@@topramen3795 The dark haired dude is chill which is nice sometimes, but he seems a bit bored to me sometimes as well. And yeah, the curly-haired woman is enthusiastic and I definitely appreciate that, but she can be a bit much. My man here is the perfect balance. I never find him boring or annoying. He's genuinely interested in the material, but measured in his presentation.
If the gas cloud for some reason had a relatively low hydrogen content (maybe the result of a supernova?), wouldn't that explain the slightly too heavy brown dwarves?
Only the hydrogen in the core is fused, not the outer layers. There's still plenty of hydrogen left over once fusion stops in the core, and the star collapses. In fact, you could keep the star going much longer if you could somehow circulate the hydrogen from the outer layers into the core, while swapping out the heavier products. Good luck with that.
@@BlackEpyon I didn't know that! Cool! But I would assume that not all cosmic dust clouds or nebulae have the same compositions, so some might have sufficiently little hydrogen to inhibit stellar fusion when compacted?
@@MoritzvonSchweinitz I don't think so. the core of a proto-planetary disk, from which stars and their planets form, are like centrifuges in that the heavier matter will fling away from the core where the rate of rotation is fastest. Later generation stars do have higher "metalicity" than the first generation after the big bang, for obvious reasons, but the core of that spinning system will be mostly hydrogen when it collapses.
A white dwarf narrowly escapes being ripped apart by a close encounter with a neutron star, and is slingshot out of the system in which it originated. The gravity of the pale, lonely star attracts seven brown dwarfs into orbit around it. Alas, the same neutron star from before comes along and the poor white dwarf is again flung away, this time toward a ravenous black hole! All seems lost, until a blue super giant blue star comes swinging by. The white dwarf enters into a stable orbit around this massive star. Eventually the seven brown dwarfs find the pair and begin orbiting as well. As for the neutron star: It encounters this new star system. The combined gravitational clout of the seven brown dwarfs, white dwarf and super giant star cause the neutron star to be the one ejected into the void of space this time, and it hurtles into the gravity well of the black hole that was meant to destroy the white dwarf. The End.
Nice but...that blue super giant will have a very short life. And it'll die in a supernova. So pretty soon that white dwarf will be knocked away on its lonesome all over again by a massive explosion (it'll survive - white dwarves are tough), while its brown dwarf friends will themselves be either flung off into space on their own tangents or maybe just blown to bits. And since our protoganist is a white dwarf, she's got a long, long, long lonely life ahead of her now...
@@ArawnOfAnnwn The white dwarf might very well go hurtling away into the depths of space again when the super giant star dies. Or she might have the fortitude and loyalty to remain in orbit around what is now a neutron star: the same kind of monster that she barely escaped from to begin with. In the latter case, one wrong move on her part would spell her doom, as she would be basically living with the zombie of her former companion.
To explain dark matter alone, there would have to be way more brown dwarves that 1 per visible star. Their mass is way lower that in stars and we observe dark matter having approx. 7 times more gravitational influence than visible matter.
“These objects are called Brown Notes.” No, no they’re called Brown Dwarfs. “Wait what did I say?” Never mind let’s just do another take. “These objects are called Brown Spots.” No, Brown _Dwarfs._ “...I swear we’re saying the same thing.” Look, just... one more. “These objects are called Brown Little People.” OKAY, LOOK...
I really hope I get to know what dark matter is in my life time. The idea of not knowing what makes up 85% of all matter in the universe is just so interesting
@@TheOriginalMaxGForce Physicists are acutely aware that they don't know what dark matter is, it's just a name for a phenomenon that clearly exists but has yet to be explained. It's hard to discuss something without a name
Maybe that anomalous brown dwarf is really a star but has not started fusion yet. Or it has started fusion but light from it has not reached its surface yet.
Perhaps; certainly if a star is a few million years old, this seems reasonable. But if the universe is billions of years old, how many stars could only be that young?
I Collect Stories It not about how old it is, its about how long its light travels. This is why when we look into space we are looking at the past. If the sun went out, we wouldnt know until roughly 8 seconds after its last bit of light traveled to us.
Mischievous Fish there are brown dwarves very close to the Sun, just a bunch of light years away, so light doesn't have to travel that much. If they were fusing hydrogen we would see it pretty quickly. They're just not massive enough to be able to fuse hydrogen. That's why they're not stars.
At least we could actually discover that. If it's something like trans-dimensional gravity spillover then we definitely won't be able to prove that in our lifetime, if ever. I'd be stoked to know that it's brown dwarves. I don't need "dark matter/energy" to let me believe in Omniverse Theory. It just feels right to me.
@@Argonak1 "Dark Matter" is really a misnomer imo. I think a more accurate description would be "evidence of gravitational forces of which we do not know the origin." Brown dwarves could be the origin.
Doubtful. Next to no light. No heat from the "star." And if there is. It would be so close it would likely be tidally locked. Have you seen how close many of the "goldilocks zone" exoplanets we've found around Red Dwarfs are when compared to how close we are to our Sun? About as close as Mercury. Doesn't hurt to dream though. Maybe the tidal forces could be enough to produce some heat.
I was pissed when he didn't explain the deuterium to "other kind of helium". Wtf was he talking about? Just brushes past that like it's not worth explaining for at least a sentence or two.
Brown dwarfs being dark matter would explain why dwarf galaxies seem to have a much higher proportion of dark matter than large galaxies. They would probably have smaller gas clouds which would be more likely to just create a brown dwarf than a bright shining star.
Brown dwarfs as well as red stars are both lower energy stars compared to our Sun. Brown and red stars don't have a photosphere like our Sun but instead they have an atmosphere of large anode plasma sheath which glows red. This is what astronomers see when they observe brown and red stars, not the actual surface of star. Also these stars can have planets orbiting inside anode plasma sheath atmosphere providing even light and heat, this means no night nor winter season. But such planets are difficult to see with telescope due to planet orbiting inside red glow. If there's earth-like planet orbiting inside, it will be the most hospitable zone for life under such stars.
