The skin contact overdose with fentanyl is a myth, I have not found any confirmed death from skin contact. All I found were some videos of cops „collapsing“ and „going suddenly unconscious“ from breathing near a drug suspect with fentanyl. The videos were staged. Also, fentanyl is an opioid and not an opiate. Anyways, I love your videos!
I comfirm its a myth. They tested negative for opioids and the fact that they did use more than 2 dose of naloxone. Generaly 1x 4mg intranasal do the jobs for heavy users.
Isn't the skin contact thing claimed with carfentanil? When I lived in west palm Beach Florida I heard about it on the news in Miami and Ft Lauderdale. I'd wager its the super ultra potent opioid being airborne in a closed airspace with a non tolerant officer and not skin contact. Carfentanil is actually used to anesthetize elephants and large wild game. The potency is something humans would never need. At that point it's more of a weapon than help. Anyways I could be wrong about that being something that actually took officer's down.
Not a chemical but a few years ago the NIH Bethesda lab found a sample of live smallpox that had been in the back of a -80 freezer for at least 40 years. This freezer was in a lab designed for work with human cell lines not highly contagious pathogens and the discovery caused a major biosecurity uproar due to the strict international regulations surrounding smallpox (even ordering parts of the smallpox genome is a big deal). Treaties required several international observers to be present at the destruction of the smallpox sample, definitely a bad day for the researchers at that lab although it could have been worse.
Just a point of clarification: fentanyl is an opioid not an opiate. Opiates are natural and typically have that characteristic morphine core structure whereas opioid is an umbrella term for everything else (typically synthetic) that has opiate-like properties
9:07 "The illicit manufacture of Krokodil was poorly executed..." Oh it wasn't just illicit manufacture that was the _biggest_ problem. It was amateur manufacture. It was usually prepared *by users,* from over-the-counter codeine products, if the comfort of their own home (or, in absence of one, some abandoned building) through a process very similar to that used to make meth from (pseudo)ephedrine. Except in the case of krokodil, it's even simpler, since people desparate enough to make it, often while being in acute opioid withdrawal, were often in a rush and tended omit certain steps, like recrystallization, or removing impurities, or NOT getting a bunch of naphtha and acetone in a syringe. Desomorphine itself is nothing special, just another run of the mill opioid, with a very similar effect profile to fentanyl, albeit at least with a lot higher doses, both active and lethal. There was seemingly an endless amount of home labs popping up around every corner, except here they were producing a drug with almost the same effects, addiction and overdose potential as fentanyl. So yeah, imagine combining the worst parts of the US meth and opioid "epidemics". And *then* add onto that the fact that people sometimes straight up inject the whole reaction mixture, complete with iodine, red phosphorous, silica and solvents. _Source: __-trust me bro-__ I'm a massive fucking drug nerd who grew up in russia_
There is this fairly recent paper where they recreated crocodile from the street methode and analysed it content. They could identify 54 diffrent morphiands (a lot more unidentified stuff in there) which certainly further contributes to the effects of the drug. But the crocodile part of the drug aka necrosis is a result of the dirty synthesis and resulting impurities, if you even can call them still only impurities. ACS Chem. neurosci. 2020, 11, 3968-3978
You should make a list of chemicals you interact with daily that are hazards but you interact with them in low enough doses to not off you. Example pesticides
@@u.v.s.5583 Yeah, but H2O would be in F tier because you can even go swimming in it for hours and have no negative health effects. If try you go swimming in bleach or sulfuric acid for hours, you'll find that you don't quite make it to the end of the day.
@@u.v.s.5583 I don't think concentration is a factor in H2O toxicity, but amount is location too, if you touch an ocean of Dihydrogen Monoxide, you're fine, but if Hydroxic Acid cones in contact fills up your lungs, then you'd die very quickly
@@1224chrisng Concentration kinda matters, because if you drink enough water it will flush sodium from your body which can be lethal. However, that may not be possible with mineral water. But maybe that will eventually lead to death via other route.
I work in a plant propagation lab and we have lots of CO2 measuring equipment around. We walked through all labs and offices and tested the CO2 levels, every single one was way above the recommended levels. Some in the "significantly impaired brain function" range. tldr: people, open your windows even if the air seems ok. you really don't notice the 10 to 20% brain function loss it can cause. And btw, having some plants in your room does not really help with that.
Any idea how to clone/ propagate a "burning bush" plant? Baseline technique hasn't worked for me and I don't know where to look for protocol if it's even been done..
@@petevenuti7355 you can try to bind a branch down onto the ground whilst still attached. It can grow roots and then be cut off the mother plant. If you take cuttings from a mature bush, take the newer branches from the lowest possible point of the plant. Use soil from the location of the mother plant as potting medium (or at least part of it). Look for high grade rooting powder, the stuff sold at the hardware store is often quite diluted and ineffective. If nothing is working you might need to wait for spring because some plants are really stubborn when it comes to growing seasons. I don't know much about that specific genus, sorry. Also, why do it? Do you have an especially beautiful specimen or as a gardening challenge? They seem to be quite abundant and cheap. Not everything needs to be self made if the challenge is too great
A little warning about MSG: DO NOT PUT IT ON FISH. It won't hurt you by any means, but I added it to some salmon once, and the only thing I could taste for hours was the ocean. I ruined what was otherwise a perfectly good cut of salmon.
That may just be a consequence of whichever specific formulation of MSG you used, as well as the quality of the fish. I haven't yet had issues using crystalized msg on fish, outside of that, there are a lot of msg rich seasonings that are paired with fish pretty commonly.
also another cooking tip is to use Chicken Powder. It's basically ground up chicken bits mixed with msg. Sounds gross but it tastes much more like chicken than some abstract idea of savouriness
If you use MSG on fish products, you’re supposed to blanch them first and dump the water to get rid of the super fishy taste. This tip will literally save entire dishes. Thank me later.
What is so fun for me is that estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol look so similar, yet have such varying effects, yet BPA looks nowhere even CLOSE to it and apparently has some of the effects.
Steroid chemistry is fun. Be careful about where you subsitute the gonane core, because two molecules may not have the same effect. Then there's estrogenic and androgenic chemistry fun. Unexpected estrogenic and androgenic chemistry may come from unrelated molecules (i.e. bisphenol A).
Also! Diethylstilbestrol is an estrogen despite looking nothing like THE estrogen, estradiol It's just that the aromatic ring and the two polar groups do their thing in the ERs
The widespread contamination of our environment is why so many youth are mentally unstable and confused about their gender. They grew in the womb exposed to it and that exposure only got worse over time. "BPA free" yet likely replaced with chemicals that are even worse and less understood (*cough* BPB BPF BPS *cough*).
Estrogen receptors don't exactly have discerning taste in chemicals. They'll respond to inorganic chemicals like cadmium salts. If you have a chemical, no matter which one it is, there's a good chance the estrogen receptor thinks you have estradiol.
Not a good way to think. Heroin and naloxone have opposite effects despite very similar structures while fentanyl is built nothing like heroin with the same effects
DDT is a tricky one, before the bioaccumulation issue was known it was nothing short of a miracle. Compared to other pesticides the margin between its toxicity to humans and its toxicity to insects like malaria carrying mosquitos was a lot better that any other chemicals available I think even to this day it's still used in some areas where malaria and other insect born diseases are more of a concern than DDTs bioaccumulative effect of birds.
Yes, I mean if you're gonna talk about gnarly insecticides, how about dieldrin, or phosphorhionates like Malathion that are a step or two from nerve agents? In fact why not mention nerve agents like the novichok compounds used infamously as assassination tools?
@@GODDAMNLETMEJOIN This gets skipped over a lot, but everyone was for using DDT for controlling mosquito borne diseases. Including Rachel Carson, the UN, everyone. It was agricultural use of DDT, which was vastly higher, which caused almost all the problems (including the spread of immunity which is the reason DDT is not very useful for vector control these days). Agricultural use of DDT was not worth it.
