Hassell and ESA unveil their concept for a permanent base on the moon
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- Опубліковано 9 лют 2025
- The European Space Agency has unveiled its Lunar Habitat Master Plan, a conceptual design for a scalable moon base.
Commissioned by ESA’s Discovery programme and designed by architectural firm Hassell, the ideas will guide the agency's technological development of such structures, so it can solve some of the issues moon dwellers could face in a future where research, exploration, tourism and prospecting may all form part of a lunar economy.
“More people on the moon in a sustainable way. This is a good picture to have in mind,” says ESA advanced manufacturing engineer Advenit Makaya, who was involved in the design process. The concept aims to address problems that might arise from having people on the lunar surface for extended periods. This includes protecting astronauts from the harsh environment, such as radiation and dust, and dealing with extreme temperatures, lack of water, oxygen and power.
The habitat is designed around a series of inflatable pods that would make minimal contact with the surface, reducing issues with abrasive dust. These would then be protected by a shell made of blocks, 3D printed using lunar soil, known as regolith, that can be interlocked into place over the pods to absorb radiation. We might also be able to get water or oxygen from the regolith. And to mitigate temperature fluctuations, and maximise solar power efficiency, the base would be built on the edge of Shackleton crater at the moon's south pole where it would face the sun for longer.
Both ESA and Hassell admit their design is some way from becoming a reality, but flexibility is at the heart of it. "Is it a case of running before we can walk? I don't think so. These things take a long, long time to plan,” says Xavier De Kestelier, the global head of design for Hassell and the lead architect on the project. “We need to keep on exploring the science.”
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Love how the ESA plans are laid out visually and explained by these experts. Would love to hear more about ESA's plans & projects
Would love to see ESA actually start doing some of their projects.
🚀🏴☠️🎸
Would love if people had more interest/investment in space ventures. This year is great.
Haha, rampaging Africans are setting fire to the Hague. The Eiffel Tower is a no-go zone. London is 10% white.
The EU: “Let’s plan a moon base!”
Not a smart idea unless the plan is for the last of Earth’s White people to retreat to the moon! 😅
The moon is an ideal place to conduct long-term studies of gravity, radiation, and ecology as relates to space travel. Missions to Mars will need all three sorted. Creating a sustainable forest habitat is crucial.
Not to suggest anythin ... but ... Tshernobyl hasn't moved yet ... feel free at your own risk.
@@JanoschNr1 Chernobyl is a city. Why would it move?
@@krumkutsarov618he js being sarcastic
I don’t know if I’d say "ideal", Mars has a higher gravity which is better against bone loss and it, perhaps unintuitively, requires less Delta V to reach Mars than the Moon.
The major problem are the months in space exposed to interplanetary radiation and no gravity. And of course the transit time by itself
@@Icetea-2000 The good think about our world is that we all have the freedom to work on diffrent projects parallel. The moon is the objective of nasa and esa while mars is the project of spacex. Then there are alot other countries with their own space projects like india and china. All of these will ensue that we will reache the stars in a timely manner. If everyone was working only on one project then progress would be slower. The "shot gun" approach of spreading our goals is lowering the risks of failiure.
They should make it big enough for people!
What is this a moon base for ants?
Lol 😆.
It should be at least 3 times bigger!!
They plan to use miniature giant space hamsters.
Nah, just shift the astronaut requirements. “Aspirants over 1/2 inch tall need not apply”.
I really like this plan. I think this is how the moon base of the future will be built. It looks like a very solid concept.
It’s not going to happen. IQs are dropping. The current crop of rocket engineers can’t even figure out how the Saturn V worked. They pulled an engine from the Smithsonian, took it apart and even with the original drawings and schematics they couldn’t figure it out. That’s why the SLS system is going to use existing RJ-25 motors that are left over from the Space Shuttle. They were designed to be reusable but the SLS is going to destroy two of them with each launch. Once those 26 RJ-25s are gone that’s it.
This is so cool, I hope I can see it becoming real in the next 10 years
You should instead hope that you get to see the next 10 years at all.
@@MXedits_1 enough with the fear mongering dude
it's either expansion in space
or conflicts on earth
Why do you think that
I love that this is a serious concept. They really do need to do exploratory studies on the lava tubes once we get boots back on the moon. They're pre-dug tunnels and they are all over the moon!