A lot of the information I've read about stars, says that it takes a combination of heat and pressure to trigger Stellar Fusion; I'm curious if there is enough time before achieving critical mass, that a significant amount of thermal energy radiates into space, would in some way affect the creation of brown dwarf? Say increase the likelihood of forming a brown dwarf, at a more ordinary Stellar Mass?
3:56 wasn't this hypothesis which also suggest part of the masd comes from black holes and neutron stars, disproved already? I mean it came up in an episode of yours that ask what dark matter is a few years ago, and you said that not enough of those objects were found.
I would think the failure to launch for a brown dwarf could be too much of higher elements in the core preventing sustained fusion which would account for those much larger than should be possible brown dwarves.
In the case of the larger than expected ones, that seems to be a decent hypothesis. Especially in the case where one formed slow enough for all the heavy elements to sink to the core, the hydrogen might be simply kept away from the highest pressure region of the star, and thus, be unable to fuse. It also _might_ be possible that a brown dwarf formed, burned off all it's deuterium, cooled down and then accumulated more gas. Since fusion is caused by a combination of pressure and temperature, it seems plausible that the "spark" of the deuterium fusion is what helps kickstart the fusion of normal hydrogen in very low mass stars, and that a star low in deuterium may have a higher "ignition" mass than normal. On top of that, a lot of the initial temperature of a star comes from the potential energy of the gas cloud that collapsed to make it. Since our hypothetical brown dwarf would have bled off a lot of that before reaching a standard stellar mass, it would need more mass to start hydrogen fusion. It also seems possible (at least to me) that a brown drawf that collects enough mass to begin hydrogen fusion might do so slowly, and that the effects of the fusion process are both just getting started and have not reached the surface yet.
I’m always very very jazzed about hearing alternative theories to dark matter for the gravity problem. I always found dark matter to be inspired by a sort of magical thinking as science is based on observations and the problem with galaxy rotation is from a distinct LACK of observation. Jumping to the conclusion that there is some gravitational particle that has no other physically detectable properties always seemed like such a leap to me. A video on alternative theories to dark matter in general would be a wonderful idea!
Can you imagine how violent the atmospheres on some of these brown dwarfs must be? I’ve always been fascinated by the extreme weather on the gas giants in our solar system. Winds up to hundred or thousands of km/hr. Towering storms. I imagine the upper atmospheres of brown dwarfs would not be a soup of plasma like stars but more like the atmospheres of gas giants. But with the incredible amount of heat energy stored within the planet I can only imagine what the weather would be like!
Grey Area's , Could there be something like a Black Star, A black hole that is created with the compression of a Gynormous gascloud. Straight from particle to black hole. In wich sense would it be different from a black hole created from a star. Where newly created stars blast of radiation to "clear" the surroundings from matter. Black star have an equally gynormous gascloud that fall's into them dus turning them into black Quasars.
Considering baryonic matter makes up only about 4% of the known universe, even if there was one brown dwarf for every hydrogen burning star, their comparatively tiny masses couldn't possibly add up to exclude dark matter, or even come close.
Just one? A typical brown dwarf can mass in at around 1% the sun's mass. Have 100 dwarfs for every hydrogen burning star and maybe we'll shift the scale a little.
These dwarfs got nothing on me. I survived cancer twice and lost half my face to amputation.. a tumor destroyed my jaw and changed everything.. I was labeled a freak. I decided to start over, and start a youtube channel to inspire others who feel ugly and not good enough for this world.. my scars will not define me. with positive projection you can overcome any mental or physical hurdle. go check me out and subscribe if you want to help me grow. i want to give people a spark of change and join me on my journey!
The idea that brown dwarfs constitute the "missing mass" of the universe sounds extreme? No it doesn't. Not anywhere remotely as extreme as "dark matter", which sounds more like pseudo-magical mumbo jumbo to excuse why the math doesn't work. Can you imagine taking a physics exam and just hand-waving away why your answer is wrong by saying there's an invisible force inolved that can't be seen, measured, or interacted with? You'd fail hard. At least brown dwarfs are real things we already know about, even if we don't fully understand them. Nothing at all extreme about proposing them as the missing mass of the universe, in fact, it sounds downright reasonable.
It's reckoned that about 27% of the universe is "dark matter". If there is roughly one brown dwarf for every star, then it's not that unreasonable. Whenever an experiment went wrong in physics class at my school, my teacher would blame usually blame "atmospheric conditions", so much so that it became a running joke amongst us students. :D
There is nothing wrong with admitting that you can measure something, but you don't know what it is. In a physics exam, this would be simply solving for X, which is all Dark Matter really is - an expression of our ignorance. Actually, it's solving for N, since the calculation uses the Virial theorem, but solving for X is a simpler analogy. Dark matter isn't a new notion either. It was first proposed by Fritz Zwickey in 1933. Here's the problem. If you figure one brown dwarf for every main sequence star, and that every main sequence star must be more massive than a brown dwarf in order to maintain fusion, then with 85% of the matter in the universe comprised of this "dark matter," whatever it happens to be, then brown dwarfs would have to outweigh ALL main sequence stars by a factor of 5.6. It does not look like that's the case.
@@OuttaMyMind911 kinda similarly, it took me some centuries to realize, that chitti chitti bing bang was a cartoon car. I thought it was just a random crazy song about the engine noise of the car Ace "parked"
There is a bit of a problem one encounters if defining brown dwarfs based upon how they form- namely, you open up the possibility of having two objects with the same properties- size, mass, fusion of deuterium or lithium, etc.- but one be a planet and the other a star (or substellar object) based entirely on their formation. It makes more sense to simply have the bottom-end cutoff be the minimum mass for deuterium fusion at approximately 13 Jupiter masses, and the upper-end cutoff being the onset of stable hydrogen fusion at 70-80 Jupiter masses, regardless of how the object formed.
