NO the biggest 32-bit integer is 2^32-1 the *number of values* is 2^32 the first value is 0 but even that is not the whole picture, because for instance all IPs that start with 192.168 are reserved for private use and cannot be given out nor should be used outside a LAN and there are other reserved numbers another aspect of the problem is that addresses are given out in blocks which are hardly ever completely used the same problem will possibly confront the world's telephone systems someday but no worries, the IT industry is, as was said, in the process of switching to 128-bit IPs 128 bits is enough to give every electron in our galaxy its own address assuming we dont waste too many addresses
Technically the 32 bit scheme is infinitely extensible by using NAT. Also, the video acts like the devices in your house take up extra adresses, but that is not true. They will be off of your single home IP, and internally addressed with at 10.x or 192.x address
Not infinitely, NAT extends IP addresses by combining IP address and port number to uniquely identify a computer. Port numbers are limited to 65,535 (16 bits). So NAT can extend 32bit addressing to at most 48bit, usually much less because normal work on a computer (such as watching UA-cam) needs a dozen or two of port numbers.
Was the problem that Internet Servers needed unique IP addressing? Most Net users are normally clients and dont need the full address exclusivity, just a unique, dynamic or translated return path. Was IPv5 going to be a 64 bit system, but the technology jump to 128 came in faster than IPv5 could be commercially developed
OMG. Is this what physicists feel like when they read the comments under physics vidoes ? Back in the days before the web I would often remember the straight IP address instead of a domain name. Only for places I used regularly though. These days I don't even know what my own IP address is.
Allan Richardson No I am not paying extra. My ISP was the first one ever in the UK and they were pretty innovative developing new technologies which most other later ISP's adopted. They were true techies. They offered an excellent service without relying on irrelevant bells and whistles, or questionable business practices such as AOL. Unfortunately they were eventually bought by a larger ISP, and once the suits took over, the quality of the service started to drop. Tech support used to be by Brits who really knew what they were talking about. Now it's been outsourced to India where you get some random person with a hard to understand accent reading through a script.
nimim. Marko Mikkilä I do believe that the Defense Department handed over full control of the Internet to five regional consortia of universities in the U.S. quite some time ago, now. It is they that own the backbone, in any case, and I don't believe that the Defense Department is paying for any of it at this point. So Professor Clewett can relax! As for his wondering about domain names, they were instituted by the same team that developed IP and have always been part of the Internet.
Steven Titus For website hosting on a dedicated address without depending on a centralized proxy (which NAT based upon), you need to buy the right to a IPv6 address from the IP address managing group (name was in the video, but I don't remember off the top of my head), or you need to find a willing seller of a IPv4 address holder. Market Pricing via supply and demand is a temporary and decentralized solution to this as you, but if the expansion of the Internet of Things keeps up its exponential pace, then the demand will overwhelm the supply of sellers to the point where prices of IPv4 addresses will skyrocket, thus forcing individuals and companies to either accept the pyramid like structure and centralization that NAT forms (which we somewhat have now), and/or buy the rights to never used IPv6 addresses. Big ISPs like comcast already use NAT for their customers. All of the comcast customers in my area use the same public IPv4 address from the regional hub, so then from the centralized hub, every customer is given a unique IPv4 address from the viewpoint of the central hub via NAT as an intranet. All router-based LAN networks work the same way - all devices have their own IPv4 (and usually IPv6 address as well) from the view point of the router as a intranet, and connect to the rest of the internet via NAT on your router and your modem.
Kyle Herbig Yes, I know how NAT works. I was just making an observation that he didn't mention it in the video. At 2:16 he could have mentioned NAT. Its just a little bit misleading, that's all i'm saying.
+Steven Titus Yea, I too thought it was a bit strange to leave that out. Since the statement that all your devices need a unique address just isn't true.. I even heard from people in India that they actually got internet via some sort of LAN network with their ISP. Which, although not a great solution, is a solution to the problem of running out of addresses. (Btw I understand that in the end we just need ipv6 )
+Кэтишкэт Старье 7 number addresses + a point of origin. And if i counted correctly there are about 40 symbols on each stargate - 1 for the point of origin. Without all the working its about 15.4 million 15,380,937. Pegasus ( at least in real life ) is a dwarf galaxy and it only has a few billion stars, so lets be generous and say 10 billion. Using the parts of the drake equation we need it comes out at about 3.2 million planets that can support human like life. So no there are plenty.
Isaac Karjala To be honest, about a decade ago I would have agreed with you. There was a point in time where I really wanted to have every computer on my home network with a routable address for protocols like you mentioned. But the way that so many Internet-connected home devices these days work, you go through some third-party portal site that interacts with the device using a proprietary protocol. My Nest thermostats (yeah, I have two in my house for different zones), for instance, are stuck behind NAT but the Nest website straightens all that out for me. Western Digital has a sort of similar service for their network attached storage devices. It's like the future is to hide protocol details behind some cloud service. I hate the phrase "Internet 2.0", but that really seems appropriate ;)
its actually more complicated than that most homes get one ipv4 address and each device gets a non routable address behind that address much like how apartment numbers work
This is supposed to change with IPv6 though, isn't it? With the incredible amount of available addresses, basically every device in a household should be able to get a public address themselves.
no less or more secure. saying its non routable is not 100% true. My understanding is the outer header for the packet contains the ipv4 address for your house, then your local address is at the next stage of the header. you can start pinging for the local adresses, guessing at local routing names (usually people will have 192.168.0.1 or some other std format), and find the full address for a computer behind a local network. Also most attacks originate from the computer itself in the form of malware, in that case you already know the address. also I don't know the ratio, but most budget internet connections do not assign a unique ip address to each home, instead sharing them by assigning a dynamic IP address each time you reset your connection (and sometimes while its still running). usually doesn't cause an issue, but you can't run a home server accessible offsite, or be the server for an online game, or home host a website with a dynamic ip (easily). switching to ipv6 would make things alot easier on many levels, and in reality the added layer of obscurity in ipv4 is only an annoyance to an attacker, not something that significantly reduces the occurence of attacks.
What? I was typing a comment and UA-cam just went to the next video? I was saying there are fewer than 4,294,967,296 IP addresses in use on the Internet. All the RFC 1918 addresses, as well as numbers beginning with 0 ("Discovery"), 127 ("Loopback") and 224-255 (Multicast and "Reserved") make up a big chunk of addresses you'll never see, along with a bunch of others. My calculation that is 592,708,864 addresses (13.8% of the number given) not usable. This doesn't even include address ranges like 1.1.1.x and 1.2.3.x that are informally reserved, plus some companies and the DOD have large blocks that may not actually be in use.
