why are the mice not allowed walls made of natural material in these tests? the wee mice dont deserve such bad treatment anyway. Their theta and alpha etc waves are probably experienced as response sensation just like ours. Would natural materials, if carefully chosen, prejudice the results? or would they enhance the real feel for the mouse and therefore the interpretation its brain wave types?
maybe you dont have access to the info requested. I like your channels info. lets all help to protect our fellow creatures while we investigate the brain. surely that is a step towards understanding ourselves. we shouldnt be so objective with the wee mice, they make nice pets. and have a life.
Hey, I am very glad I found your channel, I love your content about neuroscience, I am CS major interested in cross benefitting both fields through their uniqueness. I want to use such information to utilize these algorithms to benefit Algorithms in computer science for various tasks. And even explore beyond just that in neuroscience. Mind control/Influencing mind in a controlled manner has always been my fascination.. Keep up the good work! Best neuroscience content channel
@@timkbirchico8542 no. NO. Animals have no rights . The concept of rights belongs to man. That means you can and you should do whatever it takes "wee animal or better to use primates". I repeat: animals literally have no rights. The concept of rights belongs to man. This anthropomorphising mysticism has to stop and you must stop it now.
@@maiamaiapapaya "The more I learn about biology in general, the more I feel like us being here right now is a miracle." While I understand the feelings, I think that we have not destroyed ourselves yet is the real miracle. ;) Seriously, though, I see things differently. That we are here is due to everything that came before. Much the way that starting a walk down a path one cannot see more than a very small distance ahead, one with billions of branches in the path, one that travels billions of miles/kilometers (pick your favorite), we are here without actually having decided to be here. It may seem like a miracle that all of those billions of choices wound up with what we are today, but I posit, what if we could be better. Not just a little better, but a lot better. Looking at other life on Earth, you will find lots of *decisions* made over time that make different creatures far better at some things that we are. Better vision, sense of smell, resistance to cancer, resistance to disease, and so on. While human beings have these large brains that seem to be more capable in many ways than the brains of other species, there are abilities that our brains do not have that we find in other species. Then there are the basic physiological issues. Choking to death due to the mouth being used for eating, drinking and breathing (whales don't have that issue) being one of those. There are Genetic mutations that go wrong. Malformations in babies, fetuses that die in the womb, non-viable pregnancies (tubal for instance). Again, an incredible array of genetic and other physiological failures. There is so much about what and who we are that is problematic and could be improved upon. We have the abilities to do so. Yet, the vast majority of people choose to squander what they have inherited or been given. To me the miracle has yet to happen. That would be the miracle of "we the people", all of us, taking responsibility not only for our lives today, but what we leave to the life that follows us. The miracle of understanding that every decision has weight and consequence. The miracle of deciding to make the world, life, and living better for all that follows. My spouse does accuse me of thinking to much though.
@@digiryde General human autonomy would be best; considering we're free because freedom in itself is a practice is the best part. If you consider this stuff crazy, take a dive into structural biology sometime! Enjoyed the read-through. ⭐
Fascinating content. I’m a cognitive science student, and my neuroscience term paper selection is due today. I was searching for a fascinating topic, and here comes your video. Thanks, Artem. You’re doing fantastic work.
@@ArtemKirsanov Will you do a video in dream analysis and dream generstion/causes..another of the deepest and most elusive mysteries of the brain..Hope to hear from you and I'm response to my other comment too! Thanks for sharing.
I'm studying towards being a neuroscientist one day and I'm currently taking trigonometry. I had never heard the word "theta" until this class started a few weeks ago. Your video gives me a super relevant reason for why I'm learning this stuff! Thanks for posting.
Your video on place cells and others on spatial representations were what inspired me to quit my software job and go back to uni for a neuroscience masters. I've been super lucky to now get a chance to work under Neil Burgess himself on just this kind of topic so it's come full circle! These videos have really helped me engage with the field after a couple years away from psychology. Gonna recommend these to all my coursemates!
Physics grad student here; I'm so happy I came across your videos! I have been interested in the applications of maths to the analysis of brain patterns for a while. Your page feels like a candy shop for a kid!
You sir are catalyzing the reactions my brain undergoes in it's process of understanding the brain, I am soon to be interviewed for a prestigious graduate school program in neuroscience and no doubt your content helps me prepare! Keep up your amazing work it is highly appreciated
Wonderful video. Exactly what my interests are summed up into a single video. If you managed to combine molecular biology and DNA/RNA with your current focus I can’t even begin to describe how amazing that would be. Please keep up the tremendous work you do.
Beyond impressed with this video! I'm a first-year PhD student and this video effectively summarized so many papers I've been reading recently. The visuals are stunning and the teaching so effective. Thank you, Artem!
Currently writing my thesis on alternative learning algorithms and this video was a gold mine. From my research I already had a strong intuition a clock was essential for efficient representation learning, but I was having a hard time finding proper references that sustained this idea. No more, thanks to you! Great break down, great citation and great video. As someone who works at the boundary between neuroscience and AI, it is always a delight when UA-cam notifies me that you stroke again. Keep up the good work!
2 роки тому+1
Eu nem assisti o vídeo, mas vim aqui só pra dizer que eu bati o olho no título e li "Treta rhythm". Seria um nome maravilhoso de grupo de funk
Thank you, Artem. That was an amazing explanation of how theta waves in the hippocampus help us remember things! The visual thought experiments were very helpful! There were so many aha moments in this. I once learned a memory trick from a memory expert that if you visualize walking through your house, and place things you want to remember in different parts of the house as you move through it, you'll be able to recall all of those facts/things. Now I think I understand why that is. Also, I have been traveling by car a lot lately, and listening to my textbooks as I stare out the window at the passing scenery, and have found that I comprehend what I'm listening to more easily than when I sit still and read it or listen to it. Considering that the Hippocampus is also involved in learning, this now makes sense as well. The brain and body are AMAZING and I hope to continue learning more about it from you along with my text books!
