus (like a twisted donut). They can have either a Righthand twist or a Lefthand twist. They are produced when a long tube section becomes over-twisted and breaks during Beta decay, and other subatomic processes.
"If Physicists describe electrons as point particles with no volume, where is the mass of the particle?" Partly in that point, partly it is in the form of energy of the electric and magnetic field around the electron. "The following is an extension of the old Kaluza-Klein theory." What follows in your comment doesn't look at all like an extension of that theory. In fact, it looks like as if you throw around a lot of technical terms without the slightest understand what they actually mean. Utter word salad. "a twisted 3D 4D soliton containing one extra spatial dimension" What is a "twisted 3D 4D soliton"? What does it mean that such a soliton "contains an extra spatial dimension"? "Alpha Funnel 3D--->4D" What does that mean? "Can both Matter and Energy be described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature?" No. "A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close." Err - no? Where did you get that from? "Mass = 1/Length" Completely wrong, even the units don't match in that equation. (Or are you using natural units?!) Where did you get that from? "with each twist cycle of the 4D Hypertube proportional to Planck’s Constant" What is that supposed to mean? "compactification ratio" What's that? "twistor cone" What's that? "which is approximately 1/137" Why? "If quarks have not been isolated and gluons have not been isolated, how do we know they are not parts of the same thing?" Err, because they have totally different properties?!? "The tentacles of an octopus and the body of an octopus are parts of the same creature." The comparison makes no sense at all. Elementary particles are in no way like body parts of animals. "1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted." ??????? I give up. As I said: total word salad. There is no any actual physical meaning in your text.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Those that have to use ridicule and condemnation toward others to make their viewpoint work have revealed the truth about what they are saying. Do you know anything about the 'Twistor Theory" of Dr. Roger Penrose? If you did, you would know at least something about a "Twistor cone". Please share your subatomic model with us, so we can take a look at what you are proposing. Then we can decide if my "no-good" model is as bad as your "no-good" model.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Please share your subatomic model with us, so we can compare it to my "Word salad" model. What can you tell us about the "Twistor Theory" of Dr. Roger Penrose?
@@SpotterVideo I notice that you did not bother to answer _any_ of my questions. :D :D :D There is no "my" subatomic model. There is simply the accepted scientific subatomic model, which you can read up in _every_ textbook. "What can you tell us about the "Twistor Theory" of Dr. Roger Penrose?" It's obviously very hard to summarize in a UA-cam comment, since that would require lots of math which one can't write in simple text form. But in short, it's an attempt at quantum gravity which heavily uses the projective space CP³. which can be interpreted as the space of chiral Weyl spinors. It's the fundamental representation of the Spin group SU(2,2) of the conformal group SO(4,2)/Z_2 of the conformal group of Minkowski space. Strangely, none of these absolutely fundamental mathematical terms appeared anywhere in your word salad. I wonder why... :D :D :D
Kids today don't even appreciate how many neutrinos they have. I walked uphill both ways in a vacuum to get my daily allowance of neutrinos.
Pfffttt. Your grandpa only got them on very special holidays.
We've heard some experiments are even worried about seeing too many neutrinos! (To be fair, they're trying to find dark matter: www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/september-2015/hitting-the-neutrino-floor)
OK boomer 😁😁
“Fifteen Miles!” ^.^
...had to wrestle bears too lol
How wonderful that you are back!
I worked on a neutrino experiment at Fermilab back in the late 1970s. Our detector was separated from the source of the neutrino beam by a kilometer or two of earthen berm which served to filter out the shower of muons that would accompany each burst of neutrinos. With a detector so close to the neutrino source, how do you keep it from being overwhelmed by the muons produced with the neutrinos?
Energy window channel binning is the go to when looking for rare events in a dense noisy environment
My favorite experiment for the near future (if it ever gets going) would be the one to detect the cosmic neutrino background. (PTOLEMY has been proposed, and a pilot experiment is reportedly supposed to start in 2025.)
My favorite experiment for the far future (if the technology can advance far enough -- apparently needs a LOT of advancing) would be one to resolve neutrinos and antineutrinos from opposite sides of a black hole accretion disk that is hot enough to have some fusion occurring in it, to determine whether turning a neutrino/antineutrino around by gravity converts it into its antiparticle.
Woohoo, you're back!
Great to see so many female scientists working on this type of science! And even more; one from Brazil! Muito orgulho! Best of luck counting nutrinos!
Great video. I love the enthusiasm. Good luck and keep us posted.
SN1987A and how 3 different neutrino detectors in a very short time frame detected the burst from the supernova.
Fascinating research. Ty for filling us in. ;O)-
Great to see u back !! ❤
At 5:07, I expected the question to be “What is your favorite neutrino flavor?”
