Campi Flegrei Volcano Update; A Timeline of its Many Recent Eruptions
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- Опубліковано 27 чер 2024
- Several large cities and more than 300,000 people live inside calderas and craters of the massive Campi Flegrei volcano in Italy. Since this volcano is still at an alert level of yellow, what exactly does this indicate? This video will discuss the current activity at the large caldera complex known as Campi Flegrei, as well as show a timeline of its 40 Holocene epoch eruptions.
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Sources/Citations:
[1] INGV
[2] Isaia, R., P. Marianelli, and A. Sbrana (2009), Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P.: Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L21303, doi:10.1029/2009GL040513.
[3] Bevilacqua, A., F. Flandoli, A. Neri, R. Isaia, and S. Vitale (2016), Temporal models for the episodic volcanism of Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) with uncertainty quantification, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 121, 7821-7845, doi:10.1002/2016JB013171.
[4] Amoruso, A., Crescentini, L., D’Antonio, M. et al. Thermally-assisted Magma Emplacement Explains Restless Calderas. Sci Rep 7, 7948 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08..., CC BY 4.0.
[5] Scarpati C, Perrotta A, Lepore S, Calvert A. Eruptive history of Neapolitan volcanoes: constraints from 40Ar-39Ar dating. Geological Magazine. 2013;150(3):412-425. doi:10.1017/S0016756812000854
[6] VEIs, dates/years, composition, tephra layer name, DRE estimates, and bulk tephra volume estimates for volcanic eruptions shown in this video which were assigned a VEI 4 or larger are sourced from the LaMEVE database (British Geological Survey © UKRI), www2.bgs.ac.uk/vogripa/view/c..., Used with Permission
[7] Source of Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) methodology and criteria: Newhall, C. G., and Self, S. (1982), The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism, J. Geophys. Res., 87(C2), 1231-1238, doi:10.1029/JC087iC02p01231. Accessed / Read by / geologyhub on Oct 5th, 2022.
[8] UA-cam Creative Commons, "Visita al Vulcano Solfatara", By: Vito Simi de Burgis, • Visita al Vulcano Solf... , CC BY 3.0 license
[9] Amoruso, Antonella & Crescentini, Luca & D'Antonio, M. & Acocella, Valerio. (2017). Thermally-assisted Magma Emplacement Explains Restless Calderas. Scientific Reports. 7. 10.1038/s41598-017-08638-y., CC BY 4.0
[10] Di Vito, M., Acocella, V., Aiello, G. et al. Magma transfer at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) before the 1538 AD eruption. Sci Rep 6, 32245 (2016). doi.org/10.1038/srep32245, CC BY 4.0.
[11] Giudicepietro Flora, Macedonio Giovanni, Martini Marcello, A Physical Model of Sill Expansion to Explain the Dynamics of Unrest at Calderas with Application to Campi Flegrei, Frontiers in Earth Science, Volume 5, 2017, www.frontiersin.org/articles/..., DOI: 10.3389/feart.2017.00054, ISSN: 2296-6463, CC BY 4.0.
0:00 Campi Flegrei Volcano
0:25 Craters & Calderas
2:26 Current Situation
3:02 Timeline of Eruptions
I spent a surprisingly long time making the timeline of Campi Flegrei’s Holocene eruptions. Hopefully you enjoyed today’s video
I enjoy your campi flegrei videos
Very much appreciated. Greetings from Italy Timothy
I must say that this presentation is excellent.
Well done.
Even a small eruption could be catastrophic for this area with lots of deaths.
Looks like another Fagradalsfjall update is in order, as livestreams show lava now overtopping the protective berms protecting the Svartsengi power plant and the Blue Lagoon resort in multiple locations.