It is actually the 4,294,967,286th in a series that starts at zero , but by convention we start counting at 1, not zero. So it rolls over to the next place even though the next register doesn't exist in the computer. It gets to 4,294,967,296 because we talk about it as if we started counting at 1.. Another example is when a dollar equals 100 cents - where this takes three places. But you can count to 100 if you start at zero as the first, and 99 as the hundredth. That only requires two places. That's the difference between computers, where IP tables are maintained, and everyday reckoning. And yes, iIt can be confusing.
It's not confusing if you ask proper question. How many 1-digit numbers can you write? 10 - first 2-digit number. How many 2-digit numbers can you write? 100 - first 3-digit number. ... How many 32-digit numbers can you write? 1 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 - first 33-digit number. And it's true for any system as long as 0 mean zero and 1 mean one :)
Carpey computers count from 0, and we count from 1, e.g. the first number would be 0000000 in 8 bit, if you count from 0 it would be 11111111111111111111111111111111
That's not what he said... They govern the IP tables... The origins of the internet is TCP/IP (the protocol that every computer is using to talk to each other) and that was created in CERN in Switzerland.
OverSoft Well, the technology of the internet was created by the United States Defense Department(or at the very least was funded by it), but the WWW was created at CERN.
TheGreatRakatan They're not the creators of the internet, they just determine public ip adresses. The first people that connected computers to communicate with each other and they've called it net were from some California university. I'm sorry, if I'm wrong, but this is what i remember from the CNA (Cisco Networking Academy) interpretation.
+Byamarro2 Well internal (or private) IP's are a HUGE contributor to conserving IP addresses, as essentially every household need only 1 external IP address (companies might have a few, as they might have a few different connections outbound but still, likely less than 10 for hundreds if not thousands of machines)
Brady, you asked about content for the new computing channel: James has covered key elements of domain and ip fundamentals really well there. Maybe some more of this type of content?
Why they decide to use 128 bit instead of 64? 64 bits it already 18 quintillions of addresses. But to fill 128bit you need to convert all mass of the earth into devices, and each one should weight 5*10^(-11) gram! That is ridiculous!
They probably want to avoid the same problem in the future. Humans are notoriously bad at predicting the future, people said the car would never replace horses, no one would ever need a computer in their house, people would never need more than a megabyte of memory etc. Back in the 80s and 90s they probably figured that there would never be billions of computers using IP addresses or that by that time computers would have advanced past the severe processing limitations they had then. Given the proliferation of computer technology who knows how many devices will require IP addresses in 50 years or 100 years etc? Better to just make it 128-bit and never worry about it again, its not like its too demanding in processing power. There are also more technical and security reasons as well
whos to say how the future will work like thereine said who knows what will use them perhaps nano machine will use them up or small drones best go with the big number
But that's only planet earth! So small! What about the entire galaxy? Or bigger? Sure we may not get there, but if we do, it'll be well worth the investment. Also, imagine fixing 18 quintillion devices to support IPv24658. Doesn't sound very easy, does it?
What most forget is that a single device might use multiple addresses at the same time. There are multicast or unicast addresses which devices can "use" to actually hook into a stream. That's already happening with IPv4, though there are just a few multicast addresses out there ^^ There are a lot of special addresses which are locked for special uses. For example the IPv4 reserves a whole class A subnet just for the local loopback address. This address can only be used locally on each device and always refers to the device itself. The whole 127.X.X.X space is wasted for that ^^. That's 16 million addresses or 1/256.of all addresses in the IPv4 address space. It would also simplify the assignment of IP addresses. You could actually define certain addresses to be bound to the location on earth. So each square meter might have a million addresses available. A seperate address space might be used for mobile devices (as they very likely change position). The GUID also uses 128 bits. It's "said" that the possibility that the same GUID is picked twice is very very unlikely. Same for MD5 hashes, they are also 128bits long. Since modern computer hardware is already able to natively handle 128bit values it's no suprise they picked 128bits for IPv6.
Apparently UA-cam was forced to update their view count system to 64 bit since Gangnam style got over 2,147,483,647 views, which is the highest possible number in a signed 32 bit system. Maybe they should have went with unsigned integers to hold up to 4,294,967,295 views. It's not like there's negative views.
You are correct if you start to count at one. His main point was that an 8-bit number has 256 different values, i.e., 0 to 255. If you encode binary numbers in two's complement, then an 8-bit number would range from -128 to 127 (so can only count to 127 in this case), but still have 256 different values.
...But local addresses on a network are only local addresses meaning that anyone could have say 192.168.1.1 on multiple networks.. what he needed to say is that the internet IP provided by their ISP's (Internet Service Provider) are running out, so I don't think that is necessarily correct for a university scale internet structure as they might use 2 or 3 (maybe more) internet connections or different IP's given by their ISP or even enterprise grade internet structures which allows them to have more connected users to a single modem than the typical home user would.
+Hilal well it would fix it if everyone would switch over but the ISPs of the world really dont have any reason they should switch over. Its just expense for them, and it still works on ipv4 because of the patches we have with how routers work. Almost everything is still ipv4 but it hasnt broken because they can use routers to fake more addresses.
ComandanteJ The only difference is there is no classful boundary or broadcast addresses and hex characters versus decimal. I guess the difficulty of the process is debatable. I found it to be about the same since your main concern in both ipv4 and ipv6 is how many bits represent the subnet bits and how many represent host bits. In IPv6 you are converting to binary from hex instead of decimal. In my opinion the difficulty of the process is the same.
This guy's talking as if every device gets a different public IP. Routers give local IPs and then the modem is the only device getting a public IP.Please slap that fool.
Including public/private address spaces and mechanisms like NAT in this video would just add confusion on the topic. It also doesn't help since the problem described still applies.
If people are still wondering. Domain Name is basically the 'mask' of its IP. Then a DNS is used to translate the Domain Name to its IP Address, in other words 'see what's behind the mask'. Think of it as a Phonebook. Doman Name is the Name. IP Address is the Number. DNS (Domain Name Server) is the Phonebook itself. Very brief and vague explanation but I tried to keep it simple.
+lisa lavergne +Brandon Phillips 2^128 - 2^64 = 340282366920938463444927863358058659840 IP6 64bit you see why yet? its MUCH bigger space of bytes to have.
Delete from the internet everything he has created a child under 13 years and you will get alot of terabytes (or zetabytes?) free space on whole internet
He could've mentioned that in a regular home, it really doesn't matter how many devices you use, because your router is probably set up as a NAT, meaning it counts as 1 IP globally.