Sweet and spicy, but they have no substance. 😂
A cubic crystal like diamond could be oriented such that a beam of neutrinos would enter almost perfectly aligned with the plane of carbon atoms. This way the neutrinos would graze the plane of carbon nuclei. Since the carbon nucleus is 10,000 times smaller than the spacing between atoms, and if the graze angle is less than arctan(1/10,000), then all the grazing neutrinos would hit a nuclei. If neutrinos must hit a quark inside the nucleus then the graze angle would depend on the location distribution of quarks or neutrons or protons inside the nucleus.
Think of the experiment as a variation of the Rutherford experiment that detected nucleus of atoms, only this time using crystals with arrays of nuclei in geometric planes. More interesting than neutrinos, do this experiment with neutrons and see if neutron absorption rates drastically increase at small graze angles. It could lead to improved chain reaction technology.
Interesting, can't wait.
Fascinating!
If dark matter is a - Neutrino/s I like the idea of them being called dark particles on the standard model diagram .
Wouldn't a new type of neutrino pretty much kick the standard model in balls?
Neutrinos are my favorite breakfast cereal. Even better with bananas!
Is Monica Nunes from Brazil?
Com o acento circunflexo no "o", só pode. 🙃
i love antineutrinos almost as much as sat a*
Happy Thanksgiving Merry Christmas and Happy New Year
Crunching data has never been so exciting.
neutrinos go almost completely unnoticed, fitting anacronym SBND, Silent But (Not) Deadly😜
Mônica is cool
The first time I heard Neutrinos was the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoons
Hard to detect? One went through my bedroom earlier today.
Interesting. I appreciate the enthusiasm of you both.
But I have a (layman) question: if it matters so much to be close to the source, why weren't ICARUS and MicroBooNE more nearby in the first place? Was that of construction reason?
Good question! If you look at the diagram at 3:21, various neutrino experiments have observed anomalies in the number and type of neutrinos at point B (the yellow tick on the right). Together, SBND and ICARUS will work to solve this mystery. SBND will measure the neutrinos as they were produced in the Fermilab beam and ICARUS will measure the neutrinos after they’ve potentially oscillated. So, where previous experiments had to make assumptions about the original composition of the neutrino beam, the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program will definitively know.
Fermilab HAS. It is one institution.
You seem stuck on an aspect of American English,
"That's what we're talking about today" --which other Science Channel have I heard that on?
Ah I've been looking for someone to fix my liquid argon time projection chamber. It had a quantum instability and then it blew out the flux capacitor.😅
How does it compare to the IceCube at the Southpole?
I love neutrinos because they remind me of myself: weakly interactive
😂😂
I wonder if a single neutrino interacts with a human body in their lifetime.
Once Upon a Project Poltergeist 🎭
Investing in dark sector real estate before this blows up 😆
😐Three bananas. That's odd.😛
Dipole Electron Flood theory by physicist Roger Spurr over 10 years ago predicted and explains this...
If it's just a matter of being closer to the source, why weren't the other detectors put closer to the source?
You need the distance to allow time for neutrino oscillations to occur. So the near detectors detect the neutrino composition before they have had time to oscillate, and the far detectors detect the neutrino composition after they have had time to oscillate.
@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio but how this will help B/c we cannot detect all the neutrinos say 7000 detected/hour . We also need a detector far away to check oscillation . This is separate experiment or what
@@HPGamer428I agree that it would have been better to have both detectors in the same beam. Best excuse I can think of is that for some reason the construction wouldn't work within the budget -- although I would have thought that separate particle accelerators would run the cost up much more.
@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio are you a student of physics?
@@HPGamer428 No, but I am a scientist (life sciences), and I pick things up in a great many fields.
SABB MILKE BHII MERE ITNAA INTELLIGENT NAHII HO...IT'S TRUTH....
Is Monica brazilian?
If Physicists describe electrons as point particles with no volume, where is the mass of the particle?
Can one extra spatial dimension produce a geometric explanation of the 1/2 spin of electrons? The following is an extension of the old Kaluza-Klein theory. Can a twisted 3D 4D soliton containing one extra spatial dimension help solve some of the current problems in Particle Physics?
What do the Twistors of Roger Penrose and the Geometric Unity of Eric Weinstein and the exploration of one extra spatial dimension by Lisa Randall and the "Belt Trick" of Paul Dirac have in common? Is the following idea a “Quantized” model related to the “Vortex Theory” proposed by Maxwell and others during the 19th century? Has the concept of the “Aether” been resurrected from the dead and relabeled as the “Higgs Field”?
In Spinors it takes two complete turns to get down the "rabbit hole" (Alpha Funnel 3D--->4D) to produce one twist cycle (1 Quantum unit).