I know a farmer who found an ancient bottle of it in an old shed . He had fly problems around his stock barns , so , he sprayed the stuff a couple times . He did not see a fly all summer . So , whatever immunity was originally developed in common flies , was long gone by the time this guy dug some out and used it . It is still legal today , but is only approved for use in situations with a very low probability of getting into the environment , which means indoors . As a result bedbugs remain nearly immune to it and virtually everything else . Good thing they are a nuisance and rarely serve as vectors for pathogens .
@@MODElAIRPLANE100 In the EU, yes. Also anything that could possibly serve as a precurser for something fun, and sulfuric and nitric acid, and iodine. I swear the EU has some of the strictest chemical laws on the planet. Which isn't inherently bad but there should be a way to get some sorta licence as an amateur chemist
Any nerve agent precursor is like that. Impossible to buy anywhere. And maybe certain radioactive materials, at least in large quantities. It's really difficult to buy illicit drugs from chemical suppliers, but they're easy to get in other places. Other than that, most chemicals are easy to buy. Explosive precursors, drug precursors, toxins, etc.
I remember hearing that dimethylmercury was once considered as a rocket fuel but when a chemical company was asked about the possibility of synthesizing literally tonnes of the stuff they had an immediate figurative heart attack and basically left the proposal on read
Chloroform I feel bears mentioning. I know it's really not all that dangerous (at least compared to most of the chemicals you listed), but it still has a certain reputation due to things such as popcorn movies.
@@stevengill1736 friendly reminder that there is *no such thing as safe use* when it comes to solvent-based inhalants, since their psychoactive effects are directly caused by and are *inseparable* from *brain damage.* (sorry, I just feel the need to leave this fucking psa every time I see mentions of inhalant abuse, because, statistically speaking, there is a non-zero amount of people who might get some really stupid ideas. If you happen to be one of these people, please consider smoking a fat blunt instead)
The other reason that UF6 is good for enrichment is that fluorine is almost entirely one isotope, so you'll be separating based on the uranium atomic mass only. It also has the delightful characteristics of being toxic, corrosive *and* radioactive.
Don't forget all the selection of hideously violent fluorine compounds required to actually synthesize the stuff! 😍 I'm pretty sure every major synthesis pathway for hex involves either anhydrous HF, fluorine gas, or chlorine trifluoride-which you get to handle in industrial quantities.
I think something about nicotine that is pretty forgotten is that it is actually pretty toxic especially on skin contact; I somehow just find it really surprising how some chemicals get their bad reputation for something that they don’t even make, why something like that is often forgotten
I remember hearing about the toxicity of nicotine from a crime drama where the victim was killed by a nicotine-laced condom. The nicotine painlessly seeped through the man's skin and killed him. Of course, it was probably dramatized as all crime dramas are.
@@martinivers489 No, the other partner was the murderer. She put the nicotine _inside_ the condom... though, thinking about it now, I feel like she should have at least gotten sick.
But, it is only going to be that toxic if you get enough as an acute dose. The human body has the ability to rapidly eliminate it, so it isn't a cumulative toxin like arsenic for instance. The other issue is absorbance through skin isn't that great unless it's in a carrier.
@@foxyfoxington2651 ClO2 is somehow a niche compound compared to those I listed, far less often encountered in a lab, even a specialized one. As for the quack cure fame, that rather goes to sodium chlorite imo!
Some of these compounds were actually in the "high toxicity fumehood" in the lab I used to work in during my postgrad studies. We had a couple of sealed glass ampoules of 99.999% purity dimethylmercury, each containing 20 mL of it, wrapped up in several layers of foam and bubble-pack, stuffed inside cardboard boxes at the back of the fumehood. Nobody knew why they were there, who had originally bought them or what for, because of course none of it had been used. In the same fumehood was also a big jar containing several kilograms of white phosphorus, which was somewhat less surprising since one of the research groups in that lab did a lot of organophosphorus chemistry. Most of it involving tert-butyl phospha-alkyne, which is made in a few steps from tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, which itself is usually made using elemental phosphorus as one of the starting materials. Of course we had some 30% hydrofluoric acid in our acids cabinet. Plus a few litres of di-isopropyl ether in the solvent store. Fortunately that was sealed up inside a large solvent storage schlenk-bomb with an airtight teflon valve, under argon to prevent peroxide formation. Which is something a lot of people seem to forget - while ethers can form peroxides, this needs contact with oxygen, they don't do it all by themselves. So if your ether is in a sealed container, the integrity of which is still good, it doesn't matter how old it is - if air cannot have gotten in, there won't be any peroxides in it either. You can easily tell if di-isopropyl ether has peroxides because they are solids which crystallise out of the solvent. But the same is not true for diethyl ether - the peroxides formed from that one are liquids and remain dissolved, so you cannot tell just by looking or by shaking an old can of ether to check in any solids are rattling around in the bottom. Not that the latter practice is at all recommended, mind. We had something else in that fumehood which I am surprised was not on this list - nickel tetracarbonyl. At least as toxic as dimethylmercury, if not worse - and manufactured on horrendously large scales industrially, since it's an ideal way of producing super high purity nickel metal: Take your impure nickel and heat it up while passing carbon monoxide gas over the surface. The nickel tetracarbonyl will form under those conditions, and since it's a volatile liquid, it can easily be purified by distillation. Then heat it up to decomposition temperature, which releases the carbon monoxide and gives you pure nickel metal back. This is basically the Mond process for nickel purification. Interestingly enough, high purity iron can be made in a similar way.
Yup nickel tetracarbonyl is a pretty nasty one. An honorable mention would go to Osmium Tetroxide. Used to use that as a contrast enhancer for SEM samples, it does its job well but fumes of it can easily blind and is in general extremely toxic. 😵😵😵
@@tommihommi1 It's probably not used for large scale nickel refining these days, because there are other ways of doing that if the purity of the nickel produced is not the highest priority. Mainly because when it was done on a large scale, there would be huge quantities of nickel tetracarbonyl flowing through the process - on the order of several tons at any one time. Which is obviously not great because if there was ever a leak or spillage, that amount could easily kill anyone nearby, and/or contaminate the area enough to render it uninhabitable until it could be cleaned up somehow. Having said all that, the Mond process is still useful for producing extremely high purity nickel, since it's a relatively straightforward way of doing that. I remember seeing a bottle of high purity nickel in the lab which the label said had been made by this process, which we had for making nickel organometallics by metal-vapour synthesis. The nickel was in the form of spheres about the size of marbles with dimples all the way around the surface.
Hey there. :) Considering the carcinogenicity of nicotine: It does form N-Nitrosonornicotine (take off the methyl-group and add an -N=O on the aliphatic nitrogen), which is classified as a class 1 carcinogen. So while nicotine itself is not carcinogenic, it forms a carcinogenic compound upon working with and consuming tobacco, even if you do not smoke it. This includes "smokeless tobacco". Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons are just one of many mechanism how tobacco can give you cancer. Saying this as a smoker that enjoys his smoke breaks. :) N-Nitrosamines are of growing concern since the Valsartan scandal some years ago. N-Nitrosonornicotine has also been in the scope of concerning N-Nitrosamines that are monitored more closely. We actually had a huge issue with producing APIs that might possibly form N-Nitrosamines after the valsartan scandal. In order to prove that we have no N-Nitrosamines in our products, I had to synthesis around 10 grams of the possible impurity that we are meant to monitor. (My colleagues asked me why I had to synthesize so much of it, and if it is sane to produce so much potential carcinogen to prove that there is no potential carcinogen in our product, but I figured that I would just do the synthesis once, bottle it up for our analytics department and be done with it forever.) Edit: Actually, Nitrosamines would have fit well into the topic of the video. N-Nitrosodiethylamine and N-Nitrosodimethylamine have caused millions of damages from pharmaceuticals being recalled, even though the pharmaceuticals did more good then the Nitrosamines could ever have done bad. There is an increasing push to limit the use of useful reagents and solvents like DMF and Triethylamine because of the real or in the case of TEA faint possibility of Nitrosamine formation. This will be of concern for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry for years to come.