Great finally a channel with those advaced topics perfect for people who know a bit I'm a cognitive science student and it helps a lot to recall and organise some things Great video
Thank you for existing. I've severe ADHD but I really can focus on your content. you explain things better than my professors and in exciting way and offer conclusion at the end. Thanks a lot for you work. ♥
I have the same problem. I think it’s because the content is shorter and more focused. I also think it helps to be able to pause, because my brain goes on tangents every few minutes.
I began forming deep long-term memory, sleepwalking, and general self awareness at 2 (38yrs ago). Only 2 times on the theta bridge I recalled a real-time memory. I have constant random episodes of deep memory since the early 90s that don't give me chills, they grab my entire nervous system -some clenching muscles, emotion with no connection but Time, hard to lock on. I just want to send my hippocampus into overdrive!
I learned so much from this video. Thanks to the great visualisations and explainations I was able to completely follow through with only a few pauses and rewinds here and there. Thank you very much for having created and published this nice informative and highly educational work of content!
The discovery that the hippocampus (particularly CA1) has the circuitry to produce theta oscillations in the absence of septal input was in 2003 (Gillies et al.). These experiments were done in vitro. Later on, a modeling approach discovered the mechanisms giving rise to this intrinsically generated theta rhythm in CA1 (Rotstein et al., 2006)
Very nice!!! Really intriguing Video, as it's information, you dont really come by. Very good graphic representation, that gives you a feeling of what could bei happening in the brain.
Mate, thank you so much for your hard work! I really appreciate your channel, how you get to the bottom of things and package it in simple to comprehend bits, yet keep it at a good level of complexity and veracity. Did you have a lot of details left out? Not sure about others, but I'd love to have much longer videos, kinda director cuts, with all the details, I know it's too much to ask for, haha, but I feel like you have more ideas and material than what makes it into a video. The visuals are great too! Really helpful and high quality.
Thank you so much! It was indeed a tough choice what to include and what to leave out. One crucial thing I didn't include not to confuse a lot of people, is that theta rhythm is not a simple global wave, synchronized in the entire hippocampus. Instead, it is a travelling wave, which spreads along the septo-temporal axis of the hippocampus. Here's the link, if you are interested: www.nature.com/articles/nature08010 My main priority with these videos is to construct a comprehensive and holistic story, where all the pieces would be logically linked. It is sometimes very difficult, especially if papers contradict each other, or different authors provide different interpretations. So yeah, I often have additional material for each script, but it is sort of hanging and doesn't fit into the picture as nicely. But who knows, maybe some time later I'll do extended versions on these ;)
I definetly did not understand all of this even though it was very clear and i tried hard, i missed how the memory gets out of phase sequentially. anyhow i am glad i found your channel through 3brown1blue's video contest as this type of content is very intersting to me. I jsut started studying psychology and i might end up in this subfield
Love this channel, it's great to have another place to learn cool neuroscience. I've been reading about dendrites recently and they seem to play a role in coincidence detection among other computations so it'd be interesting to know where where on hippocampal dendritic trees MS pacemaker neurons attach
I’m sorry for this long comment, but your comment got me thinking and I had to put my thoughts somewhere… My humble guess is that the location at which the MS pacemaker neurons form their synapses on a given hippocampal dendritic tree is dynamic. perhaps, firing at a specific “time on the clock” is physically implemented by a spatial summation of EPSPs coming from both the MS pacemakers and the presynaptic cell, sufficient to trigger an action potential. In this sense, the temporal dynamics between one hippocampal neuron and the next is determined by the summation of the EPSP from the presynaptic hippocampal cell and “just the right” amount of an EPSP from the pacemaker cell to trigger an action potential. Where the MS pacemaker connects to the dendrite tree may depend on two things: the time of the theta rhythm that the neurons need to fire together, AND the physical distance away from the location of the hippocampal synapse that is sufficient for the triggering of an action potential given the “level/strength” of the EPSP corresponding to the desired time on the clock rhythm. That is, a lower frequency on the MS pacemaker cell is corresponding to a “lower point” on the theta rhythm, and a smaller EPSP is being generated-so, the location it connects to the dendritic tree on would be closer in distance to the synapse between the two hippocampal neurons than if there was a “stronger/higher frequency” of the clock rhythm, which would generate a larger EPSP, and would thereby be located further away on the dendritic tree to create a spatially-summed EPSP SUFFICIENTLY large enough to reach the threshold needed to trigger an action potential. Just an idea though
You are making great videos! I'm really interested in space robotics and the more I know about robots and our brains the more similar it looks! In other words - a better understanding of human brains helps to build better robots! :D And your level of details is super amazing! Not too much to stuck in details and not too small to making it good for professionals
Excellent. I think consciousness has a somewhat subliminal 'fusing schema' with one axis of gradient exactly like the future to past, to create a 'flowing time window' for working memory and prediction.
First, I wanna say that I love your videos immensely. I love the topics, the style, the explanations are intuitive, I love that you actually have proper references. One thing I would appreciate a lot is if you could provide a bibtex version of your references, maybe in a pastebin so it is easier for me to process them into my Obsidian Vault using templates. Cause yeah, I use your videos as sources, they are so interesting. Keep up the great work o/
Im a physicist and i am shocked by the amount of things i don't know about our brains. Keep making such content! I would love to know about current research on neuroscience
I remember reading an article stating that nitrous oxide raises theta wave activity significantly. I see why it's regarded as a disassociative if they have that much influence on memory.
Very slick, Artem. Excellent 👏 ... Was wondering, have you considered maybe doing a video on your process with manim animation or posting a few example codes? Some of these slides I'd love to see interals on.