Network Address Translation The local network they run on shares the same IP to the router, and then the router redirects the traffic to the appropriate internal address. If you want a more accurate description we have wikipedia for that.
That makes a lot of sense. Also when considering how arrays are indexed. You can have an array with 256 positions and the highest index is 255, but there are still 256 items there. I should have known what he was talking about, I need to watch the video again to try and figure out why I thought there was some ambiguity in his statement and what confused me.
this is the second time I've seen this exact conversation. A: "I lied" B: "Click to start an adventure" Nobody knows what A lied about, and B makes a joke about a comment adventure, even though the conversation is painfully short and confusing. This is officially copypasta
when they say, "computer can only count up to 4 billion" they mean when it specifically comes to this address thing. the thing is, those old computers can only handle numbers up to 4 billion at once, which it needs to do for addresses. but when it comes to stuff at the user level, such as a calculator or storing the number of youtube views, it can take the number in chunks, and have no problem handling larger numbers.
I did not know there was an actual place/company/thing that handed out IP addresses. Come to think of it, the thought of where they come from never occurred to me.
Now Brady, I want you to make a video with James Clewett about if there is a possibilty of 86-bit computers being right around the corner. I know that there have been 64 bit computers since 2003 (I research), and by 3:00 A.M.. January 19, 2038, we are mostly going to have 64 bit computers. The challenge for you Brady is to find the maximum counting value of an 86 bit computer using math (which would be hard to decimalize since 64 bit is about 18.4 quintillion). I want you to record it, and post it on UA-cam on one of your math channels. I really enjoy Numberphile and hope that you could do this without the help of anyone. That would be delightful.
NAT is still used by almost everyone. The good thing is that it's 99% automatic, so no one notices it. Any time you connect your computer to a wifi hotspot, or a router at home or work, that router gives it an address in the 192.168.x.x block. The router then uses NAT to let you talk to the outside world. This means the ISPs only have to give one unique IP address to each customer, not to each device.
the highest value for any x-bit number should also ALWAYS be an odd number, since the least significant bit (2^0) = 1 will be "on". this bit always determines whether a number is even or odd in any x-bit number
At my company, we're pushing back on IPv6 hard, as many of our mainframe apps would have to be nearly completely rewritten. The hard part isn't the routers or operating systems...it's the apps that have to communicate from behind the routers.
IP version 1= 4bit IP version 2= 8bit IP version 3= 16bit IP version 4= 32 bit IP version 5= 64bit IP version 6=128bit IP 2 was used experimentaly and the old version 2 IP packets were assigned to version 5 in order to avoid confusion with the normal IP adresses in version 4. Now the IP in version 5 that were handed out should not be around anymore, but to be sure to avoid confusion, we skipped 5.
32-bit operating systems can handle 128-bit addresses, just like 16-bit operating systems and processors could do computations with numbers greater than 2^16, just not as efficiently. The 32- or 64-bitness refers to the widths of registers and buses, and larger numbers can be handled by combining more than one register and by sending them over the bus in parts.
An ipv6 address is just an 128 bit number instead of a 32 bit number in the case of an ipv4 address. You can write this binary number in the hexadecimal number system which, as you noticed, uses letters too (digits 0-9 and "letters" A,B,C..,F) You can easily write any ipv4 address 'with letters' using a hexadecimal notation :) Ex. 231.18.45.20 -> 256^3*231 + 256^2*18 + 256*45 + 20 = 3876728084 (in decimal, E7122D14 in hex and in IPv6 style notation -> e712:2d14
I mean they did the same thing, where they tried with 2^64 but the program was buggy so they did 2^128 instead. I'm not saying Win10 systems use IPv6 and Win8 systems use IPv4. Windows 9 was buggy, so they did Windows 10 instead.
he didn't say they are, he was using the fact that microsoft didn't call windows 10 "windows 9" because it was (or at least they like to say) windows 10 was a bigger leap ahead than windows 7 to windows 8 for example, as an analogy to why the replacement to IPV4 isn't IPV5 but it is IPV6 since they doubled the number of bits twice rather than going from 32bit to 64 they went straight to 128.
A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15, 10=16...19=25, 1A=26, 1B=27. IPv6 uses hexidecimal numbers, which is a base 16 number system, as opposed to our normal decimal system (base 10). It's worth mentioning that their both ultimately just a bunch of ones and zeros, and the only real difference is in the way that we have chosen to represent them for human reading.
In the UK, the body that was meant to be making this happen has folded (last week I think) when they realized that they were getting no support from the government and thus what they were trying to achieve was pointless. At the moment there is no UK government websites that use IPv6.
A lot of the larger service providers (with many of the large backbones) are already using IPv6. IPv6 is very difficult to adopt which is why it is not happening quickly at a micro level. What you are not taking into account is the private subnet ranges. For example the 1918RFC ranges: 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0 and 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0 Source NAT enables you to use 1 IP to address many machines behind it, so it is not really the 1 to 1 mapping you are describing.
32/64 bit computer specifications are related more to the internal hardware and how the computer functions (what used to be -not sure if it still is- called the BUS), and relates more to the computer's processing speed/efficiency etc. (like having a 100vs a 200 mhz processor). However, you can render 128 bit numbers or more just as long as your computer has enough memory: rendering numbers etc. depends on the avalibility of 1s and 0s in your computer (stored in bits, then bytes (kb, mb gb etc))
So, the DNS servers know what IP address each domain name is supposed to point to, and DNS's sole job is to take us to that IP address after we enter the name...right? So, if your local DNS server goes down, you're fine as long as you knew the site's IP address for some reason...right? (I ask simple questions because I don't know anything.)
That is an excellent explanation. Thank you so much for taking the time to type that! I'll copy and paste for my own reference, if you don't mind? (I'll always credit you; I know so little about computers that there's no way I could pretend to know that much anyway, LOL.)
I don't mind at all. Note that the "hosts" file exists because this file *was* the "domain name system" before the modern DNS existed! The early users of the Internet would modify their local copy of their "hosts" file and then synchronize with everybody else. In that sense it is a bit of the relic, the current DNS replacing its main purpose, but it is still very useful in some limited circumstances to force some domain name (which doesn't even have to exist in the "proper" DNS) to map to a given IP address.
MrNateSPF Thank you so much! I will add this to my notes. If I ever actually get around to running my own website, you guys will have been my awesome crash course! :3
Pyagrl*16 No problem. While I can teach you some things about getting a website online this is actually the other side of the DNS, this is how you are able to access websites.