They're looking into it being a part of chemo regimens because of it's restriction of blood vessels (the reason it's a teratogen). It's also good at treating pain and nausea so it could help people on chemo with those side affects as well.
You cannot get an overdose by coming into contact with someone overdosing. Hell you wouldn’t when overdose if you shoved your hand in a bag and shook it around (as long as no cuts on your hand). It’s a very common misconception that you can overdose from just touching fentanyl. Fentanyl transdermal absorption is ridiculously slow, so special patches need to be made for that to occur at a reasonable rate.
I talked to a woman who was on those fentanyl patches for pain for 8 years. She told me that it's a 72 hour patch, but it takes 12 hours to feel it, then 48 hours at 70% dose, then the last 12 at 30% dose, causing her to have horrible swings in pain and mood, if she wore 2 and staggered when she put them on, she would feel ok 24/7, but very few doctors are willing to give you 2 fentanyl prescriptions at the same time. So yeah, fentanyl take a very long time to get through the skin.
This myth was spread among -swine-, ugh... I mean cops (specifically yankee cops) to fear-monger about drugs. There’s even a video where a cop touched a suspect in a video and immediately collapsed on the spot like he’s been hit by lightning. They never mention though that said suspect only smoked a pot joint, nothing more, no fentanyl to be found. ACAB
Thalidomide is used as the major (iirc) treatment for leprosy, and is used as part of a combo treatment for specific cancers (maybe leukaemia?). Terrible for pregnant women, but a useful drug now.
Oh, I have a CO2 story! In the third year of my undergrad I was doing HEK293 (kidney) cell culture, and one of the important rules we had for our tissue culture (TC) room was to close the door when handling cells in the laminar flow hood to minimize contamination. One Monday afternoon, I was just going about passaging a few dishes of cells and started feeling a bit extra drowsy. Being a college student, this wasn’t immediately a red flag, because my sleep schedule was objectively bad. But, I was fine so I just kept working. About 10 minutes later, the low CO2 alarm in our 5% CO2 incubator went off, and that set of alarms in my head. I left my cells in the hood and quickly jumped into the hall. I called up our safety officer and together, after venting the room overnight, we determined that yeah, the fitting to the incubator was leaking CO2 into the tiny 12x12’ room over the weekend. I wasn’t anywhere close to death, but based on on the digital regulator, we estimated the CO2 maxed out at about 1.1% of the air volume in the TC room. At least until I graduated and left the lab in 2021 we left the door open while using the TC room. I just did the math and our 75lb canister, if it vented, would create a ~57% atmosphere of CO2 in the room. Guh.
I've heard that motorcycle helmets can reach up to 1% CO2, which given that they're for driving down the road at 60mph, it wouldn't be the best time to be drowsy.
So the whole adrenochrome myth has a really interesting backstory. The idea that it has hallucinogenic properties (it doesnt) came originally from Huxley's "The Doorways of Perception," but all the child sacrifice stuff was added by Hunter S Thompson in "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream." Based on my experiences with people who buy into it, they have read neither and stole the idea from the movie adaptation of the latter.
i think the "adrenochrome" part is definitely a myth, not based in reality and such because the science just doesn't match up, but I think what the conspiracy theorists got it from stems from some true things that happened, which is the idea that "elites are infusing child blood into themselves." It sounds crazy but it actually happened lol! Like, on record with evidence, there's an apple news article that came out recently that even talked about the process and advertised it as the "new path to immortality" (they obviously didn't mention child blood or anything), but you can't make this stuff up lol. So, i think people see stuff like that and their paranoia goes off, rightfully so, and they start going down the rabbit hole of trying to find out why they're doing this and that's how the adrenochrome conspiracy comes about. In reality, it's probably just related to stem cell stuff making your body work better, which is just as messed up and imo the conspiracy theorists should pursue that instead.
Fentanyl is actually essentially impossible to overdose on through skin contact. It has super low penetration of the skin (fentanyl patches have agents that help fentanyl penetrate the skin) and really the only way that ingestion can occur is through contact with mucous membranes which is unlikely to happen as long as first responders wash their hands before touching their face. The only other possibility of significant exposure would be through raids of labs and kicking up significant amounts of dust in the air, but this is also unlikely as it doesn’t especially like to aerosolize and hang around in the air. The vast majority of reports of overdose of first responders had symptoms inconsistent with fentanyl overdose and showed no signs of exposure when samples were analyzed. They actually almost all had symptoms entirely consistent with a panic attack due to them believing skin contact would make them overdose. This encouraged a lot of unhealthy/scared/resentful attitudes among first responders towards responding to fentanyl overdoses. Current trainings for some first responders have started to correct this misconception around fentanyl but it makes sense why the fear of being in close proximity with fentanyl still hangs around among the first responder community.
He needs to correct his disinformation. On the EMS side they know better, especially now - but paranoid cops suffering panic attacks still perpetuate this BS. Cops often claim reviving their partners with heroic doses of Narcan - yet the person who suffered the ‘overdose’ never seems to release their ER labs confirming the exposure, and you never hear from the EM physician on the local news talking about saving a cop this way because it’s BS. And the actual cop it happened to often quickly shuts their mouth because they don’t want to be stigmatized with the issue of mental fitness after the ER doctor tells them they probably had a panic attack. #WTFentanyl
Well, if they raided a fentanyl lab before the final product was diluted, it's possible to accidentally make some fine powders airborne that'd be enough to kill. If they didn't know what they were dealing with, that is.
@@therealprofessor976The finished fentanyl is NEVER cut by professional chemists because no matter how good you think you've mixed two powders it's always possible to get vastly different concentrations in any two samples... LSD is always kept as a crystalline solid until it is mixed with a solvent to create blotter acid,, and the only people who actually touch or work with crystal LSD are people with a MASSIVE tolerance...
P.S. on Thiomersal. While the concerns about autism are completely unfounded, its use (at least in the EU) as a preservative is slowly phased out and much more restricted. It's no longer present in most vaccines and is commonly used as a preservative in eye drops manufactured in small batches, because these *really* need to stay as germ-free as possible.
It's phased out because it's problematic for the environment and probably because stuff without it sells better. But the allowed dose of it is so low that for the end user it doesn't matter. For example eye drops are allowed to have a maximum of 0,007% thiomersal.
Thiomersal was phased out from vaccines, because people thought that would lessen the hesitancy to get vaccines. Not for any rational reason. But the idiots only invented new reasons why vaccines are "dangerous".
No. The lowest dose used in medicine is 1:1.600.000 for botulinum toxin. 0,007% is 1:(100.000/7), which is 1:14.286. The concentration of 1:14.000 is not low when it comes to highly toxic compounds. However Thiosermal is not toxic enough.
I think it's the same in the us. The whole "it causes autism and as such we should avoid vaccines" is absolutely horrible. Not only is it extremely bigoted, offensive, and encourages people to forgive life saving preventative medicine, it also implies that autistic people are better off dead than existing as they are. I like my existence thanks🙃
I had a friend in school who accidentally made phosgene when welding once. Don't worry, he's fine, _he only almost nearly died._ But yeah, scary shit...
Since you included HF, I missed HCN (Zyklon B) in the the tierlist. As a German this chemical has a very bad reputation for me, since the nazis killed a lot of Jews with this chemical. Everyone learns this in school in Germany but I don't know how widely spread this knowledge is.