Nope. Useless.
Try actually thinking about it for a few minutes, and you will see why.
@@Chris.Davies"Useless," except for that whole protection from radiation thing, right?
@@Chris.Davies 2 days later and I've yet to come up with anything...how's about you bless us with your intellect and explain why this plan isn't feasible?
@@codymoe4986 Lava tubes are next to useless because we want to build bases in locations of our choosing. It's pretty ridiculous to think we're going to have a permanent human presence on the moon and not build our own infrastructure out of regolith. Plus, how common are lava tubes in reality? And how stable are they?
Haha, this isn’t serious at all. The last human footstep ever on the Moon happened in 1972. We’re never going back. They’ll fake it once Text to AI gets so good that it can’t be detected.
I think this is a genius idea and would be the biggest achievement in human Histroy
@sp66-know-try-think I'm going around in circles myself pal
The U.S. is eyeing the the volcanic lava tubes of the Moon for habitats 😊
It seems to me that inflatable modules like ESA is proposing here would be great inside of lunar lava tubes would be great. More international cooperation in space is always a win-win. 👍
@@bbartky You are not Wrong
These new challenges require new technologies that will befit all of us.
Cool! Will there be Eagles too ?? I always thought we would have a base there in 1999 ..
I see what you did there. Loved that show, too.
Wouldn't it be easier to put those inflatable habitats inside caverns or lava tubes? Several of those even have slopped entries that would make them more easily accessible. I guess robotic missions should be send to explore them first and see if they would be a good fit for an underground base, which would give the best radiation protection in the "easiest" way possible...
ESA has been looking at these village ideas for a long time. Including working out how to make a concrete material out of the rock along with fusing it into a honeycomb structure to cover the inflatable domes. If the lava tube idea doesn't work, the village can still be built. If the tubes are viable, the same techniques can be used to build inside them,.
@@ptonpc I suppose it's worth exploring both venues yes...
@sp66-know-try-think Oof, that's already heavy duty industrial activities you describe there... At one point you're going to need humans on site to do that I think. Lunar dust is extremely fine and deleterious for any equipment on the surface (as the Apollo missions showed) and those will probably require regular maintenance.
Even if you can imagine agile, heavy duty, vehicles and robots (like the ones of Boston Dynamics) with integrated electrostatic field generation to repel dust (like the future Artemis EVA suits), maintenance and repairs are going to be inevitable. There is no way around it, it's going to be a long process...
did they solve the moon dust accumulation problem then ?
He didn't mention it, but I can see on the model that the space-suits are docked to the outside of the habitat, people can enter the suit through a 'door' on the back and never have to wear it inside, it's a common idea now and will also be used on Mars
How’ll it stand against dust?
I'm sure they have thought about that.
as if ESA would get anywhere near the funding they need for their plans. Even NASA has to fight Congress for its budget, but ESA is worse off, by having to get funding from all its member states, with almost half of it coming from France and Germany alone. Both governments are more interested in European alternatives to already existing solutions (Ariane 6, Galileo) and don't have manned programs - let alone an ESA led moon effort - on their agenda. Sure, they like the odd astronaut visiting the ISS and hitching a ride on Artemis in turn for providing the service module, but that's as far as the publicity goes (if nothing goes wrong). Given an ESA budget of less than 5 bn Euro (almost on par with Japan, and a fifth of what NASA gets to spent annually), there is not a lot that can be done in the first place. An inflatable lunar outpost is beyond what ESA can afford for the foreseeable future. But not to worry, ESA is used to it. Their ambitious ideas for manned projects tend to be overtaken by (fiscal) realities.
They should just declare that Russia is invading ESA, and they need funds to fight back! VOILA!!! 😜
plan upgrade: once starship V1 is ready you can deploy up to 150 tons (LEO) and V2 will carry up to 250 tons. now imagine 20 of them landing on the moon. bring the full base.
I think it's awesome that the South Pole of the moon may one day be a network of human ant colonies... Its just so cool to me!
It would be 1000x more feasible to colonize our own South Pole.
We’re never going back to the moon, friend. You watch. The schedule will slip… and slip… and slip decades into the future. We no longer have the will or technical know-how to pull it off again. Eventually they’ll just fake it with sophisticated AI generated video and de-bank/de-platform/de-life anyone who calls BS.