64bit is the register-size in the CPU which affects the size of operations you can do in a single tick of the CPUs internal clock. E.g. you can add two integers with the size of 64bit. This doesn't influence the representation of data. It's like you gave the postal service better calculators and expect that the postal code could address more cities. You can do this if you add more digits to the postal code (e.g. 4 digits=>10000, 5 digits=>100000), and this is basically what IPv6 does.
IPv5 was used as an experiment as a preperation for the follow up for version 4 and as such had been used. Having a replacement for ipv4 the taskforce for IP addressing used version 6 be put in production. Where version 4 works at its core on binary, for 6 it works on hexadecimal and assuch have a greater amount of addresses to hand out. As the 32/64 bit cpu has no effect on ip addressing what so ever, it's applied to the cpu and the way that cpu approaches memory, (3.7 or more than 4 gigabyte)
Team Fortress has been being constantly updated for the last few years, constantly releasing new weapons, maps and accessories to keep it's fans happy. The last time we got a Half-Life game has been in 2007 and it ended with a cliff-hanger.
The answer is basically that consoles are specialized, but outdated computers. Keep in mind that consoles are seven years old at least, but most PCs are replaced in three to five years.
Many websites can exist on the same IP. When you access a website, usually you connect to the server by the IP address and the server knows which website to give you by the host field.
Actually, some of these address are not usable in the first place. 6.25% are "reserved for future use"(reads "wasted") and pretty much all IPv4 implementations rejects them as invalid, 6.25% are reserved for multicast groups and cannot be assigned to any device, and several other blocks for special purposes, which amounts to 1.3% of the entire address space.
Not all 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses are usable IPs (ex: 127.0.0.1). The reason why we haven't all switched yet is the same as why you can have 20 devices on your home network while only being issued 1 IP from your ISP: NAT, specifically PAT. Utilizing Private IP ranges and PAT and a well designed network architecture can allow a company to use only 1 to serveral IPaddr for their entire business. I'm pretty sure most home users are using some form of PAT/NAT without even possibly realizing it.
Each router in these private networks remembers where to return information in it's address table after it receives a response. We would have run out of IP addresses a long time ago if every device had to have it's own IP address. There is a benefit to being able to give every device it's own address since there is some overhead in networking in this way, so IPv6 is going to be useful, but it is by no means a necessity. Which is why no one is in a big hurry to convert.
The biggest problem are actually the adoption of phones connected to the internet. The 3G phone network for example hands out none LAN IP addresses to each phone. This is because when you change between each phone tower you need to maintain the same IP address to make data transfer without interruption.
I imagine that they skipped IPv5 because in the past they had been incrementing by 8 (8, 16, 32) but then they decided to skip 64 bit IP addresses and went straight to 128 bit addresses.
In fact, we already have done so a long time ago, but people didn't bother switching, until we ran out. And even now they are still clinging to it, as in practice, that's not such a big problem, yet. Unfortunately, I must add.
"I like the us defense department, they are good people" close one, but you covered your butt there.
Be pretty funny if the video just ended at 2:14
+JessLe Berry funnier at 5:36
+Nemo's Channel Indeed, LOL.
+Nemo's Channel Even better at 8:19
+Jakob7539511 I see what u did thar.. Which means you made me look >:|
:3
NO
the biggest 32-bit integer is 2^32-1
the *number of values* is 2^32
the first value is 0
but even that is not the whole picture, because for instance all IPs that start with 192.168 are reserved for private use and cannot be given out nor should be used outside a LAN
and there are other reserved numbers
another aspect of the problem is that addresses are given out in blocks which are hardly ever completely used
the same problem will possibly confront the world's telephone systems someday
but no worries, the IT industry is, as was said, in the process of switching to 128-bit IPs
128 bits is enough to give every electron in our galaxy its own address
assuming we dont waste too many addresses
Technically the 32 bit scheme is infinitely extensible by using NAT. Also, the video acts like the devices in your house take up extra adresses, but that is not true. They will be off of your single home IP, and internally addressed with at 10.x or 192.x address
Not infinitely, NAT extends IP addresses by combining IP address and port number to uniquely identify a computer. Port numbers are limited to 65,535 (16 bits). So NAT can extend 32bit addressing to at most 48bit, usually much less because normal work on a computer (such as watching UA-cam) needs a dozen or two of port numbers.
Why infinitely extensible? I guess it's about 72,000,000,000,000,000 total addresses with NAT
Was the problem that Internet Servers needed unique IP addressing? Most Net users are normally clients and dont need the full address exclusivity, just a unique, dynamic or translated return path. Was IPv5 going to be a 64 bit system, but the technology jump to 128 came in faster than IPv5 could be commercially developed
@@stensoft more NAT
OMG. Is this what physicists feel like when they read the comments under physics vidoes ?
Back in the days before the web I would often remember the straight IP address instead of a domain name. Only for places I used regularly though. These days I don't even know what my own IP address is.
Allan Richardson No I am not paying extra. My ISP was the first one ever in the UK and they were pretty innovative developing new technologies which most other later ISP's adopted. They were true techies. They offered an excellent service without relying on irrelevant bells and whistles, or questionable business practices such as AOL.
Unfortunately they were eventually bought by a larger ISP, and once the suits took over, the quality of the service started to drop. Tech support used to be by Brits who really knew what they were talking about. Now it's been outsourced to India where you get some random person with a hard to understand accent reading through a script.
Listen carefully at 5:34 and you can hear helicopter blades.
IoEstasCedonta The US defence department heard he doesn't like them
Nitay A. He did conclude. "No, they are nice people... Oh dear." Hopefully not "famous last words":)
nimim. Marko Mikkilä I do believe that the Defense Department handed over full control of the Internet to five regional consortia of universities in the U.S. quite some time ago, now. It is they that own the backbone, in any case, and I don't believe that the Defense Department is paying for any of it at this point. So Professor Clewett can relax!
As for his wondering about domain names, they were instituted by the same team that developed IP and have always been part of the Internet.
Those are computer fans just saying. I mean it's not like theres an open computer lying right next to them.
Your refrigerator is made by "SMEG", I don't think I could own that fridge without laughing every time I see it.
What's SMEG?
@@keval2137 Please see Red Dwarf, the other definition may be on an on-line slang dicktionary. Wallace and Grommit's one was called Smug.
03:47
I was waiting for him to mention Network Address Translation (NAT), but he didn't.