How were brown dwarves not ruled out before the idea of dark matter was even first thought of? Seems illogical to me. I mean, I thought the idea of dark matter came about because we already checked off everything else we know about in the universe. Why even both creating this dark matter to make equations check out? They similarly could of said, "Well, we are missing x amount of mass so, it must be brown dwarves."
@@MrWolynski :- ) "sci" in sci show stands for science. not for lunacy, so they won't discuss it any time soon. Unless a ton of evidence comes in and destroys all our working models
@@MrWolynski :- ) no. if that star--> planet transformation could be proven, it would have been already. and it would have been all over the news, winning all kinds of prises. just like all the "main stream" science. maybe even sci show would have discussed it. sadly for the fans of this transformation idea, everything has to be proven. Then it can become "main stream science". a.k.a science. anyway, if you think that this stellar evolution is planet formation, just prove it. no1 is motivated to keep the wrong model if yours works better. just like no1 kept the concept of the aether in science once it was proven wrong. just a nice example to prevent any conspiration theories here. because those keep popping up. usually in a style like "Nooo, the established world of science won't let me. they are evil and they keep mankind dumb because... because reasons"
Hello SciShow Space. Did someone consider that this heavy brown dwarf you mentioned, for some reason might rotate very fast, hence reducing the pressure in the core?
As far as humanities knowledge of astrophysics and the "origin of the universe" I think we are like tiny tots working on the first page of its very first coloring book. We haven't even encountered the concept of staying within the lines, and our set of crayons is missing 99.9% of the colors.
Its possible that the unusual brown dwarf fused deuterium and tritium together to make a little bit of helium 4. Helium 4 is very stable, so, again, its possible that the brown dwarf was just massive enough fuse deuterium and tritium together to make enough helium 4 to allow the brown dwarf to put on a little more mass, from gas clouds or whatever, and still remain a stable brown dwarf.
couldn't a "too big" brown dwarf simple have to wrong materials to start fusion? like not being made mostly of hydrogen? stars throw out a lot of their remaining cloud before becoming a white dwarf right? what if gas from several of those events mix and condense to a brown dwarf?
Maybe it is a brown dwarf that has collected more mass from nearby but hasn't yet turned into a full fledged star. If we keep watching it maybe it will. I mean once something gets massive enough how long does it take to start fusing? I mean is it like a hydrogen bomb or could it take a few years or ten or hundreds or thousand years or is it random (I mean we are talking about particles running into each other Which are statistically improbable)? And then how long does it take to propagate out from the centar to the outer shell where we can see it?
Normal star I am not going to be a brown dwarf burns out becomes a white dwarf then black dwarf damm it Massive star I am not going to be a brown dwarf supernova black hole wtf neutron star I wont explode I wont explode another neutron star hi all fancy a dance dammit black hole
How can we call exoplanets, "planets" when we don't have the technology to see if they have cleared their orbits? Shouldn't we be calling them Exo-Sub-Stellar Objects, instead? New acronym, ESSO.
dont the models show that most of the dark matter would have to be surrounding the galaxy rather than inside of it? what i mean by that is the galaxy spins so fast that it should rip itself apart and dark matter was suggested to be something thats holding it together and in order for it to do that it would need to be surrounding galaxies, a halo of dark matter. its kind of strange that that much matter was brown dwarf that happen to form a halo around the outside of the galaxy. seems unlikely for that to happen in (almost?) every galaxy.
I feel like they should be either stars or not, solely based on wether there is self sustaining nuclear fusion in them regardless of how they’re formed, so they’re stars briefly while they fuse deuterium until they turn into planets
@@michaelcollins966 Technically, only those that orbit the Sun are planets, and all the rest are exoplanets. And to be slightly less pedantic, there are also rogue planets, which are a kind of planet, so apparently they don't have to orbit something
3:00 there's NO star containing only H and He, in fact all stars are a mixture of it's surrounding elements. So most likely the brown dwarf that's expected to be past that point has a slightly higher makeup of "non fusionable" elements.
So if a star is surrounded by those elements, it would contain only that. I'm sure you know every star and its composition though and aren't just some internet expert.
@@Argonak1 yes NO star containing only H and He is a lot over the top, but since the percentage of this is really really small, since there are heavier elements spread all over the universe I simplified it to NO stars. I would >guess< the percentage of those to be around 0.00000000000001% to 0.0001% in our universe But yes you got a point there ;) I hope you read and understood the main thing i wanted to bring over there, being that brown dwarves aren't just H and He in their composition.
@@Argonak1 as stated it was Overkill to say NO stars. Also i edited my comment multiple times to bring over my message as much as i intended to, while you gave an answer to that. So i hope you re-read it ;)
A brown sub dwarf doesn't (even) have deuterium fusion. Y-dwarfs are said to be the smallest and calmest (less warm) brown dwarfs. The hypothetical planet nine could be mostly consisting of dark matter, so it might be a brown dwarf, perhaps even that maybe-missing sister of the sun called Nemesis. We need more than bi-nary logic
Planet nine can't be much larger than 10 earth masses, and a brown dwarf needs much more mass than that. Therefore, planet nine (if it exists) cannot possibly be a brown dwarf.
Since even Y-dwarfs should have at least 1,5 Jupiter masses, you kind of "found the fault" in my comment which was thought to make mind instead of cutting away weak assumptions. But we all try to improve without decreasing older stuff, right?