The types of people who you need on your design teams: North sea oil rig workers and scientists based at the station in Antarctica. Designing these things in nice office buildings might not be optimal.
What would be nice is an inflatable that when inflated the material reacts to the sunlight and hardens through some chemical process . Of course with larger structures one has to consider the amount of gas needed to inflate it . Maybe the gas itself would become a hard structure when exposed to light . Another thing is the water factor and not just for consumption but for mixing the moon dust to form some kind of cement . Ideally one could find an area where known ice is located and hope the ice is really water and not some other frozen gas to setup a permanent base. The ISS was put together by transporting piece by piece . I suppose a fleet of transports could be used for the initial larger base setup . Interesting stuff. Thanks for the share. :O)
there is no need to harden the surface of the structure. Breathable air at Earth´atmospheric pressure , applies a force of 100KN, or 10metric tons on each square meter. So the inflatable structure is as hard as a car tyre just from the inner air pressure. This is why any habitat structure on the Moon has to be considered as an inflatable structure, even when made of rigid material. The main challenge for the structure is nor weight bearing, but to hold the inner pressure. And in case a structure collapses, the main threat to the inhabitants is not to be crushed under the wiegt of the ceiling, but to have not sufficient air pressure. Their eyes will pop out , blood vessels might explode, lungs might implode, and they will suffocate, before being crushed might be an issue.
You can't use water on the moon for cement, since liquid water can't exist in a vacuum. Water ice sublimes( vaporizes) directly at minus 70°C
It will be very strange seeing an astronaut inside a lunar habitat jumping and landing at a very weird speed, also watching them walking indoors like a kangaroo (the most efficient way, they said)
This looks so beautiful
Good design for a moon base. Needs some Eagles, though. ;-)
Martin Landau is a bit past it though isn't he?
@@ptonpc Heh, I'm glad someone picked up on what I was getting at! :)
Is a Rolls Royce designed nuclear power plant still on the board?
More important will be to learn how not topple over lunar landers. And maybe hit closer to your intended landing zone than say 10 kilometers...
Don't you think its a bit small for people to live in those constructions?
Derek, is that you?
@@Atheos-1 Who?
@@Dexter101x Derek Zoolander, from the Ben Stiller comedy, Zoolander, about a dimwitted male model.
If you haven't seen it, it's worth the time. ✌️
Can we get a European rocket big enough to actually send people to the Moon before we pretend we will build a base there...
Is Ariane 6 with SUSIE are not going to be able to go with astronauts?
@sp66-know-try-think Well SUSIE is the spacecraft...and the plans are Ariane 64...the larger of the 2 Ariane 6, is going to be able to deliver cargo to the Lunar Gateway and SUSIE. If we consider how efficient has been Ariane 5 why not believe Ariane 6 in its 2 versions are not going to perform as planned
@sp66-know-try-think I understand there is a plan to modify SUZIE to send astronauts to the moon...but I'm not sure..as you said that implies high complexity...specially shields...and I don't know how long will take Ariane 6 to travel to the moon...but I also understand that Suzie can refuel in space
There is no plan for a big rocket in Europe to send people to the moon, hence there is no plan for a lunar lander either, Europe is going to be dependent on SpaceX (Starship) and probably Blue Origin.
Ariane 64 is similar to expendable Falcon 9.
"Artemis Accords signatories as of January 2024: Angola, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Poland, the Republic of Korea, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States."
Those inflatable habitats and especially the dome at 4:38 min look really good. But I suspect, we will need a space station in orbit of the moon, that provides Earth gravity. The gravity on the moon is too low for a long term stay.
You would also want that extra protection to deal with meteorites.
you could use that concrete canvas company to lay the foundations for the base . just roll it out .
Now they just need to invent something that will shrink the Astronauts down to 1 inch tall 😭😭 lol
"We will fly out zhere and put a small house on the moon." Dear ESA, maybe try and put a man in earth orbit at a reasonable price some time before the century is out? Thank you.
This is an absolutely amazing idea. That will likely be used by SpaceX for some consideration - because ESA has zero chance to make it a reality before the USA, or even SpaceX as a private operator.
