Here's What DNA Really Looks Like
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- Опубліковано 1 лип 2024
- There’s more to DNA than just the double helix we know and love: under some conditions this familiar molecule can take on unfamiliar forms, each of which can have a different impact on our health.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
General overviews of alternate DNA structures:
www.intechopen.com/books/dna-...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB...
people.bu.edu/mfk/restricted56...
B-DNA and history of the double helix:
www.nature.com/scitable/topic...
A-DNA:
journals.iucr.org/q/issues/19...
Z-DNA:
www.nature.com/articles/s4200...
H-DNA:
www.pnas.org/content/pnas/101...
G-quadruplexes:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Image Sources:
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I don't know why I am choosing to fact-check this in the comments, but 1 meter of DNA per cell is the length of the haploid genome. We have a diploid genome, and each cell actually holds 2 m of DNA. Great video!
Nani
Destin**, I think we all welcome good fact checks! Can we see a video of yours exploring how to pull DNA from a sample?
Edit: Sorry, Joe! Too many 'smart' channels, but I suppose that's a good problem to have!
Did you see their video why corgi mixes always look like corgis ..she mentioned mRNAs can fall back to the main genome and duplicate genes
More evidence pretty much case in point all bets are off for Lamerkism
ty!!
oml 2 of my favourite science channels :D
A G-Quadruplex sounds like a wrestling move...
Hahahaha!
*Announcer 1:* "Going up to the top turnbuckle."
*Announcer 2:* "High risk for high reward."
*Announcer 1:* "Is it...? What is...?! GOOD LORD!"
*Announcer 2:* _"A G-QUADRUPLEX FROM THE TOP ROPE! THIS MATCH IS OVER"_
*Referee:* "1... 2... 3!!!"
*Announcer 1:* "And the champ retains their title!"
*Announcer 2:* "And The Mitochondria is _still_ the powerhouse of the cell!"
If you're a yank or 7 yeara old, sure.
@@UKFX or if you have any culture at all, yeah.
not a processor chip?
Every cell in my body knows how to replicate DNA, but my brain wasn't let in on the secret so I've had to spend years studying it!
@rrobertt13 that like saying u dont know how to reproduce but u exist because ur parents knew😭🤣
@@rayzen9534 Which is accurate?
Wow that's almost.. poetic lol
@rrobertt13 obviously I was anthropomorphising it for the sake of my joke... I know how cells work (I have a BSc in molecular biology, worked in a genetics lab for over 4.5 years and I'm now doing my MSc in Clinical Bioinformatics (Genomics) 😂😂)
@@kjth2003 its almost like your original comment was humorous in nature
As a molecular biologist myself (RNA Pol II is my bailiwick) , the next time someone asks me to explain why the common form of the genetic material is called "B-DNA", I am going to refer them to this video. Hank, you and your team do a terrific job of explaining how things work in a clear fashion without getting bogged down in technical minutiae. Thanks for all you do to help educate people about a subject that is complex in a way that is easily understood. You are awesome!
@rrobertt13 Ooo, I know this one! Because your two floppy disc drives were A: and B:, respectively. At least I'm young enough to not have learned to use a computer when data was stored on punch cards 🤣.
@rrobertt13 Ummm . . . in case one died? Actually, I read on the HP website that one was for running programs and the other was for data. That sounds like the stone age now, doesn't it?
@rrobertt13 I always assumed the C stood for "computer" or something like that....
@rrobertt13 THAT! Is EASY to explain!!!!!
@rrobertt13 Welll... it all had to start SOMEwhere!!! Dijda ever boot up from a tape drive? A "cassette" tape drive?
Start the boot process... go boil water and make "drip filtered" coffee... come back to your desk stirring the coffee... sit down and have a sip or two... look out the window a bit.... OH! It's up and ready! PLEASE DON'T CRASH!!!
1:22 It’s called right or left handed because if you align your 4 fingers with the twists of the helix, your thumb will point in the direction of the helix for only one of your hands, and that hand is the “handedness” of the helix
Thought so too. Although not sure if this is a here exactly the case since I never read about that before. I got the association from electro magnetism. Same with cosmology. For the same reason our solar system spins counter clockwise. Determine the northpole and check the direction. Bang also right hand rule.
Too complex; got hand stuck in DNA strand.
@@baronvonbeandip that's Instructions unclear, got hand stuck in DNA Strand. Ftfy.
Thanks! Was about to comment the same. :-)
This comment needs to be way up
HOLY CARP!! WHAT AN AWESOME EPISODE!!!!!
MEGACARP!
Agreed
My whole life is a lie....
EXTRA CARP
MAGI KARP!!
A-G-L-E-T, don’t forget it!
Too bad only Candace remembered until SciShow brought it up again.