Steven Titus For website hosting on a dedicated address without depending on a centralized proxy (which NAT based upon), you need to buy the right to a IPv6 address from the IP address managing group (name was in the video, but I don't remember off the top of my head), or you need to find a willing seller of a IPv4 address holder. Market Pricing via supply and demand is a temporary and decentralized solution to this as you, but if the expansion of the Internet of Things keeps up its exponential pace, then the demand will overwhelm the supply of sellers to the point where prices of IPv4 addresses will skyrocket, thus forcing individuals and companies to either accept the pyramid like structure and centralization that NAT forms (which we somewhat have now), and/or buy the rights to never used IPv6 addresses.
Big ISPs like comcast already use NAT for their customers. All of the comcast customers in my area use the same public IPv4 address from the regional hub, so then from the centralized hub, every customer is given a unique IPv4 address from the viewpoint of the central hub via NAT as an intranet. All router-based LAN networks work the same way - all devices have their own IPv4 (and usually IPv6 address as well) from the view point of the router as a intranet, and connect to the rest of the internet via NAT on your router and your modem.
Kyle Herbig Yes, I know how NAT works. I was just making an observation that he didn't mention it in the video. At 2:16 he could have mentioned NAT. Its just a little bit misleading, that's all i'm saying.
Steven Titus
I agree - I thought you knew, so I was writing for the casual comment reader. ;)
+Steven Titus Yea, I too thought it was a bit strange to leave that out. Since the statement that all your devices need a unique address just isn't true.. I even heard from people in India that they actually got internet via some sort of LAN network with their ISP. Which, although not a great solution, is a solution to the problem of running out of addresses. (Btw I understand that in the end we just need ipv6 )
It's not a bad solution either, you can stuff 16 million machines in the class A private range
Will Pegasus Galaxy ever run out of stargate adresses?
+Кэтишкэт Старье 7 number addresses + a point of origin. And if i counted correctly there are about 40 symbols on each stargate - 1 for the point of origin. Without all the working its about 15.4 million 15,380,937. Pegasus ( at least in real life ) is a dwarf galaxy and it only has a few billion stars, so lets be generous and say 10 billion. Using the parts of the drake equation we need it comes out at about 3.2 million planets that can support human like life. So no there are plenty.
Andrew Joy Nice explanation, but I hope you did get the joke.
+Andrew Joy there is a 9th spot to denote a moving ship
How does that work ? no point of origin and no fixed address as the ship moves!
Andrew Joy 9th Chevron is dependent on distance between Destiny and Earth (SG:U).
Simple solution:
IPv6
Isaac Karjala To be honest, about a decade ago I would have agreed with you. There was a point in time where I really wanted to have every computer on my home network with a routable address for protocols like you mentioned.
But the way that so many Internet-connected home devices these days work, you go through some third-party portal site that interacts with the device using a proprietary protocol. My Nest thermostats (yeah, I have two in my house for different zones), for instance, are stuck behind NAT but the Nest website straightens all that out for me.
Western Digital has a sort of similar service for their network attached storage devices. It's like the future is to hide protocol details behind some cloud service. I hate the phrase "Internet 2.0", but that really seems appropriate ;)
Simple solution:
_watch the whole video_
Simple answer:
_I did_
Connor Wright
Simple reply:
_why suggest it then?_
Simple, but unrelated comeback:
_Because you're adopted_ hahahah
Cheers to anyone watching on 64 bits (in 2016)=]
Cheers
GodlikeBlock which is nearly everyone -_-
so does 64x mean 64 bit and 32x mean 32 bit then?
OrangeCreeper217 Yesh i think
OrangeCreeper217 no duh?
its actually more complicated than that most homes get one ipv4 address and each device gets a non routable address behind that address much like how apartment numbers work
This is supposed to change with IPv6 though, isn't it? With the incredible amount of available addresses, basically every device in a household should be able to get a public address themselves.
more like a billion addresses lol
+SirLugash That would be a ton less secure, I genuinely hope that's not the case lol
Wade Stutzman
Well that's what I've read. We'll see.
no less or more secure. saying its non routable is not 100% true. My understanding is the outer header for the packet contains the ipv4 address for your house, then your local address is at the next stage of the header. you can start pinging for the local adresses, guessing at local routing names (usually people will have 192.168.0.1 or some other std format), and find the full address for a computer behind a local network. Also most attacks originate from the computer itself in the form of malware, in that case you already know the address.
also I don't know the ratio, but most budget internet connections do not assign a unique ip address to each home, instead sharing them by assigning a dynamic IP address each time you reset your connection (and sometimes while its still running). usually doesn't cause an issue, but you can't run a home server accessible offsite, or be the server for an online game, or home host a website with a dynamic ip (easily).
switching to ipv6 would make things alot easier on many levels, and in reality the added layer of obscurity in ipv4 is only an annoyance to an attacker, not something that significantly reduces the occurence of attacks.
I like IPv4 as I can remember it easier but we need IPv6 just wish there was an easier way to remember HEX
What? I was typing a comment and UA-cam just went to the next video?
I was saying there are fewer than 4,294,967,296 IP addresses in use on the Internet. All the RFC 1918 addresses, as well as numbers beginning with 0 ("Discovery"), 127 ("Loopback") and 224-255 (Multicast and "Reserved") make up a big chunk of addresses you'll never see, along with a bunch of others. My calculation that is 592,708,864 addresses (13.8% of the number given) not usable. This doesn't even include address ranges like 1.1.1.x and 1.2.3.x that are informally reserved, plus some companies and the DOD have large blocks that may not actually be in use.
I learn so much through Numberphile. I love it.
Man, I never knew Heston Blumenthal knew this stuff.
4,294,967,296 may look like some crazy random number, but It converts to 100000000000000000000000000000000 in binary.
It is actually the 4,294,967,286th in a series that starts at zero , but by convention we start counting at 1, not zero. So it rolls over to the next place even though the next register doesn't exist in the computer. It gets to 4,294,967,296 because we talk about it as if we started counting at 1..
Another example is when a dollar equals 100 cents - where this takes three places.
But you can count to 100 if you start at zero as the first, and 99 as the hundredth. That only requires two places.
That's the difference between computers, where IP tables are maintained, and everyday reckoning. And yes, iIt can be confusing.
4,294,967,295 would be 11111111111111111111111111111111
It's not confusing if you ask proper question.
How many 1-digit numbers can you write?
10 - first 2-digit number.
How many 2-digit numbers can you write?
100 - first 3-digit number.
...
How many 32-digit numbers can you write?
1 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 - first 33-digit number.
And it's true for any system as long as 0 mean zero and 1 mean one :)
Carpey computers count from 0, and we count from 1, e.g. the first number would be 0000000 in 8 bit, if you count from 0 it would be 11111111111111111111111111111111
which converts to a single bit in -24h clock notation-
I remember in the 1990s we thought that these would never be used up.