What do you think about Fritz Haber? On one hand, he invented Ammonia production, which he wanted to make into bombs in WW1. On the other hand, the ammonia ended up as fertilizer, which fed billions of people.
@@1224chrisng it feels really bad to sum up deaths against saved lifes, but overall his invention saved many more then those being killed... I'm not an ethics expert, but I think Fritz Haber deserves to be historised i.e. several buildings, streets etc. are named after him.
@@1224chrisng He was a cold-hearted bastard. His wife begged him to stop his research into war gasses, but he refused. She killed herself in shame. He continued to research war gasses.
This was fun as always! But I gotta add that Fentanyl is not an opiate but a synthetic opioid. Opiates are substances found in actual opium like Morphine or Codeine and also things derived from them such as Heroin but Fentanyl is fully synthetic. Sorry for being a pain in the ass but doctors get this wrong all the time and it's a pet peeve as someone working in pharmacy lol
How could you not include carbon monoxide? At least in my post communist country (older residential heating systems) children are taught about it in primary school and it is drilled into their heads to make sure they have a detector at home. Every year there are at least a few news stories of someone dying because of it.
Houses are required by law to have detectors, and it pretty much never results in anything I had a CO leak from a furnace for several years that was just funneled up a chute and even the detector had zero idea it was happening
This series is so fun to me because it's a very entertaining way of unconsciously becoming more familiar with the attributes of a huge amount of organic molecules.
Uranium enrichment is a pretty interesting topic. There's a lot of fearmongering around it though, as most don't know/forget there are international laws restricting enrichment above 20% (iirc) U235. Weapon grade uranium is 90% pure. Most of uranium used in fuel cells is 3-5%. 20% is a limit since it's what nuclear submarines use. And most atomic bombs are made from plutonium anyway. Which also can't be produced easily, as it requires specific type of reactor to breed. Normal spent fuel doesn't work as other than needed isotopes it produces other isotopes 1 mass unit away (and uranium is very hard to separate already, with 3 times mass difference, so separating them is basically impossible). They make it so the bomb produced might explode unpredictably, or don't explode at all. Either of which is very bad, as everyone seems to prefer determenistic ammunition.
Also Uranium is very rare. It's ore pitchblende is found in small clusters in granite. You have to mine several Tons of granite for a kilogram of raw uranium. And you need several tons uranium for building a reactor.
@@Ribulose15diphosphat it wasn't always the case everywhere, there was a mine in Сongo, which was initially excavated for radium in late 19th and early 20th century (radioactivity was hot stuff back then), until 1960 when Congo stopped being a colony, which had incredibly rich ore (65% UO2, it's basically yellow cake already). In fact that mine was foundation for both Manhattan project and German research in that direction (both got about 1200 tons of uranium). It was later flooded and covered with concrete, but sometimes there's still uranium surfacing on black markets in the area. For comparison, uranium ore mined now is under 0.2% UO2. Amount of uranium needed for reactor: from what I found about WWER-1000, it uses 66 tons of 4.26% rich uranium, so simplification not considering trace amounts of U235 in depleted uranium means about 400 tons of uranium. One load lasts for about 5 years according to what I've found. It's first time I've done the calculations, so it's really surprising to see just how much ore is needed for one reactor (~200 thousand tons)
The thing people don't realize is that enriching 20% uranium to 90% uranium only takes a tenth of the work it takes to enrich natural uranium to 20% uranium. That's why it's super concerning when a country like Iran has a stockpile of 20% enriched uranium, it dramatically shrinks the break out time.
@@Dovorans You still need a factory where enrichment would happen. And unless you had nuclear weapons before, IAEA prohibits further enrichment. I might be wrong, but I believe there are regular inspections frpm them on every factory, specifically to prevent someone from illegally producing weapon uranium. I also don't understand the "country like Iran" part. Why not "country like USA". From what is known to me, US/EU in fact has been less attentive with enrichment technology (centrifuges), when there was money involved. In fact Iran got the technology from France iirc.
@@wumi2419 The really interesting thing about those African mines is that a couple of billion years ago, the percentage of U235 was high enough to work in a light-water moderated reactor... which is exactly what happened when groundwater percolated through the ore body. In certain parts of the ore body, the U235 percentage was found to be much lower than average, along with evidence of fission products, indicating that a nuclear chain reaction had occurred in the ore.
I work in a winery business. At one point around 10 years ago, someone in this province died from CO2. Their fermentation area was unventilated and they were working alone. After this, every such facility was tested for CO2 levels by OSHA (workplace health and safety). We were within the safety limits, but we did change ventilation in the area to ensure we would never get close to limit.
@@That_Chemist This happens more often than you think. This paper ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5380556/ ) suggests that there have been about 90 deaths per year in the US over the last 40 years. Even sadder, the majority of those deaths were of first responders, who died trying to rescue the first victim. CO2 asphyxiation can even be caused by natural phenomena, on a large scale: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nyos_disaster .
How on earth does someone die from CO2 poisoning while conscious without every fiber of their being screaming to go out and get some fresh air? It's not like N2 which makes you faint where you stand.
A while ago, an acquaintance of mine was gifted some chemicals including a glass bottle with half a kilo of several decades old, crystalline picric acid... Similar story with another guy, found some dyes in containers with ground glass joints and decided to take them with him. As he showed them to me, I noticed the label "dipicrylamine" and backed away instantly
The main two things that makes dimethlmercurry so toxic is it can be easily metabolized into the body and it's strong bond for fats and guess which part of you body has a lot of fat your brain 60% of your brain is fat and at this point you can start to see why it has that bad of a reputation just like cif3
Plus, its extremely insidious nature: whatever protocols people have come up with for safe handling of it, all turned out to be insufficient, it even penetrates double gloves, and then, it kills you months later, such that by the time you have any symptoms, it's too late to do anything. It may not be the most toxic molecule known to man, but it's certainly the most *evil.*
As far as I recall, White Phosphorus is _specifically_ only legal in war use as smoke -- if you're using it as an incendiary, that's into war crime territory. It just, you know, turns out people don't mind committing war crimes.
I am really happy we deem some things so bad that they shouldn't be used it war, but I am always perplexed as to the idea of war crimes in general. Dont get me wrong, things like chemical warfare are abhorrent but what's stopping other countries from just doing it. Who would want to fight the country that uses white phosphorus raids and saron gas attacks? I guess I am probably just confused as to what punishment is used to stop other countries from doing it.
@@grantking4032 There's not a whole lot of enforcement that can really be done about it, on the large scale. Sometimes nations put large taxes on imports coming from other nations, sometimes they ban certain products outright -- but otherwise, the only real enforcement is, like... declaring a war. Which obviously doesn't work here.
@@WindyDelcarlo thats what I guessed. I am not saying the actions, we deem as war crimes, aren't abhorrent or evil but enforcing a global statute with ALL nations sounds.... like a joke. Sounds like everyone came to the table at the end of ww2 and were like, "wow we are monsters. How do we explain this shit to our civilians" and essentially put pretty sounding sentences together to appease people
Props for getting the thalidomide isomer part correct. The myth that only the (S)-enantiomer is teratogenic permeates chemistry education at all levels, and if I get a dollar for each person I had to convince.....
I had an allergic reaction at a chinese restaurant and after talking with my family we pinned it on MSG. Later I learned that it wasn't MSG. It was cashews.
Everything I know about chemistry, I learned by watching UA-cam videos. I watched this whole video and read all of the comments to see if aqua regia would be mentioned. It wasn't. Probably because everything I know about chemistry, I learned by watching UA-cam videos.
Fentanyl is an opioid that while it has the bad reputation for it's lethality is used in the Fentanyl citrate form or alfentanyl sufentanyl are utilized in 75% of all surgeries. Surgeries would have to be postponed without it or a substitute would be required crippling healthcare at hospitals.