These would be fun to 3D print
What is the plan to counter meteorites?
🙏
Gatlings
The huge pile of rock on top of the habitat
You guys need to sit down and have a beer with the guy who does videos on the channel, AnthroFuturism.
Seriously. Not even kidding.
How do they protect themselves from asteriods? Those craters are signs that the moon received a lot of them.
It was a long time ago, but yeah risk is not zero
SpaceX and Blue Origin are going to make alot of money if NASA and ESA decide to build a base on the moon, they are going to charge ungenerously just to transport the astronauts.
Space X is cheaper than NASA usual contractors by several orders of magnitude
Hey ESA in case if NASA doesn't select me as an astronaut mind if I join you?
All we are hearing is talk, talk, talk.. How about lets get this project moving, and getting some test articles on the Lunar surface. Everyone has a plan, but nobody is executing their mission.
Hope this project works. Thanks for the update.
- NOM
Great plan! Except didn't you guys pick non-reusable boosters as 'the future'? So how are you going to afford it/be able to lift the material in a cost-effective manner?
The EU isn't even allowed to raise taxes to pay for large projects like this.
"This is our masterplan to a permanent moonbase."
"Wow, what scale is that?"
"Scale..?"
Aw, the Moon. 😌
Regolith on Mars is said to be poisonous so it doesn't make sense to build a shelter out of it, why doesn't that apply to the moon?
Wow !!👏
all very nice and good, but when wil esa finaly launch a manned rocket of its own
even india is passing us
Very interesting!
I guess the fact that the moon is full of craters is considered.
Permanent bases wide the launch window to go to the moon because the desire for a sweet spot will be irrelevant.
If your going to put trees in there you need 6 things.
1 seeds.
2 a tree type that naturally doesn't get bigger then 20 feet.
3 have it be a fruit tree as there wood tends to be harder stronger and more flexible then hard woods.
Oh it also provides food.
4 do not use tree seeds man has messed with as there dna is very unstable and there wood is brittle.
5 get kinds that can tolerate low and high temperature swings.
6 get kinds that dont accumulate metals in the tree as the moon dirt dust whatever will make those kinds of tree toxic quickly.
The need some one to stay there?
Take me !
Zoolander would be outraged by the scale. He most definitely would say it needs to be at least 2 times bigger.😂
Lets go….before its too late.
McMurdo on the Moon?
❤❤❤❤❤❤
Sorry but is bit stupid idea, moon does not have magnetosfere or atmosphere so surfece get pretty bake with all sort of radiation, you got craters and tunnels under surface that make more sense.
The us is going to lay luner regulus on top of the base then use the teeth forming material that will harden from the suns radiation hiting it to protect again radiation.
What about cosmic radiation
Probably why they are thinking about burying them, huh?
I wonder if the ESA would have better funding in a Federal Europe.
Sigh
HA no.
With a european army in the talks a federal Europe seems def plausible, which means a bigger budget for ESA
I think there would need to be an artificial gravity of some sort, for large scale vacation and tourism and brief stays in low gravity. Just from a sanitation perspective. Unless when Hilton Hotels opens their artificial gravity space hotel, unless all the staff are autonomous robots. Ooo I like that idea, now how to spice up amenities... how do you use the three shells? M%$#F&"-÷>
If it isn't bigger then a starship passenger haul when its trash.
Now imagine how cool it would be if they would actually build or test at least some modules instead of making nice animations and models of them.
Ehh, I have watched numerous tests of the inflatable habitat modules over the past few years, right here on UA-cam...
Perhaps you should try looking a little harder?
@codymoe4986 reminde me again which of Those numerous tests have been conducted by Esa?
The world is moving forward and Europe is about to be left behind.
what about the children born on the moon we will have prepare for that
They will be the future leaders of Lunar Corporation or Lunar Republic
poor lunarians getting bullied by earthlings for their big heads and frail bodies
@@MilIMeta 😂😂
There are many countres had soft landed moon in asian but no country had soft landed on moon in the europe except Soviet Union😥😥😢
Allah said earth is flat. We should Stop thinking after reading Qur'an which is saying there is no space for mind in Islam
Allah did not say that. Uneducated man said that
The moon praying
from my point of view expenses are higher than the gain, just aim for mars.