Thanks! Yeah, I was actually thinking about doing a breakdown of some animations (both from this video and from the one on Wavelet transform). It's really great to see that someone would be interested in seeing this! By the way, in this video I didn't use manim - it's all pure matplotlib ;)
I'm just beging to learn about computer science and the first thing that your computer needs Is a clock. Using a 555 timer there are 2 resistors and a Capacitor that control how fast the clock will move. If you use a potentiometer, you can change the resistance of the flow thus speeding up computation speed or slowing it down. It's weird to think that the brain has something so similar computer clock that keeps pace for the whole brain
Exactly! In fact, the brain has a hierarchy of clocks with irrational relationship of frequencies (the ration of characteristic frequencies of neighbouring oscillation types is approximately Euler's number). So, while computers use one central clock with a fixed frequency, brain uses a system of different oscillators with a non-linear frequency relationship. If you are interested, there is a great book dedicated to this topic www.amazon.com/Rhythms-Brain-Gyorgy-Buzsaki/dp/0199828237
I work as software engineer, and i noticed that i concentrate best and get into "the flow" state easiest if i listen to music where main beat is near 2hz, and secondary beats are at 4hz, 8hz and 16 hz, which i usually tap out with my legs (each at 8 hz or at best it can do) and sometimes i "feel" it in my mind when "flow" is strongest, example of such music is doom OST-style music, and some rap beats without vocals. Does music somehow interact with my brain waves helping them somehow, or i just like this music and have restless legs? Can you make video on music and brain?
Great question! Relationship between music and brain waves is a very interesting and complex topic. There is a great amount of evidence, that listening to music with certain frequencies will entrain the rhythmic dynamics of neurons in the cortex (essentially amplifying the brain rhythm). The consequences of this on behaviour and cognitive processes are a bit less clear. In fact, one of the reasons we like the music, is because its sound structure resembles the neural oscillations, present in our brains from birth! Thank you for the suggestion! I'll definitely consider researching this deeper
When I code, I like to listen to the random conversations and interruptions of my co-workers. It not only helps me take longer with each task, it also adds a lot to the amount of bugs for QA to find. Do you have a playlist to share? I’m curious how to identify music with these characteristics.
Going to a neuro-feedback session tomorrow, so I will experience some of these waves through external representations 🙆♂️ Various rates are implicated in clinical criteria, & it is very strange to think that one can train to change some of the patterns... I cannot imagine what that would feel like ! 😅
The clock cycle is simply so that all the participating neurons are synchronized. If they weren't, they couldn't be computing anything, one neurons output would be unrelated in time to another's. The cycle guarantees that the same function is performed while they axons haven't changed. Same reason why you need a clock in a CPU, every circuit contributes to the result. The theta frequency would be determined by a tradeoff of how many neurons deep the signal can travel within one cycle (how complex a single 'piece' of memory can be) - recall that is super slow given chemical synapse transmission - and how fast you can access memory I'm guessing.
Thanks for your work in public education of science. I'm a physicist turned systems engineer, who has recently make a pet study of neuroscience. I was wondering if you could clear some things up for me. At 1:09 you note γ as 30-80 Hz. (I know these are generalisations, and rythms are not only identified by frequency band) But some papers I've read include and analyse shortwave γ up to 200 Hz. I'm wondering why some (or most) papers cut it off at 80 Hz. From what I understand, even clinical amps, as apposed to research grade equipment, have response curve that is flat from (≤1)-100 Hz. So why 80? From what I understand (and correct me where I'm wrong), γ signals are inter-network resonant frequencies and arises localised when one part of a network loses some disinhibition from a neighbouring node. (It also, for reasons I don't understand, shows up during prediction failure?) So I am unsurprised that it has power at much higher frequencies, and find myself surprised when I see it upper-bounded. Granted, probably most of the power is in the 30 to 80 Hz band. But often, there is significance in subdleties represented in events and rhythms accounting for small fractions of the total power.
I work for a master electrical engineer and I know he’ll get a kick out of this! We really just are an orchestra of bacteria, electrical pulses and code
You can't have output without input. The brain is just a switch board. Who's flipping the switches? Can't be chemistry, as you evolve from a single cell with limited chemicals. Can't be the brain because it didn't exist at your conception. "Genes/dna" is the cop out answer that doesn't make any sense. There's a signal somewhere that precedes the chemistry or brain that people credit with evolution and consciousness and thought and memory. No one will answer my simple question how a single cell knows what to create, without becoming a liar.
Is it possible that this Theta "pulse" is also being actively interpreted by some of the grid cells mentioned in the other video - the ones that can perceive abstract spatial differences along a 1 dimensional abstract axis? Is this how our understanding of the passage of time works?
It’s crazy how the brain can subconsciously wake you up from sleep at an exact time, when you didn’t even consciously note the time when you fell asleep. Works every time.
Hey Artem, My current knowledge is not able to understand this topic. I want to dive into these topics. Can you recommend some material for reading on this topic?
Hey! Sorry to hear that. If you are talking particularly about the subject of brain rhythms, I can suggest starting with two brilliant books by Dr. Gyorgy Buzsaki, titled "The Brain from Inside Out" (this one is newer and really beginner-friendly) and also "Rhythms of the Brain". There you will also find references to a large amount of great review articles to read further. If you are talking about neuroscience in general, you can check out the book list and strategies in the video I have on the topic: ua-cam.com/video/QU6-2MEfVOc/v-deo.html Best of luck! ;)
Sure! In fact, I initially planned this one to be on the subject of neuronal oscillations (brain waves) as a whole :) But then I looked at the amount of information I wanted to convey, and decided it would be better to dedicate a separate video for the theta wave (this is what I'm working on, so I guess you can that theta is my favourite, haha). So it's definitely on my mind and one of the future videos probably will be about brain rhythms in general
Since my relatively recent discovery of telepathy, remote viewing and psychokenesis, as well as discoveries about our D.N.A. and Chromosomes, I've been extremely interested in learning more about the brain.