No tetraethyllead? It was the center of what was probably the largest public health crisis in human history. This thing deserves to go into a tier above S.
I used to be on hydroxychloroquine(plaquinol I believe it's brand name is) for a rare autoimmune disorder called adult onset stills disease. It worked OK but diet and exercise treats the disorder the absolute best! Great video Mr that chemist! Always enjoy listening to your knowledge and experience I almost always learn something new.
I took ivermectin while overseas a decade or so ago, along with another anti parasitic to help with a stomach bug that wouldn’t go away. Seems to have worked.
Ironically, given the currently understood mechanism of why HCQ appeared to work in vitro in *that* disease, but not in vivo (it's a cathepsin inhibitor, and the cell line used in the study lacks TMPRSS2 - the virus needs either cathepsin or TMPRSS2 to enter cells), it's possible HCQ could've actually worked against BA.1, which completely lacked TMPRSS2 utilization. (Not any of the more recent Omicrons, which can all use TMPRSS2 just fine.)
"Sometimes quoting law enforcement sources, media outlets are routinely stating that just touching fentanyl can cause an overdose or even death - a contention that medical toxicologists say is scientifically impossible."
Repeating those fentanyl myths made me unsubscribe. I thought that a scientist - particularly a chemist - would be able to, I dunno, get the facts right on the actual dangers of a chemical. Transmission by skin contact with an ODing person, my _entire_ ass.
Ivermectin worked well at treating mites for my pet rats. Accidentaly licked my fingers after and it tasted quite good too but I'm a freak who chew most of his pills
My dad 100% has an MSG allergy. If we all eat the same food and it happens to have MSG in it without us knowing (this includes BBQ(from the eeasoned salt), Doritos, etc) he will get EXTREMELY sick, become flushed, and start sweating uncontrollably. It is ABSOLUTELY a real thing, and others have ruined it for those who actually have it by being racist/hypochondriacs
There are all manner of food sensitivities that are uncommon. All sympathies to people having them in this age of highly processed foods. I would guess that other natural sources of glutamates may cause your father highly uncomfortable ill effects too. If they don't, however, I wonder if the actual culprit is impurities in the preparation of commercial MSG.
@@SeekingTheLoveThatGodMeans7648 that could be it, because he only ever has those reactions when it has MSG in it, it's never triggered by anything else. And we never actively check for MSG unless he has a reaction, so there very well could be many things with MSG that we've eaten but didn't realize since it didn't have whatever the impurity was
@@allaion2897 Not really. When you ingest MSG it reacts with stomach acid to yield glutamic acid and NaCl (table salt), if it has not already reacted in the food with organic acids. Also ingested glutamic acid turns partly into its salts in blood. So, in practice it is the same.
Thanks for the mention of PFAS. I'll just mention that while PFOA itself was used in PTFE production, often it occurs as an environmental degradation product of fluorosurfactants--the "head group" (hydrophilic part) can get broken down, as can any non-fluorinated carbon atoms in the "tail". But once you get to the fluorinated carbons, biodegradation gets stuck, so you end up with PFOA (or in some cases its 6-carbon analog, which is less bioaccumulative, but more easily transported in groundwater and harder to filter out).
While I don't have anything interesting Ideas, I have a terrifying term for you: " *Aerosolized Nitroglycerine Dust* ". This is from a recent Drachinifel video about WW1 era naval gun charges. Basically, the British used a charge called “Cordite” that would over time develop Nitroglycerin crystals on the outside that would then be spread throughout the ship when the charges where moved. Over time, this would build up to Nitroglycerine Dust, especially in the Turrets. And guess what would happen if such a Dust filled turret was struck with an incoming shell. They theorized that the round wouldn't even need to penetrate, as the shockwave alone should be enough to set off the Dust and consequently travel down the turret into the magazine and blow up the ship and that this was the reason why so many British ships blew up in Jutland. Here is the link to the video: ua-cam.com/video/VzCk7lc0ooQ/v-deo.html If you want to have a good laugh, I recommend his video on the russian second pacific squadron :D Not even a Comedian could come up with such stupidity :P
I love picric acid simply because if you read the groups clockwise going around the benzene ring you get "OH NO NO NO" which is a very accurate quote of most people who find a crusty ancient jar of partially dried picric acid in the back of their chemistry stockroom.
1:20 No. You cannot overdose, or even get high of fentanyl, simply by touching it. It's actually an urban legend, born from a story about police officers simply feeling "dizzy" after touching it, likely due to placebo effect, if not even faked. And while fentanyl can indeed be administered by intradermal route via patches, its powder form has a ridiculously poor skin penetration, and therefore won't get you anywhere close to being high. You can totally touch fentanyl without any risk, and that has been experimentally demonstrated already, as well as backed up by experts on the domain. Many regards, - Your french heroin addict viewer ^-^
MSG can have some sensitivities, but they are usually neurological and related to increase of glutamate balance in the blood. Glutamate is an excitory neurotransmitter.
In properly controlled studies these effects disappear. Also it seem glutamate cannot even cross blood brain barrier. More here: doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462BB
Fentanyl is given for surgeries. The first time I had it was for my wisdom teeth. They don't give just that so the combination of fentanyl, Midazolam, and laughing gas gave me a trip
picric acid also caused the Low Moor fire in 1916, which was the worst industrial disaster in British history - the fire hit a gas main, destroyed several streets, and took several weeks to put out it was largely overlooked in the news because it started on the same day as the Battle of the Somme strangely enough, another large fire occurred on the same site in 1992, when the chemical works were owned by Allied Colloids; the works are still there, are now owned by BASF, and are used to make chemicals for textile processing
The Halifax explosion, which killed almost 2000 people and injured at least 9000 more, involved *2300 tons* of picric acid, as well as 200 tons of TNT and a bunch of ammunition.
Fun fact: Freon is also psychoactive and has effects similar to common inhational anesthetics like NO² or Diethyl Ether. This is due to its simple structure combined with lipophilicity allowing it to cross the blood brain barrier and bind to NMDA, GABA, AND KOP receptors creating quite unique effects
There are better sources of umami taste than MSG, like peanuts, peanut butter, marmite, mushrooms, beef, pork, lamb, bacon, marmite, gammon, and marmite.
Krokodil should go at least at B. It is really nasty. That is because illegal synthesis of it goes from codeine but they use phosphorus, thyonil-chloride even petrol. So body parts start falling because of the huge amount of impurities in final product. Also desomoprhine is 80 times more potent than morphine because it has one -OH grupe less, it is more lipophilic and because of that it goes through blood-brain barrier easier than morphine. Great video as always, one of my favourite tier list videos. PS Thalidomide has to go to S tier. As a pharmacy student( with big interest in phram chemistry) I will put it in special tier that is even above S. Today it is used as a anticancer drug that inhibits angiogenesis( genesis of new blood vessels of cancer tissue) but that thing caused the horrible physical defects to over 10 000 babes. Straight to S tier.
I've heard that before DDT was banned, it's inventor was awarded the Nobel Prize for saving more lives from malaria than penicillin, or something to that affect.
"Breathing Chlorine Trifluoride can irritate the nose and throat." "On skin contact with liquified Chlorine Trifluoride gas, immediately submerse the affected body part in warm water." (From Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet) Probably D or E tier.
I heard Adrenochrome and suddenly I remembered Hunter S Thompson (From stuff I’ve been reading online), who besides abusing himself with drugs, committed suicide. Definitely dodgy.
The reason nicotine salt is so addictive is because when an acid is added to the vaping mixture it can cross barriers it wouldn't have . The same thing goes for snus ( or chewing tobacco) , soda ash is added to aid in bucal uptake . Ph has a lot to do with nicotine uptake
Thioacetone is just great, we made it at a chemistry camp just because how bad it smells, one guy got sprayed with it later. Safe to say that he stinked quite a lot.