I don't understand why people refer to "black matter" as one thing It is far more likely that we are talking about a series of phenomena that contribute to the unexplained behavior of the universe we probably don't know most of them yet Masses of brown dwarfs may be one factor
I've never heard anything before this about dark matter affecting the motion of galaxies. As I understand dark matter, one of the reasons we assume it exists is because all the visible matter in a galaxy such as our Milky Way can't account for the amount of gravity required to keep everything from flying off into intergalactic space due to the rotational speed. I wonder if a brown dwarf for every star in the Milky Way would account for the extra gravity.
No, to 'fix' things you need about 4x the visible matter. For every star in our galaxy that's around 400 brown dwarfs or more. This may be possible but it's a bit of a stretch.
Scott Sheehan *Dark Matter is the proposed explanation for why galaxies rotate with the speed they do in the first place. As gravity drops off with the square of distance, you would expect rotational speed to slow down the closer you get towards the edge, however that isn’t what we observe.* *That tells us that there is somehow more mass than we can see with the electromagnetic spectrum.*
@@PhysicsGuy1000 Thanks so much! I have misunderstood dark matter for a very long time it seems. I just read a good article on Phys.org 'Why do astronomers believe in dark matter?' and it agrees with your description.
Scott Sheehan *No problem. That’s not the only reason we know it exists either. It’s effects can also be observed through gravitational lensing. When galaxy clusters merge, they show a clear separation between the mass of the hot gasses built up in the middle, containing the majority of baryonic matter, and the mass of the colliding clusters themselves which bends and distorts the light of more distance galaxies.* *This shows that it also exhibits particle-like behaviour.*
This guy is my favorite sci show space presenter
He was great on night court as the bailiff "Bull".
Mardeth Kellerman the other girl is okay, just too much energy for me.
@@topramen3795 The dark haired dude is chill which is nice sometimes, but he seems a bit bored to me sometimes as well. And yeah, the curly-haired woman is enthusiastic and I definitely appreciate that, but she can be a bit much.
My man here is the perfect balance. I never find him boring or annoying. He's genuinely interested in the material, but measured in his presentation.
Hank is where it's at, where it's always been and will continue to be.
I have a mad crush on him.
Title: Cosmic Oddballs
My brain: *cOsMiC eYeBalLs*
Yes,IndeedKwite
Same
Brown Dwarves are very interesting to look at in Elite Dangerous... Just make sure you fuel up before you go looking for them, though.
Sometimes I feel like an intellectual brown dwarf: smart enough to notice dumb people, but not smart enough to shine
If the gas cloud for some reason had a relatively low hydrogen content (maybe the result of a supernova?), wouldn't that explain the slightly too heavy brown dwarves?
Only the hydrogen in the core is fused, not the outer layers. There's still plenty of hydrogen left over once fusion stops in the core, and the star collapses. In fact, you could keep the star going much longer if you could somehow circulate the hydrogen from the outer layers into the core, while swapping out the heavier products. Good luck with that.
@@BlackEpyon I didn't know that! Cool!
But I would assume that not all cosmic dust clouds or nebulae have the same compositions, so some might have sufficiently little hydrogen to inhibit stellar fusion when compacted?
@@MoritzvonSchweinitz I don't think so. the core of a proto-planetary disk, from which stars and their planets form, are like centrifuges in that the heavier matter will fling away from the core where the rate of rotation is fastest. Later generation stars do have higher "metalicity" than the first generation after the big bang, for obvious reasons, but the core of that spinning system will be mostly hydrogen when it collapses.
@@BlackEpyon Wouldn't it be the opposite? The lightest materials get flung out furthest?
@@5000mahmud Correct, that's why the 'terrestrial planets'(with high density) are in the inner solar system .
when i come here for science and leave with nothing but NordVPN in my head.
Right lol
A white dwarf narrowly escapes being ripped apart by a close encounter with a neutron star, and is slingshot out of the system in which it originated.
The gravity of the pale, lonely star attracts seven brown dwarfs into orbit around it.
Alas, the same neutron star from before comes along and the poor white dwarf is again flung away, this time toward a ravenous black hole!
All seems lost, until a blue super giant blue star comes swinging by. The white dwarf enters into a stable orbit around this massive star. Eventually the seven brown dwarfs find the pair and begin orbiting as well.
As for the neutron star:
It encounters this new star system. The combined gravitational clout of the seven brown dwarfs, white dwarf and super giant star cause the neutron star to be the one ejected into the void of space this time, and it hurtles into the gravity well of the black hole that was meant to destroy the white dwarf.
The End.
So beautiful. I'm crying
Nodd Mouseson
A true masterpiece, write a book. No joke.
Honest to Galileo, that was lovely. Though maybe a bit derivative ;p
Nice but...that blue super giant will have a very short life. And it'll die in a supernova. So pretty soon that white dwarf will be knocked away on its lonesome all over again by a massive explosion (it'll survive - white dwarves are tough), while its brown dwarf friends will themselves be either flung off into space on their own tangents or maybe just blown to bits. And since our protoganist is a white dwarf, she's got a long, long, long lonely life ahead of her now...
@@ArawnOfAnnwn The white dwarf might very well go hurtling away into the depths of space again when the super giant star dies. Or she might have the fortitude and loyalty to remain in orbit around what is now a neutron star: the same kind of monster that she barely escaped from to begin with. In the latter case, one wrong move on her part would spell her doom, as she would be basically living with the zombie of her former companion.
“Sharing passwords in chat rooms”!
Good old days when brown dwarfs were still forming ;)
If a body orbited a brown dwarf, is it a moon or a planet?
it's a satellite
the only correct answer is Yes
Depends on the definition of a planet.
Pluto enters the chat.
I always heard such objects referred to as moons. But don't quote me on that.
To explain dark matter alone, there would have to be way more brown dwarves that 1 per visible star. Their mass is way lower that in stars and we observe dark matter having approx. 7 times more gravitational influence than visible matter.