And I thought a bus clock frequency of 66 mhz was slow, the brain is such an amazing piece of machinery, being able read and write so much data at such a low frequency.
I'm having a little trouble imagining how neurons are responding to the phase of the rhythm when it's just transmitted as a scalar. Generally, higher amplitude in will result in either higher or lower amplitude out. How do you get a cell assembly to respond to a more or less exact amplitude? Could the waves be spatial as well as temporal? That would give a great population correlation to phase. If, for example, the theta wave only directly stimulated one edge of the assembly, or bands throughout, then propagated the wave locally, that might introduce a delay between populations in a specific order. That order would be consistently arranged by the phase of the theta wave. Furthermore, if the tissue has multiple phase-correlated populations, it might be able to "nest" sequences in their correlations. This would work the same way compression does in a computer; some bits represent a longer sequence, and each of those sequence elements could also represent a sequence. The benefit of such a symbolic representation would make the region considerably more powerful and general purpose, capable of storing arbitrarily complex ideas in one unified encoding. Just want to add that the hippocampus is required for eyeblink conditioning when there is a delay between stimuli, e.g. a beep, followed by a second or two of silence, followed by the shock or air puff. If there are assemblies responding to theta phase, how well would their period line up with the amount of delay that the hippocampus can handle, because after some maximum delay, the conditioned response disappears. It would be interesting if that delay corresponds to a 360° phase. Larger delays than the cycle period would map to poorly correlated phase.
Interesting; a "clock signal" in our brains. There's a cross in our brains, as well -- the inner optic nerves cross as they go back to where it's processed.
Yes! I have noticed a very strong association between memory and location. I often listen to audiobooks while riding the bus or walking around, if I Later relisten to the audiobook when I hear a passage again I will immediately remember exactly where I was when I heard the passage the first time.
Artem! I love your videos. I am interested in pursuing a field related to neuroscience, can you recommend some tips or suggestions in order to be able to achieve it? I am finishing Electronics Engineering now. Greetings from Paraguay.
I am still not convinced about many of the things presented here. Could you please clarify these points, Artem? :) First, if the theta rhythm is the summation of many cells' firing detected in the local field potential, then how are so many cells spiking out of sync with it? Second, how can we know if the theta rhythm results in neurons firing in specific orders, or if it is the order of the neuron firing that results in the theta rhythm? This question could be important in understanding precession. I understand that there are external signals that seem to be causing theta in the hippocampus, but self-emergent theta rhythms show that there may be more to it. Third, the huge range of the oscillatory activity that we call theta is a bit confusing because it can obfuscate many details about its function.What distinguishes theta from other waves that also have ranges overlapping 4-12 Hz? I have other issues with the definition you provide at 5:48 but I will leave that for later in this conversation! Thanks!
There may be times when having all couples in a session at once produces beneficial effects beyond the scope of the therapists normal sequential mode. Maybe analogous to psilocybin?
What part of the brain maintains the state “clock” so the individual neurons know when to fire in the correct sequence. Like how does a neuron keep time?
Join Shortform for amazing book guides and get 5 days of unlimited access! shortform.com/artem
why are the mice not allowed walls made of natural material in these tests? the wee mice dont deserve such bad treatment anyway. Their theta and alpha etc waves are probably experienced as response sensation just like ours. Would natural materials, if carefully chosen, prejudice the results? or would they enhance the real feel for the mouse and therefore the interpretation its brain wave types?
maybe you dont have access to the info requested. I like your channels info. lets all help to protect our fellow creatures while we investigate the brain. surely that is a step towards understanding ourselves. we shouldnt be so objective with the wee mice, they make nice pets. and have a life.
Hey, I am very glad I found your channel, I love your content about neuroscience, I am CS major interested in cross benefitting both fields through their uniqueness.
I want to use such information to utilize these algorithms to benefit Algorithms in computer science for various tasks. And even explore beyond just that in neuroscience. Mind control/Influencing mind in a controlled manner has always been my fascination..
Keep up the good work! Best neuroscience content channel
You are amazing. Great teacher.
@@timkbirchico8542 no. NO. Animals have no rights . The concept of rights belongs to man. That means you can and you should do whatever it takes "wee animal or better to use primates". I repeat: animals literally have no rights. The concept of rights belongs to man. This anthropomorphising mysticism has to stop and you must stop it now.
The more I find out about how the brain works, the more surprised I am that the brain works.
The more I learn about biology in general, the more I feel like us being here right now is a miracle.
@@maiamaiapapaya "The more I learn about biology in general, the more I feel like us being here right now is a miracle."
While I understand the feelings, I think that we have not destroyed ourselves yet is the real miracle. ;)
Seriously, though, I see things differently. That we are here is due to everything that came before. Much the way that starting a walk down a path one cannot see more than a very small distance ahead, one with billions of branches in the path, one that travels billions of miles/kilometers (pick your favorite), we are here without actually having decided to be here. It may seem like a miracle that all of those billions of choices wound up with what we are today, but I posit, what if we could be better. Not just a little better, but a lot better.
Looking at other life on Earth, you will find lots of *decisions* made over time that make different creatures far better at some things that we are. Better vision, sense of smell, resistance to cancer, resistance to disease, and so on.
While human beings have these large brains that seem to be more capable in many ways than the brains of other species, there are abilities that our brains do not have that we find in other species.
Then there are the basic physiological issues. Choking to death due to the mouth being used for eating, drinking and breathing (whales don't have that issue) being one of those.