There you go ladies and gentlemen, the United States Defense Department, the creators the the internet.
That's not what he said... They govern the IP tables...
The origins of the internet is TCP/IP (the protocol that every computer is using to talk to each other) and that was created in CERN in Switzerland.
OverSoft Well, the technology of the internet was created by the United States Defense Department(or at the very least was funded by it), but the WWW was created at CERN.
To be complete the WWW was created on a NeXT computer, btw (which is now Apple's Mac OSX).
TheGreatRakatan They're not the creators of the internet, they just determine public ip adresses. The first people that connected computers to communicate with each other and they've called it net were from some California university. I'm sorry, if I'm wrong, but this is what i remember from the CNA (Cisco Networking Academy) interpretation.
TheGreatRakatan CERN created the internet to link up their computing grid I believe.
How many individual IP's could we have if we scraped numerical or hex and replaced it with alphabetical. I.e A=1 - Z-26?
At 4:51, there is a typo in the caption/subtitle: it should be DHCP, not DHTP
And now we use 64-bit. We still advance. And what about internal IP's?
It's not that easy. If You have only internal IP's then You don't have Your own external IP.
+Byamarro2 Well internal (or private) IP's are a HUGE contributor to conserving IP addresses, as essentially every household need only 1 external IP address (companies might have a few, as they might have a few different connections outbound but still, likely less than 10 for hundreds if not thousands of machines)
I know this video is 4 years old but even then most people viewing these videos, at least on PC, were using 64 bit computers.
one thing u have to remember is that in any x-bit number its always going to be (2^x) - 1, not just 2^x to get the highest possible value
(2^(x-1))-1 if it's signed, even. Fortunately, your IP address has no need of being signed seeing as we don't expect to address any negative devices.
Such a nice person to listen.
lol the US defense department controls the internet
4:50 caption error. Should be "DHCP," not "DHTP"
IPv6 anyone....?
6:00
Lukasz Baldyga I know that was my thought through this whole thing
Brady, you asked about content for the new computing channel: James has covered key elements of domain and ip fundamentals really well there. Maybe some more of this type of content?
Numberphile's IP address is 109.123.72.70
I seriously doubt I could ever remember that. Praise the people who developed Domain Names!
Why they decide to use 128 bit instead of 64?
64 bits it already 18 quintillions of addresses.
But to fill 128bit you need to convert all mass of the earth into devices, and each one should weight 5*10^(-11) gram!
That is ridiculous!
Right... 64bit seems enough.
They probably want to avoid the same problem in the future. Humans are notoriously bad at predicting the future, people said the car would never replace horses, no one would ever need a computer in their house, people would never need more than a megabyte of memory etc. Back in the 80s and 90s they probably figured that there would never be billions of computers using IP addresses or that by that time computers would have advanced past the severe processing limitations they had then. Given the proliferation of computer technology who knows how many devices will require IP addresses in 50 years or 100 years etc? Better to just make it 128-bit and never worry about it again, its not like its too demanding in processing power. There are also more technical and security reasons as well
whos to say how the future will work like thereine said who knows what will use them perhaps nano machine will use them up or small drones best go with the big number
But that's only planet earth! So small! What about the entire galaxy? Or bigger? Sure we may not get there, but if we do, it'll be well worth the investment. Also, imagine fixing 18 quintillion devices to support IPv24658. Doesn't sound very easy, does it?
What most forget is that a single device might use multiple addresses at the same time. There are multicast or unicast addresses which devices can "use" to actually hook into a stream. That's already happening with IPv4, though there are just a few multicast addresses out there ^^
There are a lot of special addresses which are locked for special uses. For example the IPv4 reserves a whole class A subnet just for the local loopback address. This address can only be used locally on each device and always refers to the device itself. The whole 127.X.X.X space is wasted for that ^^. That's 16 million addresses or 1/256.of all addresses in the IPv4 address space.
It would also simplify the assignment of IP addresses. You could actually define certain addresses to be bound to the location on earth. So each square meter might have a million addresses available. A seperate address space might be used for mobile devices (as they very likely change position).
The GUID also uses 128 bits. It's "said" that the possibility that the same GUID is picked twice is very very unlikely. Same for MD5 hashes, they are also 128bits long. Since modern computer hardware is already able to natively handle 128bit values it's no suprise they picked 128bits for IPv6.
this should be posted on computerphile
Apparently UA-cam was forced to update their view count system to 64 bit since Gangnam style got over 2,147,483,647 views, which is the highest possible number in a signed 32 bit system. Maybe they should have went with unsigned integers to hold up to 4,294,967,295 views. It's not like there's negative views.
Well fast forward 3 years and Despacito has more than 4,294,967,295 views. So what is their new number?
9 sexdecillion i think
You are correct if you start to count at one. His main point was that an 8-bit number has 256 different values, i.e., 0 to 255. If you encode binary numbers in two's complement, then an 8-bit number would range from -128 to 127 (so can only count to 127 in this case), but still have 256 different values.
...But local addresses on a network are only local addresses meaning that anyone could have say 192.168.1.1 on multiple networks.. what he needed to say is that the internet IP provided by their ISP's (Internet Service Provider) are running out, so I don't think that is necessarily correct for a university scale internet structure as they might use 2 or 3 (maybe more) internet connections or different IP's given by their ISP or even enterprise grade internet structures which allows them to have more connected users to a single modem than the typical home user would.
didnt ipv6 solved this problem?
yea realized that later,,
+Hilal Just what I was thinking.
+Hilal well it would fix it if everyone would switch over but the ISPs of the world really dont have any reason they should switch over. Its just expense for them, and it still works on ipv4 because of the patches we have with how routers work. Almost everything is still ipv4 but it hasnt broken because they can use routers to fake more addresses.
6:00
That makes sense I was watching this video and wondering... isnt my ip (Home IP Address):(Device #)
Better yet, you can do subneteting much easier than with friggin IPV4.
+ComandanteJ that's a solution we're using rn :)
Lol, not really.
Source: CCNP
ComandanteJ The only difference is there is no classful boundary or broadcast addresses and hex characters versus decimal. I guess the difficulty of the process is debatable. I found it to be about the same since your main concern in both ipv4 and ipv6 is how many bits represent the subnet bits and how many represent host bits. In IPv6 you are converting to binary from hex instead of decimal. In my opinion the difficulty of the process is the same.
"Bitesize" lol
+Andrew Shirley I caught that too!
I just want to view life with the same enthusiasm he discusses this subject.
At 3:36, the example doesn't exactly hold water, since LAN IPs don't have to have unique addresses.