Those little doo-daws, which look like two aglets, held together by a short piece of string, for holding sheafs of paper together are.... 'Treasury Tags'. Please also bear that in mind.
the plastic tips, at the ends of shoelaces, are called aglets. their true purpose is sinister
I miss those two boys.
Hey, where's Perry?
ty for the advanced biochem!! i had to drop out last semester due to unforseen circumstances, but starting in january, i'll be going back and retaking the course. and this video def helped bring some excitement back to me for that class.
Same here. I got sick during my spring quarter and had to with drawl from all my classes. We'll make it through.
@@lunanightingale3336
ty, best of luck to you!!! we'll def make it through this time!!
Best of luck! If 2020 has proven anything, it is the importance of life-science!
@@hamstsorkxxor
or it's taught us that we messed up the mayan calendar. it was supposed to be 2021, not 2012. i have my bets on a meteor sending us back to the stone age around january 1st.
@@hamstsorkxxor I'm tempted to study both CS and the life-sciences.
Props for giving Rosalind Franklin the credit she deserves and not solely crediting Watson and Crick with the discovery of DNA!
Are you trying to melt my brain *again* Hank?!
He melts our hearts through our brains
Ngl I did not think an aglet would be mentioned. Phineas and Ferb was an amazing show.
1:58 that's our haploid genome, but our cells are diploid in G1 phase and (sort of) tetraploid in G2 phase. So our cells have between 2 and 4 meters worth of DNA inside them.
Today I learned geneticists suck at the alphabet
So do astrophysicists.
Stars are classified into the following groups:
O B A F G K M
@@massimookissed1023 astrophysicists suck at number order too. The very first, oldest stars are population 3, then medium age are pop 2 stars, then the youngest stars are population 1... I don't even know what they'll deign to call the next population. 0? .5?
And don't get me started on the scientists who name vitamins...
@@semaj_5022 hmm... well if they gave them number age at the same time it makes perfect sense in that they were the 'first age of stars the 'second age' and so on, but if they didn't then they happened to guess a great number to start on and we happen to live in the goldilocks zone of time before they're proven wrong lol.
Not to mention chromosome numbers. They should be in order of size with 1 being the biggest: but our chromosome 21 is smaller than 22. To be fair, it looks like a difficult job to measure them in the past.
Gods, every time I hear "Rosalind Franklin" I'm reminded you can't win a Nobel Prize if you're dead.
Imagine you resurrect Rosalind and SHE gets the Nobel prize? :)
@@tim40gabby25 Nah, it'd just be that she gets the prize alongside Watson and Crick. that's how Nobel prizes work.
I thought I knew something about DNA before watching this video...
this wasnt a great video. He is terrible at explaining things.
I confess to knowing little about DNA, and have no idea how the information contained within communicates with the rest of the cell?
Lol
so glad you guys mentioned rosalind franklin, no science lesson has ever mentioned her!
I appreciate that Sci-Show said 'based on data collected by Rosalind Franklin'
Thank you, Phineas & Ferb, for teaching us what an Aglet is
THIS IS ALL HAPPENING INSIDE OF EVERY SINGLE ONE OF OUR CELLS I AM HAVING A PANIC ATTACK. THANK GOD I'M NOT A MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST
Riight
This is also going on in cells:
ua-cam.com/video/B_zD3NxSsD8/v-deo.html
There are transporter molecules that actually walk along scaffolds.
Every cell knows its time is limited, so it copies its dna to make a new cell before it dies. They copy very very fast. The brain of every cell is a copy machine duplicating the DNA. The exciting part is that humanity doesn't have a stinkin clue what any of it is. Have you ever wondered why dogs can eat raw meat and we can't without catching Ecoli? Have you ever wondered how Rona takes over our bodies, and we can't do anything but the usual to stop it? Have you ever wanted to grow a labrador retrievers head on your hip so you have a permanent emotional support animal? All this is controlled by DNA, and humanity doesn't know 1% of how DNA works
Now THIS is what should be taught in high school Biology about DNA!
It's a great expansion on what I learned last year, too.
I took a genetics class over the summer and I still learned a lot from this video
This was incredibly interesting. I love episodes like this. Keep up the amazing work, SciShow!
This video is like a continuation of my genetics class! haha
6:15 that's Isu DNA.
Annunaki confirmed
I love the intro so much and Hank is my favorite amalgamation of DNA
Very cool Hank, thank you
This was very informational, love the video :)
I swear, i have learned soooooo much from this channel (about many topics) that its just unreal.
I'm glad to see that you're still releasing new content Hank! Keep it up!
yeah, the last track he dropped was fire 🔥
Learned so much. Thanks Hank and the Complexly crew.