There are Genetic mutations that go wrong. Malformations in babies, fetuses that die in the womb, non-viable pregnancies (tubal for instance). Again, an incredible array of genetic and other physiological failures.
There is so much about what and who we are that is problematic and could be improved upon. We have the abilities to do so. Yet, the vast majority of people choose to squander what they have inherited or been given.
To me the miracle has yet to happen. That would be the miracle of "we the people", all of us, taking responsibility not only for our lives today, but what we leave to the life that follows us. The miracle of understanding that every decision has weight and consequence. The miracle of deciding to make the world, life, and living better for all that follows.
My spouse does accuse me of thinking to much though.
@@digiryde General human autonomy would be best; considering we're free because freedom in itself is a practice is the best part. If you consider this stuff crazy, take a dive into structural biology sometime! Enjoyed the read-through. ⭐
@rustybolts, What a cleverly intelligent & thought provoking comment! Well said!
@@BetzalelMC Thank you for the best complement I have ever had on You Tube.
Fascinating content.
I’m a cognitive science student, and my neuroscience term paper selection is due today. I was searching for a fascinating topic, and here comes your video.
Thanks, Artem. You’re doing fantastic work.
Thank you!
Next time try to not do it the day of. Spoken by the regretful guilty...
@@ArtemKirsanov Will you do a video in dream analysis and dream generstion/causes..another of the deepest and most elusive mysteries of the brain..Hope to hear from you and I'm response to my other comment too! Thanks for sharing.
@@philipm3173 Day of what?
@@leif1075 Due date
Artem, your channel is a gem! Such high-quality content, quite extraodinary actually. Feeling so lucky to be able to watch this!
the explanation graphics and analogies are so awesomely understandable. thank you so much for doing this!
I'm studying towards being a neuroscientist one day and I'm currently taking trigonometry. I had never heard the word "theta" until this class started a few weeks ago. Your video gives me a super relevant reason for why I'm learning this stuff! Thanks for posting.
This has to be either a subtle trolling or a paid commentary, jeez
@@flbear690 what do you mean?
@@maiamaiapapaya Nothing, good luck studying triangles. Btw Greek alphabet has many more amazing letters other than theta, check them out
@@flbear690 sweet, I assume I'll learn them along the way as I progress in my math classes.
@@flbear690 why are you being so rude?
Your video on place cells and others on spatial representations were what inspired me to quit my software job and go back to uni for a neuroscience masters. I've been super lucky to now get a chance to work under Neil Burgess himself on just this kind of topic so it's come full circle! These videos have really helped me engage with the field after a couple years away from psychology. Gonna recommend these to all my coursemates!
Thanks!
Physics grad student here; I'm so happy I came across your videos! I have been interested in the applications of maths to the analysis of brain patterns for a while. Your page feels like a candy shop for a kid!
You sir are catalyzing the reactions my brain undergoes in it's process of understanding the brain, I am soon to be interviewed for a prestigious graduate school program in neuroscience and no doubt your content helps me prepare! Keep up your amazing work it is highly appreciated
Wonderful video. Exactly what my interests are summed up into a single video. If you managed to combine molecular biology and DNA/RNA with your current focus I can’t even begin to describe how amazing that would be. Please keep up the tremendous work you do.
Beyond impressed with this video! I'm a first-year PhD student and this video effectively summarized so many papers I've been reading recently. The visuals are stunning and the teaching so effective. Thank you, Artem!
absolutely love what you are doing with this channel!
Currently writing my thesis on alternative learning algorithms and this video was a gold mine. From my research I already had a strong intuition a clock was essential for efficient representation learning, but I was having a hard time finding proper references that sustained this idea. No more, thanks to you!
Great break down, great citation and great video. As someone who works at the boundary between neuroscience and AI, it is always a delight when UA-cam notifies me that you stroke again.
Keep up the good work!
Eu nem assisti o vídeo, mas vim aqui só pra dizer que eu bati o olho no título e li "Treta rhythm". Seria um nome maravilhoso de grupo de funk
Can't tell you how much this video cleared up my mind. I was going around in circles with this theta matter...
You know it's a good video where you still learn something even when you come back to it after your first watch.
I can not believe how effective of a teacher you are! Incredible.
Thank you, Artem. That was an amazing explanation of how theta waves in the hippocampus help us remember things! The visual thought experiments were very helpful! There were so many aha moments in this. I once learned a memory trick from a memory expert that if you visualize walking through your house, and place things you want to remember in different parts of the house as you move through it, you'll be able to recall all of those facts/things. Now I think I understand why that is. Also, I have been traveling by car a lot lately, and listening to my textbooks as I stare out the window at the passing scenery, and have found that I comprehend what I'm listening to more easily than when I sit still and read it or listen to it. Considering that the Hippocampus is also involved in learning, this now makes sense as well. The brain and body are AMAZING and I hope to continue learning more about it from you along with my text books!
I'm a future neurobiologist, so that's very interesting to me personally. Thanks for the content!
Great finally a channel with those advaced topics perfect for people who know a bit
I'm a cognitive science student and it helps a lot to recall and organise some things
Great video
Thank you for existing. I've severe ADHD but I really can focus on your content. you explain things better than my professors and in exciting way and offer conclusion at the end. Thanks a lot for you work. ♥
I have the same problem. I think it’s because the content is shorter and more focused. I also think it helps to be able to pause, because my brain goes on tangents every few minutes.
This is really great content! I’m a neuroscience grad student and I’m learning so much from your videos.
Thank you very very much for all the effort you put in visualizing information. Your channel is absolutely a gift.
I began forming deep long-term memory, sleepwalking, and general self awareness at 2 (38yrs ago). Only 2 times on the theta bridge I recalled a real-time memory.