Not exactly a unique address but the combination of public IP and port number addresses your devices at home uniquely.
This guy's talking as if every device gets a different public IP. Routers give local IPs and then the modem is the only device getting a public IP.Please slap that fool.
Doesn't matter. We're still running out because of the number of servers.
I never said we weren't.
Including public/private address spaces and mechanisms like NAT in this video would just add confusion on the topic. It also doesn't help since the problem described still applies.
3:48 SMEG
The video is wrong in so many ways that it's very painful to watch.
do enlighten us
How so?
If people are still wondering. Domain Name is basically the 'mask' of its IP. Then a DNS is used to translate the Domain Name to its IP Address, in other words 'see what's behind the mask'. Think of it as a Phonebook. Doman Name is the Name. IP Address is the Number. DNS (Domain Name Server) is the Phonebook itself. Very brief and vague explanation but I tried to keep it simple.
Its 2015, my cellphone is 64-Bit now. The technological advance over the last 3 years !
I have a 64 bit ._.
Brandon Phillips so does the majority of people now but is you router on IPV6?
+lisa lavergne +Brandon Phillips
2^128 - 2^64 = 340282366920938463444927863358058659840
IP6 64bit
you see why yet?
its MUCH bigger space of bytes to have.
why can not just allocate all the ipv4 adresses as a subdomain of ipv6 :P
My N64 has 64 bits
Delete from the internet everything he has created a child under 13 years and you will get alot of terabytes (or zetabytes?) free space on whole internet
It's not space for things we're having not enough of, it's not enough of garages where we can store these things!
I can imagine "The Internet is FULL" being a headline on the front page of the Daily Mail shortly...
He could've mentioned that in a regular home, it really doesn't matter how many devices you use, because your router is probably set up as a NAT, meaning it counts as 1 IP globally.
His fridge has the word "smeg" on it.
Network Address Translation
The local network they run on shares the same IP to the router, and then the router redirects the traffic to the appropriate internal address. If you want a more accurate description we have wikipedia for that.
32-bit signed integers range from -2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647 while signed integers range from 0 to 4,294,967,296.
That makes a lot of sense. Also when considering how arrays are indexed. You can have an array with 256 positions and the highest index is 255, but there are still 256 items there. I should have known what he was talking about, I need to watch the video again to try and figure out why I thought there was some ambiguity in his statement and what confused me.
I honestly actually feel embarrassed that I asked that question.
And I'm nerd enough to have checked to be sure that was an accurate translation. Well played, Ninja.
I enjoyed decrypting these obscure messages. I now feel oblivious.
this is the second time I've seen this exact conversation.
A: "I lied"
B: "Click to start an adventure"
Nobody knows what A lied about, and B makes a joke about a comment adventure, even though the conversation is painfully short and confusing.
This is officially copypasta
when they say, "computer can only count up to 4 billion" they mean when it specifically comes to this address thing. the thing is, those old computers can only handle numbers up to 4 billion at once, which it needs to do for addresses. but when it comes to stuff at the user level, such as a calculator or storing the number of youtube views, it can take the number in chunks, and have no problem handling larger numbers.
3:47 that fridge reminds me of a Marshmallow XD
I did not know there was an actual place/company/thing that handed out IP addresses. Come to think of it, the thought of where they come from never occurred to me.
As a Red Dwarf fan, I found that fridge hilarious.
Just because the majority thinks it, does not mean that it is the right way of doing things
Isn't it quite a bit less than 4,294,967,296? What with the private ranges, loopback address and masks?
Now Brady, I want you to make a video with James Clewett about if there is a possibilty of 86-bit computers being right around the corner. I know that there have been 64 bit computers since 2003 (I research), and by 3:00 A.M.. January 19, 2038, we are mostly going to have 64 bit computers. The challenge for you Brady is to find the maximum counting value of an 86 bit computer using math (which would be hard to decimalize since 64 bit is about 18.4 quintillion). I want you to record it, and post it on UA-cam on one of your math channels. I really enjoy Numberphile and hope that you could do this without the help of anyone. That would be delightful.
NAT is still used by almost everyone. The good thing is that it's 99% automatic, so no one notices it. Any time you connect your computer to a wifi hotspot, or a router at home or work, that router gives it an address in the 192.168.x.x block. The router then uses NAT to let you talk to the outside world.
This means the ISPs only have to give one unique IP address to each customer, not to each device.
the highest value for any x-bit number should also ALWAYS be an odd number, since the least significant bit (2^0) = 1 will be "on". this bit always determines whether a number is even or odd in any x-bit number
At my company, we're pushing back on IPv6 hard, as many of our mainframe apps would have to be nearly completely rewritten. The hard part isn't the routers or operating systems...it's the apps that have to communicate from behind the routers.
And now I'm shaking my head over the failure to specify the difference between machines and modems. Feel free to correct me if I'm wrong, though.
IP version 1= 4bit
IP version 2= 8bit
IP version 3= 16bit
IP version 4= 32 bit
IP version 5= 64bit
IP version 6=128bit
IP 2 was used experimentaly and the old version 2 IP packets were assigned to version 5 in order to avoid confusion with the normal IP adresses in version 4. Now the IP in version 5 that were handed out should not be around anymore, but to be sure to avoid confusion, we skipped 5.
32-bit operating systems can handle 128-bit addresses, just like 16-bit operating systems and processors could do computations with numbers greater than 2^16, just not as efficiently. The 32- or 64-bitness refers to the widths of registers and buses, and larger numbers can be handled by combining more than one register and by sending them over the bus in parts.
An ipv6 address is just an 128 bit number instead of a 32 bit number in the case of an ipv4 address. You can write this binary number in the hexadecimal number system which, as you noticed, uses letters too (digits 0-9 and "letters" A,B,C..,F)
You can easily write any ipv4 address 'with letters' using a hexadecimal notation :)
Ex. 231.18.45.20 -> 256^3*231 + 256^2*18 + 256*45 + 20 = 3876728084 (in decimal, E7122D14 in hex and in IPv6 style notation -> e712:2d14
I like how he said: "No, uh, i like the US Defense Department", like there was someone behind the camera with a gun :)
Thought the same thing. But in the end it only prolongs the actualy problem instead of solving it.
he said "no, i like the defense department, they're good people" out of sheer fear
6:12 I assume IP version 5 can be related to Windows 9, where both had major bugs early in development and restarted with a new number.