I wonder if there were enough brown dwarves, could we still see the galactic center?
“These objects are called Brown Notes.”
No, no they’re called Brown Dwarfs.
“Wait what did I say?”
Never mind let’s just do another take.
“These objects are called Brown Spots.”
No, Brown _Dwarfs._
“...I swear we’re saying the same thing.”
Look, just... one more.
“These objects are called Brown Little People.”
OKAY, LOOK...
I really hope I get to know what dark matter is in my life time. The idea of not knowing what makes up 85% of all matter in the universe is just so interesting
It's just another creation scientists willed into existence to prop up their flawed models of the Universe.
@@TheOriginalMaxGForce What's your theory? Dark matter is beyond theory right now.
The idea that dark matter is actually brown dwarves is somehow very comforting.
@@TerrariaGolem
I want you reread what you wrote to me until you have the epiphany that you are actually an idiot.
@@TheOriginalMaxGForce Physicists are acutely aware that they don't know what dark matter is, it's just a name for a phenomenon that clearly exists but has yet to be explained. It's hard to discuss something without a name
Maybe that anomalous brown dwarf is really a star but has not started fusion yet.
Or it has started fusion but light from it has not reached its surface yet.
Perhaps; certainly if a star is a few million years old, this seems reasonable. But if the universe is billions of years old, how many stars could only be that young?
I Collect Stories It not about how old it is, its about how long its light travels. This is why when we look into space we are looking at the past. If the sun went out, we wouldnt know until roughly 8 seconds after its last bit of light traveled to us.
Mischievous Fish there are brown dwarves very close to the Sun, just a bunch of light years away, so light doesn't have to travel that much. If they were fusing hydrogen we would see it pretty quickly. They're just not massive enough to be able to fuse hydrogen. That's why they're not stars.
That's not how it works.
Please talk about the Orionids meteor shower coming up!
It would be pretty underwhelming to discover dark matter was just brown dwarfs all along.
Maybe it's partly brown dwarfs but there is still something else.
At least we could actually discover that. If it's something like trans-dimensional gravity spillover then we definitely won't be able to prove that in our lifetime, if ever.
I'd be stoked to know that it's brown dwarves. I don't need "dark matter/energy" to let me believe in Omniverse Theory. It just feels right to me.
How does this account for dark matter? Since ya know, stars are matter.
@@Argonak1 watch the video
@@Argonak1 "Dark Matter" is really a misnomer imo. I think a more accurate description would be "evidence of gravitational forces of which we do not know the origin."
Brown dwarves could be the origin.
even with a brown dwarf for every star it wouldn't be enough to account for the amount of dark matter calculated
Amazing. There might be habitable exoplanets around brown dwarfs.
Doubtful. Next to no light. No heat from the "star." And if there is. It would be so close it would likely be tidally locked.
Have you seen how close many of the "goldilocks zone" exoplanets we've found around Red Dwarfs are when compared to how close we are to our Sun? About as close as Mercury.
Doesn't hurt to dream though. Maybe the tidal forces could be enough to produce some heat.
The depth of these videos has gotten really terrible :(
I was pissed when he didn't explain the deuterium to "other kind of helium". Wtf was he talking about? Just brushes past that like it's not worth explaining for at least a sentence or two.
@@brokentombot Probably a different helium isotope
That's a Moiré.
Brown dwarfs being dark matter would explain why dwarf galaxies seem to have a much higher proportion of dark matter than large galaxies. They would probably have smaller gas clouds which would be more likely to just create a brown dwarf than a bright shining star.
The bigger brown dwarf could have a huge rock or iron core thus stopping it becoming a star
I usually have a brown dwarf after too much kimchee. What? It had to be said. You are reading UA-cam comments, after all.
Now I am wondering about brown dwarf merger. I will google it but not expecting much.
Brown dwarf star: I wanna be a star!
Universe: lol no
Brown dwarf star: :'(
Lithium also fuses at a relative low temperature.
Yeah, as far as I'm concerned, if it ever ignited a fusion reaction of any kind, it is or was a star.
@@gregorymalchuk272 Castle Bravo
@@Archaeopteryx128
Very cute
Brown dwarfs as well as red stars are both lower energy stars compared to our Sun. Brown and red stars don't have a photosphere like our Sun but instead they have an atmosphere of large anode plasma sheath which glows red. This is what astronomers see when they observe brown and red stars, not the actual surface of star. Also these stars can have planets orbiting inside anode plasma sheath atmosphere providing even light and heat, this means no night nor winter season. But such planets are difficult to see with telescope due to planet orbiting inside red glow. If there's earth-like planet orbiting inside, it will be the most hospitable zone for life under such stars.
A lot of the information I've read about stars, says that it takes a combination of heat and pressure to trigger Stellar Fusion; I'm curious if there is enough time before achieving critical mass, that a significant amount of thermal energy radiates into space, would in some way affect the creation of brown dwarf? Say increase the likelihood of forming a brown dwarf, at a more ordinary Stellar Mass?
makes you wonder about how long a brown dwarf would last if it was ignited by the monolith from 2010 movie.
Omg Planet X is a far-away brown dwarf. Quick guys! Swap to infra-red
3:56 wasn't this hypothesis which also suggest part of the masd comes from black holes and neutron stars, disproved already?
I mean it came up in an episode of yours that ask what dark matter is a few years ago, and you said that not enough of those objects were found.
Wouldn't be the first time a disproved idea just needed revision and comes back.
Just give them a lighter? An earth sized lighter.
Nah, ya wanna add more mass -- crash a few of 'em together and that'll make one shiny star!