I have constant random episodes of deep memory since the early 90s that don't give me chills, they grab my entire nervous system -some clenching muscles, emotion with no connection but Time, hard to lock on.
I just want to send my hippocampus into overdrive!
I learned so much from this video. Thanks to the great visualisations and explainations I was able to completely follow through with only a few pauses and rewinds here and there. Thank you very much for having created and published this nice informative and highly educational work of content!
I can't stand his freak voice
you're the man, sir! thanks for providing meaningful explanation for such comprehensive topic!
My dude. Your awesome ! Thanks for putting all this effort really appreciate it.
The discovery that the hippocampus (particularly CA1) has the circuitry to produce theta oscillations in the absence of septal input was in 2003 (Gillies et al.). These experiments were done in vitro. Later on, a modeling approach discovered the mechanisms giving rise to this intrinsically generated theta rhythm in CA1 (Rotstein et al., 2006)
Very intresting topic! To me its very fascinating that such a complex organ like the brain could have even evolved just from evoultion
Just?
It took billions of years.
This is surprisingly high quality neuro video, nice work
I truly appreciate the high quality references in the description. Great video :)
As a neuroscience studient i love your videos
I can’t believe the quality of this video 👏👏👏
You are easily one of the best Science youtubers!
This is the craziest thing I’ve ever seen!! PHASE PRECESSION wowww 16:01 my mind is blown
🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯 16:52 WHATT
Everything points at an observer
Fascinating video!! thanks for your job. Congrats from Uruguay
Well done! Very impressive presentation.
Very nice!!! Really intriguing Video, as it's information, you dont really come by. Very good graphic representation, that gives you a feeling of what could bei happening in the brain.
Mate, thank you so much for your hard work! I really appreciate your channel, how you get to the bottom of things and package it in simple to comprehend bits, yet keep it at a good level of complexity and veracity. Did you have a lot of details left out? Not sure about others, but I'd love to have much longer videos, kinda director cuts, with all the details, I know it's too much to ask for, haha, but I feel like you have more ideas and material than what makes it into a video.
The visuals are great too! Really helpful and high quality.
Thank you so much!
It was indeed a tough choice what to include and what to leave out. One crucial thing I didn't include not to confuse a lot of people, is that theta rhythm is not a simple global wave, synchronized in the entire hippocampus. Instead, it is a travelling wave, which spreads along the septo-temporal axis of the hippocampus. Here's the link, if you are interested: www.nature.com/articles/nature08010
My main priority with these videos is to construct a comprehensive and holistic story, where all the pieces would be logically linked. It is sometimes very difficult, especially if papers contradict each other, or different authors provide different interpretations.
So yeah, I often have additional material for each script, but it is sort of hanging and doesn't fit into the picture as nicely.
But who knows, maybe some time later I'll do extended versions on these ;)
@@ArtemKirsanov This is a very interesting link, thank you!
@@ArtemKirsanov incredible topic! I was on the edge of my seat the whole time ;)
@@ArtemKirsanov. Am loving your presentations and visuals. As an artist, you have my whole-hearted approval ! 🎉
This is the most interesting stuff i have heard in a long time and i am working in a research facility. 😏👍
I definetly did not understand all of this even though it was very clear and i tried hard, i missed how the memory gets out of phase sequentially.
anyhow i am glad i found your channel through 3brown1blue's video contest as this type of content is very intersting to me. I jsut started studying psychology and i might end up in this subfield
Love this channel, it's great to have another place to learn cool neuroscience. I've been reading about dendrites recently and they seem to play a role in coincidence detection among other computations so it'd be interesting to know where where on hippocampal dendritic trees MS pacemaker neurons attach
I’m sorry for this long comment, but your comment got me thinking and I had to put my thoughts somewhere…
My humble guess is that the location at which the MS pacemaker neurons form their synapses on a given hippocampal dendritic tree is dynamic. perhaps, firing at a specific “time on the clock” is physically implemented by a spatial summation of EPSPs coming from both the MS pacemakers and the presynaptic cell, sufficient to trigger an action potential. In this sense, the temporal dynamics between one hippocampal neuron and the next is determined by the summation of the EPSP from the presynaptic hippocampal cell and “just the right” amount of an EPSP from the pacemaker cell to trigger an action potential. Where the MS pacemaker connects to the dendrite tree may depend on two things: the time of the theta rhythm that the neurons need to fire together, AND the physical distance away from the location of the hippocampal synapse that is sufficient for the triggering of an action potential given the “level/strength” of the EPSP corresponding to the desired time on the clock rhythm. That is, a lower frequency on the MS pacemaker cell is corresponding to a “lower point” on the theta rhythm, and a smaller EPSP is being generated-so, the location it connects to the dendritic tree on would be closer in distance to the synapse between the two hippocampal neurons than if there was a “stronger/higher frequency” of the clock rhythm, which would generate a larger EPSP, and would thereby be located further away on the dendritic tree to create a spatially-summed EPSP SUFFICIENTLY large enough to reach the threshold needed to trigger an action potential.
Just an idea though
So glad to find your channel! Your content is amazing, keep it up!
You are making great videos!
I'm really interested in space robotics and the more I know about robots and our brains the more similar it looks!
In other words - a better understanding of human brains helps to build better robots! :D
And your level of details is super amazing! Not too much to stuck in details and not too small to making it good for professionals
Excellent. I think consciousness has a somewhat subliminal 'fusing schema' with one axis of gradient exactly like the future to past, to create a 'flowing time window' for working memory and prediction.
Now I realized what they mean by saying it's impossible that the universe was here by accident
Fascinating!
First, I wanna say that I love your videos immensely. I love the topics, the style, the explanations are intuitive, I love that you actually have proper references. One thing I would appreciate a lot is if you could provide a bibtex version of your references, maybe in a pastebin so it is easier for me to process them into my Obsidian Vault using templates. Cause yeah, I use your videos as sources, they are so interesting.