Awesome video but I will mention ddt isn't all that bad. One activist blew the alarm without any real acedemic backing. The stuff was sprayed over neighborhoods in trucks and voer forest. Ofc it was gonna become a problem when used like that. If it was used in place of deet in just normal big sprays, we could reduce malaria cases to almost nothing.
Regarding carbon dioxide, I saw a video of a guy living in a small greenhouse-like structure built in such a way that the CO2 built up naturally. He was doing it to measure his decreases in cognitive function, body processes, etc. I think one of his arguments was that if climate change became severe enough for long enough, future generations would (for lack of a better word) be stupider than previous generations due to the atmosphere. If that's the case, the future is much more grave than we thought. Edit: Found the video, it's a Tom Scott video about Kurtis Baute living in a tiny biodome. He states CO2 levels over 1000ppm cause a 15% decrease in cognitive function, and 1400ppm can cause upwards of a 50% decrease. That's some spooky stuff from a seemingly innocuous and common gas.
After hearing very bad things about HF in Army electronics school, from a former industrial safety officer from Intel, who dealt with all of the dangerous chemicals. Anyway, I was using rim cleaner at home, and caught a whiff of the fumes. "Wow, this is nasty stuff. What's in this? Hydrogen fluoride? Nope!" I put down the bottle, went in and washed my hands thoroughly, and I swore I would never touch the stuff again.
Phosgene! After finished my Ph.D. I worked in the development lab of a chemical company that used a lot of phosgene on an industrial scale. The first day I asked: “What scale do we work at?” “One mole.” Came the reply. If something has a mass of 126 use 126g. Simple! One day I had phosgene job: I had to prepare a solution of 2 mole (~200g) of phosgene in 500mL of toluene using a phosgene gas cylinder. So, how to proceed??? I put a 1L flask + toluene on a balance and started to bubble the phosgene thru and was looking for the mass to increase by 200g. It was soon clear that this was going to take some time. “No, no, no…” said one of the old timers in the lab. “Not that way. Do it this way!” 2.0mol of phosgene (density = 1.43) has a volume of 140mL. So, get a 200mL measuring cylinder and wrap it in a plastic bag containing ice. Turn the phosgene cylinder upside down so instead of it giving off phosgene gas it gives off liquid phosgene. Fill the measuring cylinder to 140mL and then add this to your toluene in the reaction flask (with a steady hand, obviously). Easy as!!!!!! It only took 5 minutes. (My steady hand had been trained with methyl lithium in the past.) Think that’s bad? We used to get unmarked flatbed trucks arriving at the factory with several 9ton cylinders of phosgene on board. These had just driven on public roads (the highway and narrow county roads) to get to the factory. The factory was several miles from the nearest town and there were windsocks all around the site. When the gas alarm went off - which happened a couple of times a month - we would casually glance out of the window to check… the prevailing wing was usually away from the dev lab.
Would legitimately feel more comfortable working with plutonium salts or metals than dimethyl mercury. Out of all of them i think its the most insidious and horrible. 😵😵😵😲
Lots of interesting chemical there . HCQ is used to treat Lupus as well . It is not something you really want to ingest without very good reason as it has some unpleasant side effects , which can be serious . And yes , it is useless against the " C " disease . AN is fairly mundane stuff , untill it is mishandled or stored improperly . It is far from harmless and the list of massive disasters due to this is long and impressive . It is the go to high explosive in many applications , because it is cheap , fairly non toxic ( unless you are making Astrolite , which calls for Hydrazine ..) , and , fairly insensitive . ANFO is nearly perfect for mining and quarrying , just takes a fairly strong detonator and booster to kick it off reliably . It is also used in instant cold packs , although they tend to blend it with Calcium Nitrate , which honestly , does nothing appreciable to diminish the energy if you substitute it for straight AN without bothering to convert the CN with an ammonium salt like Ammonium Sulfide , or separate by fractional crystalization . HF is a nope for me . I prefer my my Fluorines already bound to other hapless Calcium atoms that are not currently employed by my nervous system . The Agent Orange Dioxin contamination was caused by manufacturers who used different processes because they did not want to pay for licensing the clean process that did not produce appreciable amounts of Dioxin .
_I don't give a damn about my reputation_ _You're living in the past, it's a new generation_ _And a girl can do what she wants to do_ _And that's what I'm gonna do_ _And I don't give a damn about my bad reputation_ _Oh no_ _Not me_
That glyphosate thing always gets me so angry. Like how can anyone think it's a good idea to let a jury of completely ordinary people decide if a chemical caused cancer? That's what science is for, not courtrooms. Sometimes I just don't get America.
@@SeekingTheLoveThatGodMeans7648 The science is quite solid. IF glyphosate causes cancer, it is only with very high doses. Doses people are not typically exposed to.
To be fair with nicotine's reputation, another mechanism by which tobacco is a carcinogen is via nirtosamines. And the two worst nitrosamines found in tobacco smoke are NNN and NNK, and both are combustion products of nicotine.
I’m a little bit disappointed that dihydrogen monoxide didn’t make the list. It’s in most pesticides and causes erosion, and people have definitely died from consuming too much of it.
I'd put MSG in the D tier. You're scoring them based on their reputation, and as far as I know, MSG is considered dangerous by a huge number of people. They're incorrect, of course, but still its reputation isn't that good
@@chemistryofquestionablequa6252 What is this from "That Chemist" which says the "right" isomer can become the "wrong" one when exposed to human metabolism? The proper precaution is never to use the T drug unless pregnancy can be positively averted. In men, no problem. In "conventional" women, it's a serious matter.
The skin contact overdose with fentanyl is a myth, I have not found any confirmed death from skin contact. All I found were some videos of cops „collapsing“ and „going suddenly unconscious“ from breathing near a drug suspect with fentanyl. The videos were staged. Also, fentanyl is an opioid and not an opiate. Anyways, I love your videos!
Tay from my discord tried to drill opiate vs opioid into me, but I still failed
I comfirm its a myth. They tested negative for opioids and the fact that they did use more than 2 dose of naloxone. Generaly 1x 4mg intranasal do the jobs for heavy users.
I honestly didn't even know there was a difference between the two terms. I'll keep that in mind. Thank you for pointing that out.
Yeah the media keeps pushing this lie, you have to ingest it you cant do so by simply touching it
Isn't the skin contact thing claimed with carfentanil? When I lived in west palm Beach Florida I heard about it on the news in Miami and Ft Lauderdale. I'd wager its the super ultra potent opioid being airborne in a closed airspace with a non tolerant officer and not skin contact. Carfentanil is actually used to anesthetize elephants and large wild game. The potency is something humans would never need. At that point it's more of a weapon than help. Anyways I could be wrong about that being something that actually took officer's down.
Do a tier list on "things you don't want to discover a 20 year old crusty bottle of in the back of the chemical cabinet "
Inb4 all the S tiers are basically ethers lmao
Picric acid dry, old ether
Just like the previous comment: Dry picric acid, and any ether that can peroxidize, or anything that can peroxidize, really.
@@C4pungMaster Diethyl and diisopropyl ethers.
Not a chemical but a few years ago the NIH Bethesda lab found a sample of live smallpox that had been in the back of a -80 freezer for at least 40 years. This freezer was in a lab designed for work with human cell lines not highly contagious pathogens and the discovery caused a major biosecurity uproar due to the strict international regulations surrounding smallpox (even ordering parts of the smallpox genome is a big deal). Treaties required several international observers to be present at the destruction of the smallpox sample, definitely a bad day for the researchers at that lab although it could have been worse.
Just a point of clarification: fentanyl is an opioid not an opiate. Opiates are natural and typically have that characteristic morphine core structure whereas opioid is an umbrella term for everything else (typically synthetic) that has opiate-like properties
You beat me to it good work
I always say this: all opiates are opioid but not the other way around
You definitely boof pills
@@T-SizzleLikeBacon when the morphine is best absorbed there, why wouldn’t you?