Can both Matter and Energy be described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature? (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Mass= 1/Length, with each twist cycle of the 4D Hypertube proportional to Planck’s Constant.
In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137.
1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted.
The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.)
If quarks have not been isolated and gluons have not been isolated, how do we know they are not parts of the same thing? The tentacles of an octopus and the body of an octopus are parts of the same creature.
Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. The "Color Force" is a consequence of the XYZ orientation entanglement of the twisted tubules. The two twisted tubule entanglement of Mesons is not stable and unwinds. It takes the entanglement of three twisted tubules to produce the stable proton. The term “entanglement” in this case is analogous to three twisted ropes being wrapped around each other in a way which causes all of the ropes to move if someone pulls one of the ropes. Does the phenomenon of “Asymptotic Freedom” provide evidence that this concept is the correct interpretation of the experimental data now available?
Within this subatomic model neutrinos are made up of a small, twisted torus (like a twisted donut). They can have either a Righthand twist or a Lefthand twist. They are produced when a long tube section becomes over-twisted and breaks during Beta decay, and other subatomic processes.
"If Physicists describe electrons as point particles with no volume, where is the mass of the particle?"
Partly in that point, partly it is in the form of energy of the electric and magnetic field around the electron.
"The following is an extension of the old Kaluza-Klein theory."
What follows in your comment doesn't look at all like an extension of that theory. In fact, it looks like as if you throw around a lot of technical terms without the slightest understand what they actually mean. Utter word salad.
"a twisted 3D 4D soliton containing one extra spatial dimension"
What is a "twisted 3D 4D soliton"? What does it mean that such a soliton "contains an extra spatial dimension"?
"Alpha Funnel 3D--->4D"
What does that mean?
"Can both Matter and Energy be described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature?"
No.
"A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close."
Err - no? Where did you get that from?
"Mass = 1/Length"
Completely wrong, even the units don't match in that equation. (Or are you using natural units?!) Where did you get that from?
"with each twist cycle of the 4D Hypertube proportional to Planck’s Constant"
What is that supposed to mean?
"compactification ratio"
What's that?
"twistor cone"
What's that?
"which is approximately 1/137"
Why?
"If quarks have not been isolated and gluons have not been isolated, how do we know they are not parts of the same thing?"
Err, because they have totally different properties?!?
"The tentacles of an octopus and the body of an octopus are parts of the same creature."
The comparison makes no sense at all. Elementary particles are in no way like body parts of animals.
"1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted."
??????? I give up. As I said: total word salad. There is no any actual physical meaning in your text.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Those that have to use ridicule and condemnation toward others to make their viewpoint work have revealed the truth about what they are saying. Do you know anything about the 'Twistor Theory" of Dr. Roger Penrose? If you did, you would know at least something about a "Twistor cone". Please share your subatomic model with us, so we can take a look at what you are proposing. Then we can decide if my "no-good" model is as bad as your "no-good" model.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Please share your subatomic model with us, so we can compare it to my "Word salad" model. What can you tell us about the "Twistor Theory" of Dr. Roger Penrose?
@@SpotterVideo I notice that you did not bother to answer _any_ of my questions. :D :D :D
There is no "my" subatomic model. There is simply the accepted scientific subatomic model, which you can read up in _every_ textbook.
"What can you tell us about the "Twistor Theory" of Dr. Roger Penrose?"
It's obviously very hard to summarize in a UA-cam comment, since that would require lots of math which one can't write in simple text form. But in short, it's an attempt at quantum gravity which heavily uses the projective space CP³. which can be interpreted as the space of chiral Weyl spinors. It's the fundamental representation of the Spin group SU(2,2) of the conformal group SO(4,2)/Z_2 of the conformal group of Minkowski space.
Strangely, none of these absolutely fundamental mathematical terms appeared anywhere in your word salad. I wonder why... :D :D :D
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 If you had been Minkowski, you would have said..."Shut up and calculate Einstein."
Pitchy
Banas For Scale: Neutrinos are small
If SBND is for Short, where are the letters for Baseline, Near, and Detector?
300Mb/s is challenge? It's less than a SATA3 connection. What am I missing
It's 300MB/s not 300Mb/s, and you have to analyse it all, not just move it through an interface.
Hiiiiiii
Hi!
No.
Do straight bananas emit more neutrinos than small-boat tsunami woke bananas? That's the big question here. Greetings from Tunbridge Wells.
❤ Dr Kirsty so much
Please try speaking a little slower
At the YT options you can slow it down
@@Tanks_In_SpaceYou mean each time Monica takes a turn from Kirsty? 🙄
@@guff9567 No, I mean if you have trouble understanding normal US English.
Fascinating!