Keep up the great work o/
This is fantastic! Loved it
Im a physicist and i am shocked by the amount of things i don't know about our brains. Keep making such content! I would love to know about current research on neuroscience
Absolutely love your videos! Brains are fascinating.
I remember reading an article stating that nitrous oxide raises theta wave activity significantly. I see why it's regarded as a disassociative if they have that much influence on memory.
Very slick, Artem. Excellent 👏 ... Was wondering, have you considered maybe doing a video on your process with manim animation or posting a few example codes? Some of these slides I'd love to see interals on.
Thanks!
Yeah, I was actually thinking about doing a breakdown of some animations (both from this video and from the one on Wavelet transform).
It's really great to see that someone would be interested in seeing this!
By the way, in this video I didn't use manim - it's all pure matplotlib ;)
@@ArtemKirsanov very interesting
I'm just beging to learn about computer science and the first thing that your computer needs Is a clock. Using a 555 timer there are 2 resistors and a Capacitor that control how fast the clock will move. If you use a potentiometer, you can change the resistance of the flow thus speeding up computation speed or slowing it down.
It's weird to think that the brain has something so similar computer clock that keeps pace for the whole brain
Exactly! In fact, the brain has a hierarchy of clocks with irrational relationship of frequencies (the ration of characteristic frequencies of neighbouring oscillation types is approximately Euler's number). So, while computers use one central clock with a fixed frequency, brain uses a system of different oscillators with a non-linear frequency relationship.
If you are interested, there is a great book dedicated to this topic
www.amazon.com/Rhythms-Brain-Gyorgy-Buzsaki/dp/0199828237
Wow, thank you for the video!
Харош! Спасибо за видосы
So this explains why certain songs reminds me of my ex , or a specific place in life I was when I listened to it often 😢
I work as software engineer, and i noticed that i concentrate best and get into "the flow" state easiest if i listen to music where main beat is near 2hz, and secondary beats are at 4hz, 8hz and 16 hz, which i usually tap out with my legs (each at 8 hz or at best it can do) and sometimes i "feel" it in my mind when "flow" is strongest, example of such music is doom OST-style music, and some rap beats without vocals. Does music somehow interact with my brain waves helping them somehow, or i just like this music and have restless legs? Can you make video on music and brain?
Great question! Relationship between music and brain waves is a very interesting and complex topic.
There is a great amount of evidence, that listening to music with certain frequencies will entrain the rhythmic dynamics of neurons in the cortex (essentially amplifying the brain rhythm). The consequences of this on behaviour and cognitive processes are a bit less clear.
In fact, one of the reasons we like the music, is because its sound structure resembles the neural oscillations, present in our brains from birth!
Thank you for the suggestion! I'll definitely consider researching this deeper
please do a video on music and brainwaves. 🙏🙏🙏🙏
@@ArtemKirsanov is the "one of the reasons we like music" a hypothesis or yours or do you mean there is research on this?
@Grubzer you can tap your legs at 16 Hz? Are you a bee or something?
When I code, I like to listen to the random conversations and interruptions of my co-workers. It not only helps me take longer with each task, it also adds a lot to the amount of bugs for QA to find.
Do you have a playlist to share? I’m curious how to identify music with these characteristics.
[11:45] ...and this is why we have narratives
Going to a neuro-feedback session tomorrow, so I will experience some of these waves through external representations 🙆♂️
Various rates are implicated in clinical criteria, & it is very strange to think that one can train to change some of the patterns...
I cannot imagine what that would feel like ! 😅
Wow, good luck!
Шикарно!
This is far superior to a research paper.
The clock cycle is simply so that all the participating neurons are synchronized. If they weren't, they couldn't be computing anything, one neurons output would be unrelated in time to another's. The cycle guarantees that the same function is performed while they axons haven't changed. Same reason why you need a clock in a CPU, every circuit contributes to the result.
The theta frequency would be determined by a tradeoff of how many neurons deep the signal can travel within one cycle (how complex a single 'piece' of memory can be) - recall that is super slow given chemical synapse transmission - and how fast you can access memory I'm guessing.
Amazing videos.
Thanks for your work in public education of science. I'm a physicist turned systems engineer, who has recently make a pet study of neuroscience. I was wondering if you could clear some things up for me. At 1:09 you note γ as 30-80 Hz. (I know these are generalisations, and rythms are not only identified by frequency band) But some papers I've read include and analyse shortwave γ up to 200 Hz. I'm wondering why some (or most) papers cut it off at 80 Hz. From what I understand, even clinical amps, as apposed to research grade equipment, have response curve that is flat from (≤1)-100 Hz. So why 80?
From what I understand (and correct me where I'm wrong), γ signals are inter-network resonant frequencies and arises localised when one part of a network loses some disinhibition from a neighbouring node. (It also, for reasons I don't understand, shows up during prediction failure?) So I am unsurprised that it has power at much higher frequencies, and find myself surprised when I see it upper-bounded. Granted, probably most of the power is in the 30 to 80 Hz band. But often, there is significance in subdleties represented in events and rhythms accounting for small fractions of the total power.
Interesting... Somebody should tag Artem
I work for a master electrical engineer and I know he’ll get a kick out of this! We really just are an orchestra of bacteria, electrical pulses and code
You can't have output without input. The brain is just a switch board. Who's flipping the switches? Can't be chemistry, as you evolve from a single cell with limited chemicals. Can't be the brain because it didn't exist at your conception. "Genes/dna" is the cop out answer that doesn't make any sense. There's a signal somewhere that precedes the chemistry or brain that people credit with evolution and consciousness and thought and memory. No one will answer my simple question how a single cell knows what to create, without becoming a liar.