Ohhh ok that makes sense.
good explanation btw
9:07 "The illicit manufacture of Krokodil was poorly executed..."
Oh it wasn't just illicit manufacture that was the _biggest_ problem. It was amateur manufacture.
It was usually prepared *by users,* from over-the-counter codeine products, if the comfort of their own home (or, in absence of one, some abandoned building) through a process very similar to that used to make meth from (pseudo)ephedrine. Except in the case of krokodil, it's even simpler, since people desparate enough to make it, often while being in acute opioid withdrawal, were often in a rush and tended omit certain steps, like recrystallization, or removing impurities, or NOT getting a bunch of naphtha and acetone in a syringe.
Desomorphine itself is nothing special, just another run of the mill opioid, with a very similar effect profile to fentanyl, albeit at least with a lot higher doses, both active and lethal.
There was seemingly an endless amount of home labs popping up around every corner, except here they were producing a drug with almost the same effects, addiction and overdose potential as fentanyl. So yeah, imagine combining the worst parts of the US meth and opioid "epidemics". And *then* add onto that the fact that people sometimes straight up inject the whole reaction mixture, complete with iodine, red phosphorous, silica and solvents.
_Source: __-trust me bro-__ I'm a massive fucking drug nerd who grew up in russia_
There is this fairly recent paper where they recreated crocodile from the street methode and analysed it content. They could identify 54 diffrent morphiands (a lot more unidentified stuff in there) which certainly further contributes to the effects of the drug. But the crocodile part of the drug aka necrosis is a result of the dirty synthesis and resulting impurities, if you even can call them still only impurities. ACS Chem. neurosci. 2020, 11, 3968-3978
Shout out being a drug nerd, poor manufacturing and safety practices makes so many drugs look worse than they are.
I've tried to explain this to people before and they just look at me like I'm crazy
Does 1 shot of krokidil kill the person in 2 years.
what possessed you to write such a dumb question?
You should make a list of chemicals you interact with daily that are hazards but you interact with them in low enough doses to not off you. Example pesticides
Well, every single chemical should go in that list. In the right amount and concentration even H20 is a hazard.
@@u.v.s.5583 Yeah, but H2O would be in F tier because you can even go swimming in it for hours and have no negative health effects. If try you go swimming in bleach or sulfuric acid for hours, you'll find that you don't quite make it to the end of the day.
@@u.v.s.5583 I don't think concentration is a factor in H2O toxicity, but amount is
location too, if you touch an ocean of Dihydrogen Monoxide, you're fine, but if Hydroxic Acid cones in contact fills up your lungs, then you'd die very quickly
@@1224chrisng Concentration kinda matters, because if you drink enough water it will flush sodium from your body which can be lethal. However, that may not be possible with mineral water. But maybe that will eventually lead to death via other route.
I work in a plant propagation lab and we have lots of CO2 measuring equipment around. We walked through all labs and offices and tested the CO2 levels, every single one was way above the recommended levels. Some in the "significantly impaired brain function" range. tldr: people, open your windows even if the air seems ok. you really don't notice the 10 to 20% brain function loss it can cause. And btw, having some plants in your room does not really help with that.
Yeah - only good ventilation / HVAC helps
Any idea how to clone/ propagate a "burning bush" plant? Baseline technique hasn't worked for me and I don't know where to look for protocol if it's even been done..
@@petevenuti7355 you can try to bind a branch down onto the ground whilst still attached. It can grow roots and then be cut off the mother plant.
If you take cuttings from a mature bush, take the newer branches from the lowest possible point of the plant.
Use soil from the location of the mother plant as potting medium (or at least part of it).
Look for high grade rooting powder, the stuff sold at the hardware store is often quite diluted and ineffective.
If nothing is working you might need to wait for spring because some plants are really stubborn when it comes to growing seasons.
I don't know much about that specific genus, sorry.
Also, why do it? Do you have an especially beautiful specimen or as a gardening challenge? They seem to be quite abundant and cheap. Not everything needs to be self made if the challenge is too great
OMG! Super high CO2 levels in the congressional offices! Explains everything!
@@petevenuti7355 take healthy branch, cut at angle, use cloning gel and root in peat plugs with pure water, give it one-two weeks.
A little warning about MSG: DO NOT PUT IT ON FISH. It won't hurt you by any means, but I added it to some salmon once, and the only thing I could taste for hours was the ocean. I ruined what was otherwise a perfectly good cut of salmon.
The only thing salmon needs is a pinch of salt and it’s already tasty
That may just be a consequence of whichever specific formulation of MSG you used, as well as the quality of the fish. I haven't yet had issues using crystalized msg on fish, outside of that, there are a lot of msg rich seasonings that are paired with fish pretty commonly.
@@lorscarbonferrite6964 I'll gladly take some recommendations for next time I make salmon again :)
also another cooking tip is to use Chicken Powder. It's basically ground up chicken bits mixed with msg. Sounds gross but it tastes much more like chicken than some abstract idea of savouriness
If you use MSG on fish products, you’re supposed to blanch them first and dump the water to get rid of the super fishy taste.
This tip will literally save entire dishes. Thank me later.
What is so fun for me is that estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol look so similar, yet have such varying effects, yet BPA looks nowhere even CLOSE to it and apparently has some of the effects.
Steroid chemistry is fun. Be careful about where you subsitute the gonane core, because two molecules may not have the same effect.
Then there's estrogenic and androgenic chemistry fun. Unexpected estrogenic and androgenic chemistry may come from unrelated molecules (i.e. bisphenol A).
Also! Diethylstilbestrol is an estrogen despite looking nothing like THE estrogen, estradiol
It's just that the aromatic ring and the two polar groups do their thing in the ERs
The widespread contamination of our environment is why so many youth are mentally unstable and confused about their gender. They grew in the womb exposed to it and that exposure only got worse over time. "BPA free" yet likely replaced with chemicals that are even worse and less understood (*cough* BPB BPF BPS *cough*).
Estrogen receptors don't exactly have discerning taste in chemicals. They'll respond to inorganic chemicals like cadmium salts. If you have a chemical, no matter which one it is, there's a good chance the estrogen receptor thinks you have estradiol.
Not a good way to think. Heroin and naloxone have opposite effects despite very similar structures while fentanyl is built nothing like heroin with the same effects
DDT is a tricky one, before the bioaccumulation issue was known it was nothing short of a miracle. Compared to other pesticides the margin between its toxicity to humans and its toxicity to insects like malaria carrying mosquitos was a lot better that any other chemicals available I think even to this day it's still used in some areas where malaria and other insect born diseases are more of a concern than DDTs bioaccumulative effect of birds.
Yes, I mean if you're gonna talk about gnarly insecticides, how about dieldrin, or phosphorhionates like Malathion that are a step or two from nerve agents? In fact why not mention nerve agents like the novichok compounds used infamously as assassination tools?
Honestly, as sad as the environmental damage it caused was, the reduction in mosquito born illness was totally worth it.
@@GODDAMNLETMEJOIN This gets skipped over a lot, but everyone was for using DDT for controlling mosquito borne diseases. Including Rachel Carson, the UN, everyone. It was agricultural use of DDT, which was vastly higher, which caused almost all the problems (including the spread of immunity which is the reason DDT is not very useful for vector control these days).
Agricultural use of DDT was not worth it.
I know a farmer who found an ancient bottle of it in an old shed .
He had fly problems around his stock barns , so , he sprayed the stuff a couple times .
He did not see a fly all summer .
So , whatever immunity was originally developed in common flies , was long gone by the time this guy dug some out and used it . It is still legal today , but is only approved for use in situations with a very low probability of getting into the environment , which means indoors .
As a result bedbugs remain nearly immune to it and virtually everything else .