0:25 European elon musk
Humans living on Moon would be cool but what there that would draw the humans to live there? I believe when Humans made the the big leap into space we should create several habitation in space and mine the astroid belt and when Sun reaches it super nova stages and not Human friendly anymore we can save our species and leave.
NASA, CNSA, SpaceX, ESA, JSA, BSA, which agency, company will succeed.
Similar to European & Ming China great voyages.
China went to found trade centres, some settlements, Europe had Portugal, Spain royal houses financed these voyages to gain new territory while British, Dutch use CORPORATION to manage empires.
Space colony is NO DIFFERENT.
😂❤
The British is behind SpaceX, expect Hong Kong to organise a MOON colony company with a capital of at least $100 billion once the TECHNOLOGIES are better.
Kuantan, Malaya is likely to be the SPACEPORT.
😂❤
i likea this idea. i likea it ver much. 😂
Wait yall went to the moon in the EU? When? 😂😂
Manufacturing for sure, i need people to build large ship parts for building in orbit at ship yards ❤ i want a want halo level ship
Can we have a badminton court in the moon
budget only extends to beach volleyball I'm afraid .... 😜
Alien Ufo Moon
Where is the heavy equipment? Actual bulldozers will be needed, loaders and trucks, all electrical with self contained habitats, robotics are not developed enough to use them for much more than Rovers, men will need to control the machines and learn to understand the structural natural of the Lunar surface. All the material on the surface is electrostatic and will cling to all surfaces, turning construction machines into dirtballs, unless a way is found to neutralize the machine's surface and cooling ducts. Some kind of roller or compressor will be needed to pack down the very light dust into something like asphalt, all around the base and the landing zones will have to be contained in near-by craters with the regolith compressed many feet thick to stand rocket launches, and there will need to be roads to the space port, loading and unloading zones, ware housing and repair stations, all right away. Think of a Sea Bee base. Until I see real, useable machines that can be transported at a reasonable cost to the Moon, all these fantasy toys are meaningless or worse, con jobs. Inflatables are certain, but you have to level and compact the ground underneath them and you have to have a way to get them from the supply ship to the base and set them up, AND you have to have a way to get the handling equipment from the supply ship, AND you have to make a secure place for the supply ships to land in the first place. What do you think will be needed done to establish a largely self contained Moon base and what will be its actual purpose to justify the enormous expense of such a place? A lot can be learned from the bases on Antarctica and how they were developed, that study should be the beginning of the actual planning of any Moon base.
am i an horrible cynic or does this seem like a lowkey scam to anyone else? Getting huge " flying cars in 10 years" vibes
I wouldn't say scam. I would say way too optimistic.
And "flying cars" (drone taxis have been working in china for a few years)
@@rowshambow ok, maybe scam was a bit of a strong word, but flying cars were promised like in the 60s, so the fact there are some istances now isn't exactly ok. The technology doesn't seem to be really there and we have issues even sending people in orbit, imagine a stable colony on the moon! I guess we will see
Just like cold fusion and fusion generators are allways only 40 years away ... well maybe now for real with normal ones but cold fusion stays a dream
Don’t hold your breath for fruition of this.
Sorry Europe 🇪🇺 but the Moon belongs to us Americans 🇺🇸 and so does planet Mars it to belongs to us Americans you Europeans are just gonna have to build your base somewhere else maybe on planet Venus perhaps ???
People with really thick accents shouldn't say "Master Plan"....Gives off WW2 Bad Guy Vibes 😂
If there is a solar flare, stay in the lava tubes... don't go out being a hero to rescue someone and end up getting both of you over exposed.
Seems like underground is safest because of the dangerous radiation, regolith and the moon geting hit by objects. Insulated safely way underground, with grassy treed parks, running streams, pools, manufactured natrual light for vitamin D, community farming etc. etc.
Safest 100, 200, 300... layer-by-layer 1,000 feet down in ant-like farms, with elevators, thank you very much.