In the mid 1980's, I was stationed with the US Air Force at a communications relay site on Monte Virgine, located about 35 miles east of Naples, where we had a great view, looking down upon Mt. Vesuvius and the cities and bays of Naples and Salerno. I visited Campi Flegrei's Roman ruins at Pozzuoli and was very impressed with the geothermal activity and the significant amount of uplifting and sinking of these ruins, above and below sea level. I also took the opportunity to hike up to the rim of Vesuvius' crater, and visit the ruins at Herculaneum and Pompeii, while living in Italy. I love the Italian people and culture, and certainly hope it's going to be a very long time before either of these volcanoes will again erupt.
This is one of the best channels on UA-cam!
Thank you for your update. Professional and informative as always.
Thank you for all your hard work ❤
Thanks for all the hard work on these videos
Thanks as always, Geology Hub!
Mind blowing that so many live right there
There´s no good news for the media unless it´s bad news. I am very thankful for GH.
In spite of the sham, drudgery and broken dreams it's still a beautiful world with wonderful people, may moments of profound joy come upon you unexpectedly.
LOL, if it bleeds, it leads. The guy behind GeologyHub seems to want to be right, so he has no business in commercial news media, because he'll not hesitate to say "Yeaaaaah, this isn't going to blow anytime soon." I too appreciate that. I still would like a geological history of the Jornada Del Muerto volcano though ;)
Very interesting, thank you. I have learnt so much more about this area in Italy from this channel.
The legacy will never believe you unless you refer to this volcano as the Killer Super Extreme Volcano Campi Flegrei.
I thought it was “super-duper”?😂
@@josephwirtz8352 oh yeah. My bad. 🤣
As always, excellent work!
The amplitude of the uplift even in historical times must have been very large. This is evidenced from pitting of support columns by bivalves when they were below sea level. These columns are now high and dry, well above even the highest tides.
Does the rock composition concern you? The fact that the rock type tends to be hard and brittle being an historical source of concrete like material.
Yes I agree as it is getting more brittle & breaking up it will allow magma to force its way through. The magma chambers are not far under the ground & earthquakes have been happening at shallow depths of 4 kilometres to as little as 2 kilometres.
Looking up this volcano I learned that its eruption chemistry varies from phonolite to trachyte so all well within the highly alkaline ~12% and siliceous (55-60+%) range.
It is a good idea to show all the minor eruütions and their craters.
Thank you.
Thanks! Great video and much appreciated. Sending you a token of my appreciation. Thanks again!
Small note- number 21 on your list should be written Nevado not Nelvado. Keep up the great work!
So you're telling us to go see Italy before it inevitably changes again.
Absolutely fascinating thank you so much good job °~•.☆.•~°
Thank you for this information
This sounds very much like the Tantalus and Manoa areas of Oahu, Hawaii. 😮
Campi flegrei is an amazing volcano
No eruption huh, Campi Flegrei hold my beer 🍺
Let's get interactions up on this video so it gets recommended to more people and hopefully quells some of the fearmongering!
Thanks for you work! A question popped up in my mind though. Are calderas only formed by single eruptions or can a multitude of smaller eruptions cause a collapse of the magma chambers vault?
How certain can we be that, during the whole of this timeline, before the start of local historical records especially, there were no underwater eruptions in the bay?
Interesting that there was a 2000 year dormancy between the Fossa Lupara eruption (1300 BCE) and the last eruption at Solfatara in 1198 - assume this must have been a magma chamber recharging phase
This episode is a little campi
Most dangerous place on Earth.....
... And Italy builds a visitor center in it .
Them Italians are gutsy
@@ArtByKarenEHaley huge respect for them! 👍
I still remember the day at Mount Saint Helens blew.
Supervolcano ! 👃
Are there no vents in the bay? Have the eruptions all been on land?
Yes there are hydrothermal vents offshore in the bay & the eruptions have been happening in the bay as well. They are also fairly shallow.