You'd also need an earth sized oxygen tank, otherwise they wouldn't burn
I read this as "Space's Strangely Important Eyeballs" because I just woke up, and the thumbnail didn't help XD
+
no such thing as varied or more interes or big or not, any be infinitx interesx no matter what, bigx doesn' tmatter
Catalyst perhaps, something that triggers the fusion in stars to happen, and brown dwarfs are lacking such catalyst
I would think the failure to launch for a brown dwarf could be too much of higher elements in the core preventing sustained fusion which would account for those much larger than should be possible brown dwarves.
In the case of the larger than expected ones, that seems to be a decent hypothesis. Especially in the case where one formed slow enough for all the heavy elements to sink to the core, the hydrogen might be simply kept away from the highest pressure region of the star, and thus, be unable to fuse.
It also _might_ be possible that a brown dwarf formed, burned off all it's deuterium, cooled down and then accumulated more gas. Since fusion is caused by a combination of pressure and temperature, it seems plausible that the "spark" of the deuterium fusion is what helps kickstart the fusion of normal hydrogen in very low mass stars, and that a star low in deuterium may have a higher "ignition" mass than normal. On top of that, a lot of the initial temperature of a star comes from the potential energy of the gas cloud that collapsed to make it. Since our hypothetical brown dwarf would have bled off a lot of that before reaching a standard stellar mass, it would need more mass to start hydrogen fusion.
It also seems possible (at least to me) that a brown drawf that collects enough mass to begin hydrogen fusion might do so slowly, and that the effects of the fusion process are both just getting started and have not reached the surface yet.
I’m always very very jazzed about hearing alternative theories to dark matter for the gravity problem. I always found dark matter to be inspired by a sort of magical thinking as science is based on observations and the problem with galaxy rotation is from a distinct LACK of observation. Jumping to the conclusion that there is some gravitational particle that has no other physically detectable properties always seemed like such a leap to me. A video on alternative theories to dark matter in general would be a wonderful idea!
Can you imagine how violent the atmospheres on some of these brown dwarfs must be? I’ve always been fascinated by the extreme weather on the gas giants in our solar system. Winds up to hundred or thousands of km/hr. Towering storms. I imagine the upper atmospheres of brown dwarfs would not be a soup of plasma like stars but more like the atmospheres of gas giants. But with the incredible amount of heat energy stored within the planet I can only imagine what the weather would be like!
For Hot brown Dwarfs you can get Titanium oxide clouds and Iron rain cooler ones star to form ices
Grey Area's , Could there be something like a Black Star, A black hole that is created with the compression of a Gynormous gascloud. Straight from particle to black hole. In wich sense would it be different from a black hole created from a star. Where newly created stars blast of radiation to "clear" the surroundings from matter. Black star have an equally gynormous gascloud that fall's into them dus turning them into black Quasars.
Black Stars... Would the photons be darkness?
@ brown dwarfs: I feel ya, buddy
Oh boy, i wait when they later explain the dark matter idea like ”well, brown dwarfs ARE dark AND made of matter, so... we were totally right!”
Considering baryonic matter makes up only about 4% of the known universe, even if there was one brown dwarf for every hydrogen burning star, their comparatively tiny masses couldn't possibly add up to exclude dark matter, or even come close.
Just one? A typical brown dwarf can mass in at around 1% the sun's mass. Have 100 dwarfs for every hydrogen burning star and maybe we'll shift the scale a little.
@@garethdean6382 Potentially, but he said that the study suggested a possible of at max one to one.
Try watching this in a tiny window. It will create nice patterns on his shirt.
Was gonna say the same thing. It looks crazy!
These dwarfs got nothing on me. I survived cancer twice and lost half my face to amputation.. a tumor destroyed my jaw and changed everything.. I was labeled a freak. I decided to start over, and start a youtube channel to inspire others who feel ugly and not good enough for this world.. my scars will not define me. with positive projection you can overcome any mental or physical hurdle. go check me out and subscribe if you want to help me grow. i want to give people a spark of change and join me on my journey!
shuttup you freak
The idea that brown dwarfs constitute the "missing mass" of the universe sounds extreme? No it doesn't. Not anywhere remotely as extreme as "dark matter", which sounds more like pseudo-magical mumbo jumbo to excuse why the math doesn't work. Can you imagine taking a physics exam and just hand-waving away why your answer is wrong by saying there's an invisible force inolved that can't be seen, measured, or interacted with? You'd fail hard. At least brown dwarfs are real things we already know about, even if we don't fully understand them. Nothing at all extreme about proposing them as the missing mass of the universe, in fact, it sounds downright reasonable.
That's exactly what I thought.
It's reckoned that about 27% of the universe is "dark matter". If there is roughly one brown dwarf for every star, then it's not that unreasonable.
Whenever an experiment went wrong in physics class at my school, my teacher would blame usually blame "atmospheric conditions", so much so that it became a running joke amongst us students. :D
There is nothing wrong with admitting that you can measure something, but you don't know what it is. In a physics exam, this would be simply solving for X, which is all Dark Matter really is - an expression of our ignorance. Actually, it's solving for N, since the calculation uses the Virial theorem, but solving for X is a simpler analogy. Dark matter isn't a new notion either. It was first proposed by Fritz Zwickey in 1933.
Here's the problem. If you figure one brown dwarf for every main sequence star, and that every main sequence star must be more massive than a brown dwarf in order to maintain fusion, then with 85% of the matter in the universe comprised of this "dark matter," whatever it happens to be, then brown dwarfs would have to outweigh ALL main sequence stars by a factor of 5.6. It does not look like that's the case.
Human bouncer: Woh woh. We're full buddy.
Brown Dwarf: But I'm with them! Stars tell'em!
Pluto: drunk* Trust me. Not gonna happen man.
"there's something in the telescope! Some... thing!" - Ace Astronomer Ventura
You might need to give original credit to who he was parodying: William Shatner in an old Twilight Zone episode (before he was even Captain Kirk).