+EpikCloiss37 IP version and OS version have nothing to do with eachother
I mean they did the same thing, where they tried with 2^64 but the program was buggy so they did 2^128 instead. I'm not saying Win10 systems use IPv6 and Win8 systems use IPv4. Windows 9 was buggy, so they did Windows 10 instead.
he didn't say they are, he was using the fact that microsoft didn't call windows 10 "windows 9" because it was (or at least they like to say) windows 10 was a bigger leap ahead than windows 7 to windows 8 for example, as an analogy to why the replacement to IPV4 isn't IPV5 but it is IPV6 since they doubled the number of bits twice rather than going from 32bit to 64 they went straight to 128.
A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15, 10=16...19=25, 1A=26, 1B=27.
IPv6 uses hexidecimal numbers, which is a base 16 number system, as opposed to our normal decimal system (base 10).
It's worth mentioning that their both ultimately just a bunch of ones and zeros, and the only real difference is in the way that we have chosen to represent them for human reading.
In the UK, the body that was meant to be making this happen has folded (last week I think) when they realized that they were getting no support from the government and thus what they were trying to achieve was pointless. At the moment there is no UK government websites that use IPv6.
5:35 made my day. Automatic thumbs up!
A lot of the larger service providers (with many of the large backbones) are already using IPv6. IPv6 is very difficult to adopt which is why it is not happening quickly at a micro level.
What you are not taking into account is the private subnet ranges. For example the 1918RFC ranges: 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0 and 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0
Source NAT enables you to use 1 IP to address many machines behind it, so it is not really the 1 to 1 mapping you are describing.
Yeah :) Saw it after submitting the reply!
This episode in 3 sentences:
4,294,967,296 is too small!
What are we gonna do?
Make it bigger!
32/64 bit computer specifications are related more to the internal hardware and how the computer functions (what used to be -not sure if it still is- called the BUS), and relates more to the computer's processing speed/efficiency etc. (like having a 100vs a 200 mhz processor). However, you can render 128 bit numbers or more just as long as your computer has enough memory: rendering numbers etc. depends on the avalibility of 1s and 0s in your computer (stored in bits, then bytes (kb, mb gb etc))
So, the DNS servers know what IP address each domain name is supposed to point to, and DNS's sole job is to take us to that IP address after we enter the name...right?
So, if your local DNS server goes down, you're fine as long as you knew the site's IP address for some reason...right?
(I ask simple questions because I don't know anything.)
Yeah, you can use the IP instead.
That is an excellent explanation. Thank you so much for taking the time to type that! I'll copy and paste for my own reference, if you don't mind? (I'll always credit you; I know so little about computers that there's no way I could pretend to know that much anyway, LOL.)
I don't mind at all.
Note that the "hosts" file exists because this file *was* the "domain name system" before the modern DNS existed! The early users of the Internet would modify their local copy of their "hosts" file and then synchronize with everybody else.
In that sense it is a bit of the relic, the current DNS replacing its main purpose, but it is still very useful in some limited circumstances to force some domain name (which doesn't even have to exist in the "proper" DNS) to map to a given IP address.
MrNateSPF Thank you so much! I will add this to my notes. If I ever actually get around to running my own website, you guys will have been my awesome crash course! :3
Pyagrl*16
No problem. While I can teach you some things about getting a website online this is actually the other side of the DNS, this is how you are able to access websites.
Interesting ,Thank you!!
64bit is the register-size in the CPU which affects the size of operations you can do in a single tick of the CPUs internal clock. E.g. you can add two integers with the size of 64bit. This doesn't influence the representation of data.
It's like you gave the postal service better calculators and expect that the postal code could address more cities. You can do this if you add more digits to the postal code (e.g. 4 digits=>10000, 5 digits=>100000), and this is basically what IPv6 does.
IPv5 was used as an experiment as a preperation for the follow up for version 4 and as such had been used. Having a replacement for ipv4 the taskforce for IP addressing used version 6 be put in production.
Where version 4 works at its core on binary, for 6 it works on hexadecimal and assuch have a greater amount of addresses to hand out.
As the 32/64 bit cpu has no effect on ip addressing what so ever, it's applied to the cpu and the way that cpu approaches memory, (3.7 or more than 4 gigabyte)
The biggest value you can store in a 32-bit number is actually (2^32)-1. 2^32 is the number of values you can store in it.
Team Fortress has been being constantly updated for the last few years, constantly releasing new weapons, maps and accessories to keep it's fans happy. The last time we got a Half-Life game has been in 2007 and it ended with a cliff-hanger.
The answer is basically that consoles are specialized, but outdated computers. Keep in mind that consoles are seven years old at least, but most PCs are replaced in three to five years.
"There are two guys in suits and sunglasses outside our door. Do you know them?"
grande victor! jajaja que gracia encontrar un comentario tuyo por ahi.
gran fan tuyo ;)
Many websites can exist on the same IP. When you access a website, usually you connect to the server by the IP address and the server knows which website to give you by the host field.
for me it dosn't have any audio
Actually, some of these address are not usable in the first place. 6.25% are "reserved for future use"(reads "wasted") and pretty much all IPv4 implementations rejects them as invalid, 6.25% are reserved for multicast groups and cannot be assigned to any device, and several other blocks for special purposes, which amounts to 1.3% of the entire address space.
I cannot wait. I have this feeling that knickerbockers will be all the rage in fashion sometime in about 25 years.
Not all 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses are usable IPs (ex: 127.0.0.1). The reason why we haven't all switched yet is the same as why you can have 20 devices on your home network while only being issued 1 IP from your ISP: NAT, specifically PAT.
Utilizing Private IP ranges and PAT and a well designed network architecture can allow a company to use only 1 to serveral IPaddr for their entire business. I'm pretty sure most home users are using some form of PAT/NAT without even possibly realizing it.
Each router in these private networks remembers where to return information in it's address table after it receives a response. We would have run out of IP addresses a long time ago if every device had to have it's own IP address. There is a benefit to being able to give every device it's own address since there is some overhead in networking in this way, so IPv6 is going to be useful, but it is by no means a necessity. Which is why no one is in a big hurry to convert.
The biggest problem are actually the adoption of phones connected to the internet. The 3G phone network for example hands out none LAN IP addresses to each phone. This is because when you change between each phone tower you need to maintain the same IP address to make data transfer without interruption.
I imagine that they skipped IPv5 because in the past they had been incrementing by 8 (8, 16, 32) but then they decided to skip 64 bit IP addresses and went straight to 128 bit addresses.
They didn't skip it, it does exist, but it never became an official protocol
In fact, we already have done so a long time ago, but people didn't bother switching, until we ran out. And even now they are still clinging to it, as in practice, that's not such a big problem, yet. Unfortunately, I must add.