So explains why my gene 22 had a piece of it break off and when my gene 9 had the same thing happen and those 2 broken pieces switched places causing me to be diagnosed with a rare nasty form of leukemia: Philadelphia Chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL)
I can highly recommend that you never have to deal with this type of cancer. It was literally hell on earth for 3 years!
hey, my bf has the same disease, he was diagnosed 10 years ago , and since then he changed like 3 types of pills , are u on pills too or you did the transplant?
I have a double whammy 2 forms of EDS. I have a complete duplication of one gene and point mutations in 2 other genes related to collagen. I had to retire early from being a pharmacist. It was like my life ended. I love science and in college I TAed a cancer biology class. That was early 80s. My kids have told me they think I would have been happier in research. I think they are right. I love your videos. You must have access to all the publications behind pay walls. So thanks for sharing and helping me to keep learning.
sci-hub.now.sh/ (google "sci-hub.tw" for alternate mirrors if it's down). It'll grant you access to almost any science publication behind a paywall for free. You could alternatively email corresponding authors on papers and just ask for a .pdf and 9/10 times they'll send it to you. Most researchers aren't crazy about limiting knowledge that big journals do and will happily help out anyone interested in their work, regardless of background.
Thanks
Great video. That is why my kids and I love your channel.
Decent analysis of this video! Thanks for uploading!
SO much information in 10 mins, . and at that, BARELY scratching the surface of what we know, forget about what's still to learn, . always exceptional videos. :o)
I was just thinking about this the other day, and was going to try to search for videos on here about it....then... BOOP! A video about it on my watch list
Good summary of our current understanding, Hank.
"The plastic tips at the end of shoelaces are called aglets. Their true purpose is sinister."
Actually, it's just the left one that is sinister.
they always fall off at the most frustrating moment when you are trying to tie your shoe
Great video! I love watching all of you! You really bring fun into science! Thank you!♥️👍
I honestly think UA-cam stopped showing your videos to every subscriber! What an abysmal subscriber to view and view to like ratio for an amazing video! Thank you SciShow for teaching me things I would never even be curious about and doing it in a such a accessible way.
Hank is the used car salesman of DNA. "You won't believe the number of strands you can pack into this beauty..." *pats on roof*
Thanks, amazing stuff.
Always loved ur videos
Thank you, for reminding me of Lehinger Principle of Biochemintry.
I will go and cry now.
"From lower left to upper right" says nothing if you don't specify if clockwise or anticlockwise. Or in other words:"coming around the front or the back".
Three kinds of people this time:
1. People who don't know there are different kinds of DNA clicking on this video.
2. People who already know the different kinds of DNA but still click this video.
3. People who can't figure out the difference of left-handed and right-handed DNA.
4. People who believe dna is just some random fibres sent by God in body
This is all way over my head!
WHen is 4K-DNA coming?
Coming soon to a theater near you
Gotta love having literally worked in genomics for several years and still being able to take away information from videos like this. Good refresher, but I had no idea about G-quadruplexes
Nice work, guys! I learned a ton. I figured there had to be something like this in order to unwind and read/copy/repair DNA, considering how the DNA is wrapped tightly around the histones. Just a comment - teaching science as history is a very good idea. I like the way you do it. More more please! A longer mention of the mechanics of epigenetics would be very helpful.
One of the best this has to be
This video would have made my Biochemistry study in university SO much easier and more enjoyable to learn! I found it to be some of the most dry and tedious content in the whole degree but you guys always find a way to make complex information so digestible.
Its so fascinating how the same information can be made easier to learn if the teaching is engaging. It makes me wonder why a dry teacher and a fun teacher teaching the same thing can have a completely different effect on the knowledge acquisition of a student.
Thank you so much for giving Mrs. Franklin then credit she deserves.
Cool Connection: A few days back, I remember reading in the news about Israeli scientists reversing aging by somehow preventing the telomeres of chromosomes from deteriorating. Really nice coincidence that Hank mentioned telomere stuff in this video as well (at around 7:45), it's really got me wondering. Great video!
wow another great show
I'm glad this was about shapes and didn't bring up histones too much. I did my masters degree on ONE very specific histone modification in ONE type of cell and even that was absurdly complex.
Triple strand dna gives me “zoo” vibes. That series, zoo. Where animal mutation caused animals to get aggressive and super strong and stuff
cant wait to study this
I love scishow. You are the best . and also hank green the scishow host
Thank you for posting this. Now I understand a bit better about DNA and how it works.
Amazing how much we still don't know.
G-Quadruplex sounds like what Muscle Hank calls his biceps
friggin awesome.
*Has DNA image in intro*
Like how you guys have showed that atoms, and DNA, are both different than the common representation. But also, both are still in the intro, which I like haha
1:20 Yes, it does. You point your thumb in the direction of travel along the central axis, and your fingers show the direction of wrap around the axis. It works the same way way for electromagnetism.
Great video
Hank, you're always my favourite.