@@OuttaMyMind911 kinda similarly, it took me some centuries to realize, that chitti chitti bing bang was a cartoon car. I thought it was just a random crazy song about the engine noise of the car Ace "parked"
To answer your question: My internet security is apparently better than NordVPN's as i haven't been hacked and got my private SSL key stolen.
ULTRA-COOL 😎
There is a bit of a problem one encounters if defining brown dwarfs based upon how they form- namely, you open up the possibility of having two objects with the same properties- size, mass, fusion of deuterium or lithium, etc.- but one be a planet and the other a star (or substellar object) based entirely on their formation.
It makes more sense to simply have the bottom-end cutoff be the minimum mass for deuterium fusion at approximately 13 Jupiter masses, and the upper-end cutoff being the onset of stable hydrogen fusion at 70-80 Jupiter masses, regardless of how the object formed.
2:12
Look at the ball in the bottom left of the screen.under the "Club Planet" sign.
Is that Pluto? good on you, SciShowSpace :)
How were brown dwarves not ruled out before the idea of dark matter was even first thought of? Seems illogical to me. I mean, I thought the idea of dark matter came about because we already checked off everything else we know about in the universe.
Why even both creating this dark matter to make equations check out? They similarly could of said, "Well, we are missing x amount of mass so, it must be brown dwarves."
Go to NordVPN.com/SPACE to get 75% off a 3 year plan and use code SPACE to get an additional month for free.
Just noting that the actual deal is different and it is only 70% off. Both in the description and this comment say 75%.
People disliking this video should tell us what they want.
They want some more Jesus in our lives?
I want sci show to discuss this: ua-cam.com/video/CM0Hi0YwAJA/v-deo.html
@@MrWolynski :- ) "sci" in sci show stands for science. not for lunacy, so they won't discuss it any time soon. Unless a ton of evidence comes in and destroys all our working models
You mean dogma, not working models. They have all failed. Stellar evolution is planet formation.
@@MrWolynski :- ) no. if that star--> planet transformation could be proven, it would have been already. and it would have been all over the news, winning all kinds of prises. just like all the "main stream" science. maybe even sci show would have discussed it. sadly for the fans of this transformation idea, everything has to be proven. Then it can become "main stream science". a.k.a science.
anyway, if you think that this stellar evolution is planet formation, just prove it. no1 is motivated to keep the wrong model if yours works better. just like no1 kept the concept of the aether in science once it was proven wrong. just a nice example to prevent any conspiration theories here. because those keep popping up. usually in a style like "Nooo, the established world of science won't let me. they are evil and they keep mankind dumb because... because reasons"
Hello SciShow Space. Did someone consider that this heavy brown dwarf you mentioned, for some reason might rotate very fast, hence reducing the pressure in the core?
Could have a higher metal content also.
As far as humanities knowledge of astrophysics and the "origin of the universe" I think we are like tiny tots working on the first page of its very first coloring book. We haven't even encountered the concept of staying within the lines, and our set of crayons is missing 99.9% of the colors.
This is my first video of this channel, and I was listening to it while I was cleaning my room and I thought it was Neil DeGrasse Tyson.
Its possible that the unusual brown dwarf fused deuterium and tritium together to make a little bit of helium 4. Helium 4 is very stable, so, again, its possible that the brown dwarf was just massive enough fuse deuterium and tritium together to make enough helium 4 to allow the brown dwarf to put on a little more mass, from gas clouds or whatever, and still remain a stable brown dwarf.
couldn't a "too big" brown dwarf simple have to wrong materials to start fusion? like not being made mostly of hydrogen? stars throw out a lot of their remaining cloud before becoming a white dwarf right? what if gas from several of those events mix and condense to a brown dwarf?
Maybe it is a brown dwarf that has collected more mass from nearby but hasn't yet turned into a full fledged star. If we keep watching it maybe it will. I mean once something gets massive enough how long does it take to start fusing? I mean is it like a hydrogen bomb or could it take a few years or ten or hundreds or thousand years or is it random (I mean we are talking about particles running into each other Which are statistically improbable)? And then how long does it take to propagate out from the centar to the outer shell where we can see it?
So what your saying is that brown dwarfs and gas giants like Jupiter are technically the same thing kinda’v
I always thought dark matter consisted of those really small primordial black holes the size of protons, but this makes sense actually
Normal star I am not going to be a brown dwarf burns out becomes a white dwarf then black dwarf damm it
Massive star I am not going to be a brown dwarf supernova black hole wtf neutron star I wont explode I wont explode another neutron star hi all fancy a dance dammit black hole
How can we call exoplanets, "planets" when we don't have the technology to see if they have cleared their orbits? Shouldn't we be calling them Exo-Sub-Stellar Objects, instead? New acronym, ESSO.
ESSOs sure as heck is easier to say than Exo-planets.
What Chu Talkin' 'Bout Willis?
I vote them into the planet category. It walks like a ducks and talks like a duck, even if it wasn't from a duck egg.
{Postulate} What if our universe is a virtual particle.. with its anti-version still lurking in the depths of its space...
dont the models show that most of the dark matter would have to be surrounding the galaxy rather than inside of it? what i mean by that is the galaxy spins so fast that it should rip itself apart and dark matter was suggested to be something thats holding it together and in order for it to do that it would need to be surrounding galaxies, a halo of dark matter. its kind of strange that that much matter was brown dwarf that happen to form a halo around the outside of the galaxy. seems unlikely for that to happen in (almost?) every galaxy.
As a 3'11" black man, I find the name of these celestial objects highly offensive! In fact, I didn't think my offense could reach that high.
So fascinating, I had no idea.
still made of baryons, which has a limit.
Is it possible that the theoretical planet 9 that is like way past the Kuiper belt is actually a brown dwarf?