Dance on the Volcano by Triumvirat
OK, I think there are a lot of people sitting a-top a ticking time-bomb in that region of Italy. There are so many people living in the Naples region that even a small eruption may cause a major loss of life. Worse still, its not as if no-one knows the danger they are in. It seems that everyone from the government down to the ordinary people who've chosen to live there have gone and said, "nah, won't happen in my lifetime." They may be right, of course, but sooner or later, it will happen. It is, unfortunately, inevitable... and when it does, there'll be a lot of people crying about why weren't they told how dangerous it was, when the writing on the wall has been clear for all to see all along!
He also fails to mention last month recorded record amounts of earthquakes the highest being a 4.4
@@methinnk2.063 for 150 years
@@methinnk2.063Also there have been continued earthquake swarming & latest earthquake was a 3.5.
Many people who lived there did not realise the danger they were in. It ended up looking like just a natural landscape with more & more houses being built on it. The government was also not pointing this out or stopping it but was just allowing it to happen. Even now people are still not getting the whole truth & the Governor who does not live in the area has been keeping quiet. We shouldn't be blaming all the people. Even the best volcanologists have been silenced.
Yea but we europeans don't panic like you yanks .😂
Mostly vei 3 or lower. A handful of 4s and a single 5. (Correct me if im wrong plz) so not the giant murder machine it's made out to be by some. Thanks for the informative and quick video.
While mostly VEI 3 its more than a handful of VEI 4's being the 2nd most common VEI ranking, lets not forget that a VEI 3 eruption is pretty large and devastating locally and the real reason this volcano is so deadly is that the entire caldera is pretty much densely packed with people so even a mere VEI 1 phreatic eruption is likely to kill people. Proximity is the number one risk factor with a volcano and "we built a major metropolitan center within it" is pretty much the top of the list in terms of danger hazard.
I would be really curious about the history before the 100ka BP. I feel like not enough was written about that. We know the history of Yellowstone back to several million years ago but Campi Flegrei only to 100ka(?) Maybe there are studies, but I feel like every time I try to find some information about that, I fail. Some sources said there was also a significant eruption 200k BP (I suspect this is incorrect though). Some sources also say the similar activity was simply not there, since before 300k BP, large caldera eruptions occurred rather around the Rome area with the major Vulsini/Albani eruptions, but I don't know whether that statement has any sound scientific evidence.
Really? 40 m of uplift? I think before the last eruption in 1538 (Monte Nuovo) it was less than 10 m.
Any low VEI will be a disaster for the local area when eruption occurs.
The Phlegraen Fields 39000 years ago VEI 7/8 much more powerful of Vesuvius VEI 5 and of the third active volcano in the Gulf of Naples, Mount Epomeo on the Ischia island.
The Indian Elephant in the room ….
Would the largest Flood Basalt Traps be considered Super-Volcano Eruptions?
I would say yes but I believe it would need it’s own classification to be honest
They are their own classification due to them being more like giant rift zones
Potentially even by the traditional metric of a VEI 8 eruption since in the case of continental flood basalts young enough to still have well preserved effusive components the initial wave of activity it seems tends to be rhyolitic as the magma leeches silica rising up through the continental crust. Its a pretty similar albeit much more active involving far more magma scenario than Yellowstone.
So it probably wouldn't be a single super eruption but many in quick succession.
Even oceanic flood basalts seem to involve significant explosive components as the amount of rock piling up quickly brings them to shallow enough depths to make them significantly phreatomagmatic in eruption style.
@@Dragrath1 I think when comparing a flood basalt to an explosive eruption is different due to the fact that fluid basalts are many eruptions of basaltic magma. Basically like a 1000 Kilauea's going off at full blast vs 100 Tambora's going off at full blast like with a Yellowstone Supereruption.
@@neogenmatrix6162 While that is accurate i.e. the dense rock equivalent is off the scale my point was that based on previous large flood basalts young enough to be well preserved the eruptions did involve conventional explosive behavior not just effusive. For continental flood basalts you have the initial rhyolitic phase where the ascending wave of magma becomes enriched in silica that certainly is going to put out explosive activity which at least in the end Triassic mass extinction we have direct evidence of ice rafting deposition indicating that volcanic winter conditions did occur. Keep in mind I'm talking about perhaps dozens of Yellowstone esc super eruptions before the siliceous melt is exhausted letting the effusive floods of basalt reach the surface.