SpaceX Boring, Inc. The Moon Gobbler. "Incoming!" 😂
Dusting off plans from the early 1970s? Wow. Impressive. (sarcasm)
Can you imagine where we would be if Rome didn't fall...😮 all that advancement we achieved in just 200 years... also you could lunch massive space ships and probes because there is no atmosphere there *LEM
This looks good, keep going. But forget about solar panels on the moon. Maybe in a very few special locations perched on the rims of certain south pole craters is there continuous sunlight for power. Everywhere else the lunar nights are 2 weeks long! No way is it a good idea to rely on batteries through 2 weeks of darkness. And no way are we going to have bases that are so extremely limited in location. So get the silly idea of solar power on the moon out of your pretty little heads right now, right from the beginning. It's a very bad idea, just forget about it. For sustained human presence on the moon, nuclear power is the only option. Period.
Such nice models and all these tank barrier tetrapods. 😮
Wouldn't it be easier to just find a lava tube with with a sink hole for access to the surface and build shielded and protected habitats down there. No need to produce and place all these tetrapods.
I think the lunar economy's main driver with be the primary industry of ressource extraction.
Most notably, the highly interesting fusion fuel 3He, which is deposited by the solar wind on the moon surface and is not found naturally on Earth.
This is ihmo the main driver for a lunar economy andvthe main export initially.
This nuclear fusion fuel happens to be the cleanest fuel and most efficient available, as it allows direct conversion of nuclear radiation created by the fusion reaction into electricity without the need for thermal intermediate steps to drive a steam turbine and generator.
All other ressource extraction will be for domestic consumption on the moon. Other exports might be alloys that will blebd better under low or micro gravity, as well as chemical synthesis that may work better in that gravity environment. I doubt that industrial production of heavily polluting consumer products and their shipping back to earth is viable due to transport cost.
However, i believe all other economic activities will follow the needs created by the ressource extraction and their refining. Uf there is a local worker population required, they will need goods and services, that need to be locally produced.
The mined/harvested mineral ressources will be consumed primarily on the moon for locak production processes, that support the setlers and industries on the moon. The exception will be the 3He, which can easily shipped back to Earth to fuel fusion power plants there. The projections I have seen was 1 ashuttle load a year should supply sufficient 3He to run all the fusion power plants on Earth for one year. This shows the value of this ressource.
It will fund most of the mining and production activities on the moon.
Would be great to see the use of a working stellarator as a lunar fusion plant, fuelled by the local fuel 3He.
Having said all this. Is the plan for a european presence on the moon real, with a budget associated, or just a plan that will be shelved eventually?
Had not seen another mention o this project so far.
ESA has been looking at these village ideas for a long time. Including working out how to make a concrete material out of the rock along with fusing it into a honeycomb structure to cover the inflatable domes. If the lava tube idea doesn't work, the village can still be built. If the tubes are viable, the same techniques can be used to build inside them,.
I might be the odd ball here but, I like our beautiful moon. I’m glad to hear about small research outposts and some small refueling stations on the moon but that’s it. I would be sad to see it deformed by a mining industry or mass population. Go to Mars for all that stuff.
Typical ESA, Concepts and CGI but not able to fly to the ISS on their own... 🤡🤡
Will you guys have a lab for gender studies ?
😮😮😮😮😮😮😮😮😮😮😮😮
Rich gotta rich.
Not the brightest minds, tho. Why would you offload manufacturing for earth when you can have microgravity in LEO at whatever SpaceX will charge. Much less transport /energy costs. And much simpler.
The money wasted in ukraine could have been better spent. But at this point there is more money in war, to bad.
Artemis is a total waste of taxpayers money
Why
@@juancsmixpeople like this have no clue what they’re talking about
У вас маркетологи базы планируют, а у нас учёные. Надувные модули и напечатанное на 3D принтере Лего спасут от радиации? Вы базу хотите реальную построить или камеру пыток на Луне?
ESA has never even launched anyone into space and now they want to build a moon base.
Not to disparage the ESA but much like europe in general they are pretty much incapable of doing anything of note anymore, it is a back water now.
Lemme guess, American?
Calm down , Universitys on the moon bro yah havent been there for a second time yet why get to over dramatic get there second time in less time first then spend all the tax payers money
Pure fantasy.
Not on my block! As I told Musk my block of lunar land claim is worth $300 million to his daft Mars venture and every week that he hesitates to see if it really is that pivotal it is going to cost him more! I know he has billions.
Inflatable modules are not cool. Make an actual Moon base and go inflate somewhere else.