Oh, so Brown Dwarfs are to the universe what I am to my mom: a failure (lol)
I feel like they should be either stars or not, solely based on wether there is self sustaining nuclear fusion in them regardless of how they’re formed, so they’re stars briefly while they fuse deuterium until they turn into planets
also, another point that has been addressed in another video, but the deuterium fusion standard seems a bit arbitrary to some scientists
Doesn’t the definition of planet mean that they orbit something?
Hence the difficulty in classifying brown dwarfs.
@@michaelcollins966 Technically, only those that orbit the Sun are planets, and all the rest are exoplanets. And to be slightly less pedantic, there are also rogue planets, which are a kind of planet, so apparently they don't have to orbit something
Might want to drop that NordVPN advertisement
I'm 7 years old and I know this stuff already
Saturn + Jupiter = brown dwarfes
Why cosmic oddities instead of space oddities?
The slightly too big brown dwarf was probably spinning quickly enough to avoid fusion.
It would have to be spinning REALLY fast to counteract gravity even by a little.
@@longlostwraith5106 oh. Ok :)
Doesn't the Bullet Cluster disprove that Dark Matter is Brown Dwarfs? Or any normal matter for that case?
I think it disproved it being diffuse plasma. I don't think it ruled out MACHOs though.
MasterMazeProductions
*Yes. Galaxy cluster mergers show that dark matter is also capable of gravitational lensing.*
I made a white dwarf orbit a brown dwarf
NordVPN
3:00 there's NO star containing only H and He, in fact all stars are a mixture of it's surrounding elements.
So most likely the brown dwarf that's expected to be past that point has a slightly higher makeup of "non fusionable" elements.
So if a star is surrounded by those elements, it would contain only that. I'm sure you know every star and its composition though and aren't just some internet expert.
@@Argonak1 yes NO star containing only H and He is a lot over the top, but since the percentage of this is really really small, since there are heavier elements spread all over the universe I simplified it to NO stars.
I would >guess< the percentage of those to be around 0.00000000000001% to 0.0001% in our universe
But yes you got a point there ;)
I hope you read and understood the main thing i wanted to bring over there, being that brown dwarves aren't just H and He in their composition.
Space Comma You want to know what has an even smaller chance of being? Our existence in this universe, but here we are.
@@Argonak1 as stated it was Overkill to say NO stars.
Also i edited my comment multiple times to bring over my message as much as i intended to, while you gave an answer to that. So i hope you re-read it ;)
A brown sub dwarf doesn't (even) have deuterium fusion. Y-dwarfs are said to be the smallest and calmest (less warm) brown dwarfs. The hypothetical planet nine could be mostly consisting of dark matter, so it might be a brown dwarf, perhaps even that maybe-missing sister of the sun called Nemesis. We need more than bi-nary logic
Planet nine can't be much larger than 10 earth masses, and a brown dwarf needs much more mass than that. Therefore, planet nine (if it exists) cannot possibly be a brown dwarf.
Since even Y-dwarfs should have at least 1,5 Jupiter masses, you kind of "found the fault" in my comment which was thought to make mind instead of cutting away weak assumptions. But we all try to improve without decreasing older stuff, right?
Cheese ass knife
Way to go. You had me until 3:51. Dark Matter... Seriously?!? That's enogh BS for today. Good Bye
Oh no please don't!!!! We need you so desperately!!!
@@herrschmidt5477 😂😂🤣
Nord, the brown dwarf.
Nobody:
Scientists: This thing right here can help us understand the structure of the universe
Isn’t dark matter supposed to be 96% of the mass of the universe?
No, 80% of the mass in the universe, and then there's dark ENERGY, which is something else entirely.
How the hell y'all know this
how about the intermediaries between gas giants and brown dwarfs, or between brown dwarfs and red dwarfs?
Brown Dwarfs: The street legal dirtbike of space.
Piano!
*W* *H* *Y*
yea
I don't understand why people refer to "black matter" as one thing
It is far more likely that we are talking about a series of phenomena that contribute to the unexplained behavior of the universe
we probably don't know most of them yet
Masses of brown dwarfs may be one factor
I've never heard anything before this about dark matter affecting the motion of galaxies. As I understand dark matter, one of the reasons we assume it exists is because all the visible matter in a galaxy such as our Milky Way can't account for the amount of gravity required to keep everything from flying off into intergalactic space due to the rotational speed. I wonder if a brown dwarf for every star in the Milky Way would account for the extra gravity.
No, to 'fix' things you need about 4x the visible matter. For every star in our galaxy that's around 400 brown dwarfs or more. This may be possible but it's a bit of a stretch.
Scott Sheehan
*Dark Matter is the proposed explanation for why galaxies rotate with the speed they do in the first place. As gravity drops off with the square of distance, you would expect rotational speed to slow down the closer you get towards the edge, however that isn’t what we observe.*
*That tells us that there is somehow more mass than we can see with the electromagnetic spectrum.*
@@PhysicsGuy1000 Thanks so much! I have misunderstood dark matter for a very long time it seems. I just read a good article on Phys.org 'Why do astronomers believe in dark matter?' and it agrees with your description.
Scott Sheehan
*No problem. That’s not the only reason we know it exists either. It’s effects can also be observed through gravitational lensing. When galaxy clusters merge, they show a clear separation between the mass of the hot gasses built up in the middle, containing the majority of baryonic matter, and the mass of the colliding clusters themselves which bends and distorts the light of more distance galaxies.*
*This shows that it also exhibits particle-like behaviour.*
That shirt gave me a headache!
I love this guy. How he presents the information to me and his tone! Can hear the love for learning. Also Caitlin! You two are class A's!! 🤘🏽
Spin.
Spin.
I'm sure the Jupiter Mining Corp considered this name before all that industrial red paint went on clearance.