Plus just because the lava is runny doesn't it isn't explosive since some of these flood basalt eruptions namely Siletzia preserves basaltic lapilli produced either by high gas content/pressure or possibly more likely lava water interactions.
Why live there 🤦♂️
The soil is fertile
Fertile soil near the sea in a moderate climate is an attractive selling point for a large population that needs to eat. That being said, I definitely wouldn't live there haha
To add to the soil fertility Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius both have highly alkaline lavas which are especially fertile due to their high potassium in particular content and the volcanic lightning generated by rising explosive eruptive plumes has been shown to be extremely effective at fixing nitrogen, on top of the fact that magma generally contains phosphorus. That means the full mix of enriched fertile soil elements is present in abundance far beyond typical volcanoes. Still entirely stupid to live there but where good land is scarce and with the inertia of I was born here and I've lived here my whole life... Darwin awards.
Showing the actual elephant in the room was a special treat. 😄
Call him just Volcano is bad idea. Call him "Campi Flegrei Caldera" and that's all
I see 300k Darwin awards being instantly handed out if this thing lets loose at even half strength.
Look I totally get that people don’t always have a choice as to where the grow up and live. I also get that these towns were established LONG before they even knew what was under their feet. HOWEVER, at a certain point those become excuses. I mean you know the risk and you are choosing to build a home smack dab in the middle of an active volcano. Not just a volcano but a super volcano.
It’s pronounced Fleh-gray
Geology Hub, Can I Please Request A Video, And Tomorrow, Could You Maybe Please Upload It. So, Can You Do A Video That Answers A Question, On Weather Mount Vesuvius, And Campi Flegri, Share A Magma Chamber, And Weather One Of Them, When They Erupt, Could Cause A Domino Effect, By Causing The Other To Erupt. Please Do A Video On That, And Please Do It Tomorrow, If Not Too Much Trobule.
Vesuvius and campi flegrei don’t share the same magma chamber and neither of them would cause the other volcano to erupt
I have heard it could cause a domino effect on Mt Vesuvius in view of the close proximity.
You want GH to drop everything and stay up all night researching and producing a video just for you for tomorrow? Btw, you don't need to capitalise every word.
I would uplift myself away from there.
Be careful predicting or not predicting Italy's geologic future. The gov't doesn't take kindly to geologists who might get it wrong.
not so good attitude, as you ll need to be 2x as brave to save them now, and it s already hard enough with all the false alarms, they must have enough of it. I pity those of which it s their job giving the bad news.
me, I d say go until Sunday if you can, if Monday it s cool, then it might be fine. I d ask only those that are quite near, I find it s a reasonable approach.
stupid place to build a house
Bulk tephra must be a few decimals off, right??
It is named supervolcano, not pimple..
When you look down on the satalite pics, you have to wonder who was the idiot that thought living there was a good idea..
They didn't have the advantage of satellite pictures then.
GLORY TO GOD. AMEN. GET READY. NO ONE KNOWS THE DAY OR HOUR.
5pm on 9/24/2034
This is all due to the sun 6k cycle. Molten mantle shifts are planet wide. And lets further pay attention what its end result will be, crust instability, mantle release of the crust, tilt, and new iceage. This is just one of many incidentals.
"This is all due to the sun 6k cycle. " - nope.
If you have evidence for any of this, please give us references to papers in respectable journals.
This would be an informative video if the narrator could be understood. His voice is mush!
I would pay money to hear you have a friendly discussion with @OnThePluseWithSilki about this volcano.
Omg please noooooo
@@jerrydelyea5820 no actual lava would be erupted during the discussion so it's definitely safe
@@BrianPellerin 😂
Absolutely! Please!
campi flegrei is awakening but vesuvius is too tired to erupt
E vabbè