Is it possible that this Theta "pulse" is also being actively interpreted by some of the grid cells mentioned in the other video - the ones that can perceive abstract spatial differences along a 1 dimensional abstract axis? Is this how our understanding of the passage of time works?
Brilliant video mate
Doing my weld job at a quick steady pace. I literally have this rhythm i feel throughout me. Soo😎😎😎😎
Synchronized pulses through different paths make subtle differences. There is information in that
I wish I could give multiple likes
It’s crazy how the brain can subconsciously wake you up from sleep at an exact time, when you didn’t even consciously note the time when you fell asleep. Works every time.
the explains why I do better when I put things on the back burner and come back to it.
Hey Artem, My current knowledge is not able to understand this topic. I want to dive into these topics. Can you recommend some material for reading on this topic?
Hey! Sorry to hear that.
If you are talking particularly about the subject of brain rhythms, I can suggest starting with two brilliant books by Dr. Gyorgy Buzsaki, titled "The Brain from Inside Out" (this one is newer and really beginner-friendly) and also "Rhythms of the Brain". There you will also find references to a large amount of great review articles to read further.
If you are talking about neuroscience in general, you can check out the book list and strategies in the video I have on the topic: ua-cam.com/video/QU6-2MEfVOc/v-deo.html
Best of luck! ;)
Very beautiful sir
Could you make a video about brain waves in general?
Sure! In fact, I initially planned this one to be on the subject of neuronal oscillations (brain waves) as a whole :)
But then I looked at the amount of information I wanted to convey, and decided it would be better to dedicate a separate video for the theta wave (this is what I'm working on, so I guess you can that theta is my favourite, haha).
So it's definitely on my mind and one of the future videos probably will be about brain rhythms in general
Since my relatively recent discovery of telepathy, remote viewing and psychokenesis, as well as discoveries about our D.N.A. and Chromosomes, I've been extremely interested in learning more about the brain.
yep, the brain is fantastic.
Well, do you have any reading recommendations?
Great work Artem. ;)
Our perception of time changes as we grow older.
Is it because of changes in the Hippocampus?
Fascinating
Very well done.
For a nazi
And I thought a bus clock frequency of 66 mhz was slow, the brain is such an amazing piece of machinery, being able read and write so much data at such a low frequency.
Part of the chaos function that gives rise to free will.
I'm having a little trouble imagining how neurons are responding to the phase of the rhythm when it's just transmitted as a scalar. Generally, higher amplitude in will result in either higher or lower amplitude out. How do you get a cell assembly to respond to a more or less exact amplitude?
Could the waves be spatial as well as temporal? That would give a great population correlation to phase. If, for example, the theta wave only directly stimulated one edge of the assembly, or bands throughout, then propagated the wave locally, that might introduce a delay between populations in a specific order. That order would be consistently arranged by the phase of the theta wave.
Furthermore, if the tissue has multiple phase-correlated populations, it might be able to "nest" sequences in their correlations. This would work the same way compression does in a computer; some bits represent a longer sequence, and each of those sequence elements could also represent a sequence. The benefit of such a symbolic representation would make the region considerably more powerful and general purpose, capable of storing arbitrarily complex ideas in one unified encoding.
Just want to add that the hippocampus is required for eyeblink conditioning when there is a delay between stimuli, e.g. a beep, followed by a second or two of silence, followed by the shock or air puff. If there are assemblies responding to theta phase, how well would their period line up with the amount of delay that the hippocampus can handle, because after some maximum delay, the conditioned response disappears. It would be interesting if that delay corresponds to a 360° phase. Larger delays than the cycle period would map to poorly correlated phase.
Interesting; a "clock signal" in our brains. There's a cross in our brains, as well -- the inner optic nerves cross as they go back to where it's processed.
top 5 youtube channel
Nice work
and now we need to overclock it
Yes! I have noticed a very strong association between memory and location. I often listen to audiobooks while riding the bus or walking around, if I Later relisten to the audiobook when I hear a passage again I will immediately remember exactly where I was when I heard the passage the first time.
Is that what this video is saying?. I can't follow his drunken gay rodeo speech rhythm
Artem! I love your videos.
I am interested in pursuing a field related to neuroscience, can you recommend some tips or suggestions in order to be able to achieve it? I am finishing Electronics Engineering now.
Greetings from Paraguay.
I am still not convinced about many of the things presented here. Could you please clarify these points, Artem? :)
First, if the theta rhythm is the summation of many cells' firing detected in the local field potential, then how are so many cells spiking out of sync with it?
Second, how can we know if the theta rhythm results in neurons firing in specific orders, or if it is the order of the neuron firing that results in the theta rhythm? This question could be important in understanding precession. I understand that there are external signals that seem to be causing theta in the hippocampus, but self-emergent theta rhythms show that there may be more to it.
Third, the huge range of the oscillatory activity that we call theta is a bit confusing because it can obfuscate many details about its function.What distinguishes theta from other waves that also have ranges overlapping 4-12 Hz?
I have other issues with the definition you provide at 5:48 but I will leave that for later in this conversation! Thanks!
There may be times when having all couples in a session at once produces beneficial effects beyond the scope of the therapists normal sequential mode.
Maybe analogous to psilocybin?
Do you have any information on "brain fog" specifically of the kind produced by COVID, apparently by mechanisms like neuroinflammation or microclots?
The enable pin of the brain, that's crazy
fascinating research 🖖
Maybe you can think of theta rhythm as the frame rate of the brain, and maybe this frequency is the rate at which we can replay events in our minds
The hippocampus probably functions somewhat like an ising hamiltonian solver via a parametric oscillator.
great video
What part of the brain maintains the state “clock” so the individual neurons know when to fire in the correct sequence. Like how does a neuron keep time?