Take love xxx
Scoliosis: hmm looks like im left handed
Hank! My kids were so excited to see you on Tiktok!
My favorite classes were molecular biology and genetics. Thanks !
god i love this channel
Going to show this to my students when I teach them intro to molecular biology next semester. Cheers±
I, a time traveler, is still waiting for the scientist to discover Agelets
Omg I have wondered what DNA actually looks like! I knew it didn’t actually look like the models. Thank you!! Thank you!
thank you x
I could listen to Hank Green talk forever, even when I don't have the slightest idea what the @#$&!? he's talking about.
Same
thats because he is terrible at explaining concepts like DNA
I watch this while I do my math homework and it really helps me focus🙂
Graet I will use this video to explain may Biochemistry students in school Medicine
On an educational note: The topic of this video is not "what DNA looks like", but how DNA is structured. This was said in the summary, though I think one has to clarify the title. One cannot "see" the DNA or a molecule in general. We do make pictures of DNA, but those are only representations, but not "the real thing". For scientists, the most important thing about atoms and molecules is how they are structure when they make up matter. When scientists say "that is what molecule X looks like", it is just a simplified expression of "how molecule X is structured". No scientist actually thinks they can "see" or "look" at a molecule... I hope ;)
I understood about 1% of this video, but I was absolutely blown away.
Now I must play massive amounts of time on video games to numb my brain.
4:16 so our cells have auto-correct
I dunno, it all seems like a long and twisted tale to me... :P
Way cool stuff discovered since I was a bio major in the 70s!
Right handed (metaphorically) has everything to do with hands. Your thumb points axially and the fingers show the direction of the curve or twist
Holliday junctions were the genuine bane of my cell biology and genetics modules. Beautiful and interesting, but a pain.
Wow really cool, really nice indeed
gnarly af
Can your next video, related to this, be about cellular aging (cellular senescence and telomere shortening)? Really interesting stuff :D
7:45 A G L E T. Aglet, don't forget it
You should have mentioned Wilkins with the A and B structures. He worked next to Franklin (though fraught with tension). He was also her supervisor though he seems never to have told her.
Otherwise great video.
I had a test on this on saturday... This sure would have helped
im in my third year of a genetics degree. i have been summoned.
In the days of the NES, Nintendo taught us that B comes before A.
Would be awesome if you would do a video on the OMAD diet and or intermittent fasting in general.
My scientific mind HAS to understand how things work in the molecular level, and so it is so fascinating to make the time to study such and intriguing subject that initially effects every part of our life.
Thanks hank this intrigued me in biochem before I dropped the course
hell yeah!!! biochem is awesome!!
unfortunately my professor barely speaks english, and his handwriting is virtually illegible, and he's the only upper division biochem teacher at my university. so his class was hard af, cuse i had to learn everything from a pirated textbook online.
unfortunately my roommate/ best friend was arrested half way through the course b/c her bf was selling counterfeit rolexes or some stupid sht. so i couldn't pay rent and had to move into my dad's for a bit, and it didn't help that homeland security stormed my house at 6am with guns drawn in my face, so i was pretty traumatized. there was nothing in my house except a bit of pot, but they didn't care about that. then they questioned me until like noon, after searching the house, and i had a bit of a mental breakdown after that. so i had to drop my whole semester. but january i'm going back and vids like these make me really excited. i wanna finally finish school, especially since i'm living with my girlfriend right now, and i don't want her to see me sitting on my butt all day. so i'm super motivated to get back to the grind, and biochem comes first. plus i think one more elective in upper division neuroscience. i've already done a bunch of work towards my masters already though, so i'm not quite as set back as i feel. but i really can't wait to start being a human again. and it all starts with that biochem course.
sorry if i vented too much lol i'm just stressed
Do you think figuring out how to prevent H-DNA (particularly on the c-myc gene) from forming might help prevent cancer, since it's one of the most prevalent genes associated with cancer?
Actually right handed does have to do with hands. When you put your right hand out with your thumb pointing up your fingers curl in the direction of the right handed helix. Right handed rules are everywhere in science and engineering. For all right handed screws (including light bulbs and other threaded objects) if you turn the screw in the direction of the curl of your fingers, the screw (or whatever the threaded object) will move in the direction of your thumb. In physics, you can use the right hand rule to determine the direction of a magnetic field around a wire when your thumb is pointing in the direction of the current. There is much, much more.
These are crazy! I feel like they came straight out of some dream, because of how ad-libbed they seem - like a kid who was just beginning to learn about DNA would've conceptualized it. Amazing.
You should do a vid on what DNA tastes like, for Patreon supporters.
Its probably pretty tasty, disodium 5′-ribonucleotides are a food additive used as a flavour enhancer for extra umami
We extracted DNA out of an onion in bio class once. It was white goop. Pretty neat.