Good thing they are a nuisance and rarely serve as vectors for pathogens .
I think DDT is still used in malaria heavy countries but only in areas of extremely breakouts
Do a tier list of most heavily regulated compounds around the world
ie cannot be traded, bought, sold etc.
something to that effect
So anything that is fun?
@@MODElAIRPLANE100 In the EU, yes. Also anything that could possibly serve as a precurser for something fun, and sulfuric and nitric acid, and iodine. I swear the EU has some of the strictest chemical laws on the planet. Which isn't inherently bad but there should be a way to get some sorta licence as an amateur chemist
Any nerve agent precursor is like that. Impossible to buy anywhere. And maybe certain radioactive materials, at least in large quantities. It's really difficult to buy illicit drugs from chemical suppliers, but they're easy to get in other places. Other than that, most chemicals are easy to buy. Explosive precursors, drug precursors, toxins, etc.
@@eier5472 at least NaOH is freely available
@@tommihommi1 imagine if they ban that. All the plumbers will get way more business bc. no one else can unclog their "taco bell leftovers"
I remember hearing that dimethylmercury was once considered as a rocket fuel but when a chemical company was asked about the possibility of synthesizing literally tonnes of the stuff they had an immediate figurative heart attack and basically left the proposal on read
Chloroform I feel bears mentioning. I know it's really not all that dangerous (at least compared to most of the chemicals you listed), but it still has a certain reputation due to things such as popcorn movies.
Best pick up line: Does this smell like chloroform to you?
I sniffed chloroform briefly when I was a kid, but it it had an odd hangover....
@@stevengill1736 friendly reminder that there is *no such thing as safe use* when it comes to solvent-based inhalants, since their psychoactive effects are directly caused by and are *inseparable* from *brain damage.*
(sorry, I just feel the need to leave this fucking psa every time I see mentions of inhalant abuse, because, statistically speaking, there is a non-zero amount of people who might get some really stupid ideas. If you happen to be one of these people, please consider smoking a fat blunt instead)
Feel like hydrogen cyanide (aka Zyklon B) could’ve been a good S tier
The other reason that UF6 is good for enrichment is that fluorine is almost entirely one isotope, so you'll be separating based on the uranium atomic mass only.
It also has the delightful characteristics of being toxic, corrosive *and* radioactive.
not to mention Fissile if it's 235, tho it'd be much less radioactive if it's just 258
Don't forget all the selection of hideously violent fluorine compounds required to actually synthesize the stuff! 😍
I'm pretty sure every major synthesis pathway for hex involves either anhydrous HF, fluorine gas, or chlorine trifluoride-which you get to handle in industrial quantities.
I think something about nicotine that is pretty forgotten is that it is actually pretty toxic especially on skin contact; I somehow just find it really surprising how some chemicals get their bad reputation for something that they don’t even make, why something like that is often forgotten
It is! Like SO TOXIC
I remember hearing about the toxicity of nicotine from a crime drama where the victim was killed by a nicotine-laced condom. The nicotine painlessly seeped through the man's skin and killed him. Of course, it was probably dramatized as all crime dramas are.
@@GarryDumblowski Did the other partner die too?
@@martinivers489 No, the other partner was the murderer. She put the nicotine _inside_ the condom... though, thinking about it now, I feel like she should have at least gotten sick.
But, it is only going to be that toxic if you get enough as an acute dose. The human body has the ability to rapidly eliminate it, so it isn't a cumulative toxin like arsenic for instance. The other issue is absorbance through skin isn't that great unless it's in a carrier.
Chemicals I am surprised were not included here: carbon monoxide, radon, bromine, oleum, azide, ethenone and cyanide
I'm surprised that chlorine dioxide didn't make the list... Both for its reputation and for the people who sell it as a quack cure-all.
Also:
- nitrogen trichloride (much nastier than the trifluoride)
- acrolein
- ozone (yes, it’s more reactive than chlorine gas)
- fluorine gas
- tetraethyl lead
- dimethyl cadmium (much worse than dimethyl mercury)
- dimethyl beryllium
- chromyl chloride
- putrescine
- organic perchlorates/perchloryls, ethyl perchlorate in particular (spicy)
- nitrogen dioxide / monoxide
- hydrogen sulphide
- 1-isonitril butane (funny smell)
- selenophenol (things you don’t want to work with)
- thallium salts
- radium
and many other chemical horrors
@@cezarcatalin1406 I almost included H2S in my original comment
@@foxyfoxington2651 ClO2 is somehow a niche compound compared to those I listed, far less often encountered in a lab, even a specialized one. As for the quack cure fame, that rather goes to sodium chlorite imo!
@@SuperAngelofglory
It’s called “magic miracle solution” because it magically bleaches anything including people’s insides 😂
Some of these compounds were actually in the "high toxicity fumehood" in the lab I used to work in during my postgrad studies. We had a couple of sealed glass ampoules of 99.999% purity dimethylmercury, each containing 20 mL of it, wrapped up in several layers of foam and bubble-pack, stuffed inside cardboard boxes at the back of the fumehood. Nobody knew why they were there, who had originally bought them or what for, because of course none of it had been used. In the same fumehood was also a big jar containing several kilograms of white phosphorus, which was somewhat less surprising since one of the research groups in that lab did a lot of organophosphorus chemistry. Most of it involving tert-butyl phospha-alkyne, which is made in a few steps from tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine, which itself is usually made using elemental phosphorus as one of the starting materials.
Of course we had some 30% hydrofluoric acid in our acids cabinet. Plus a few litres of di-isopropyl ether in the solvent store. Fortunately that was sealed up inside a large solvent storage schlenk-bomb with an airtight teflon valve, under argon to prevent peroxide formation. Which is something a lot of people seem to forget - while ethers can form peroxides, this needs contact with oxygen, they don't do it all by themselves. So if your ether is in a sealed container, the integrity of which is still good, it doesn't matter how old it is - if air cannot have gotten in, there won't be any peroxides in it either. You can easily tell if di-isopropyl ether has peroxides because they are solids which crystallise out of the solvent. But the same is not true for diethyl ether - the peroxides formed from that one are liquids and remain dissolved, so you cannot tell just by looking or by shaking an old can of ether to check in any solids are rattling around in the bottom. Not that the latter practice is at all recommended, mind.
We had something else in that fumehood which I am surprised was not on this list - nickel tetracarbonyl. At least as toxic as dimethylmercury, if not worse - and manufactured on horrendously large scales industrially, since it's an ideal way of producing super high purity nickel metal: Take your impure nickel and heat it up while passing carbon monoxide gas over the surface. The nickel tetracarbonyl will form under those conditions, and since it's a volatile liquid, it can easily be purified by distillation. Then heat it up to decomposition temperature, which releases the carbon monoxide and gives you pure nickel metal back. This is basically the Mond process for nickel purification. Interestingly enough, high purity iron can be made in a similar way.
Yup nickel tetracarbonyl is a pretty nasty one. An honorable mention would go to Osmium Tetroxide. Used to use that as a contrast enhancer for SEM samples, it does its job well but fumes of it can easily blind and is in general extremely toxic. 😵😵😵
Wikipedia says the Mond process isn't really used anymore, idk if there's anything true about that
@@tommihommi1 It's probably not used for large scale nickel refining these days, because there are other ways of doing that if the purity of the nickel produced is not the highest priority. Mainly because when it was done on a large scale, there would be huge quantities of nickel tetracarbonyl flowing through the process - on the order of several tons at any one time. Which is obviously not great because if there was ever a leak or spillage, that amount could easily kill anyone nearby, and/or contaminate the area enough to render it uninhabitable until it could be cleaned up somehow.
Having said all that, the Mond process is still useful for producing extremely high purity nickel, since it's a relatively straightforward way of doing that. I remember seeing a bottle of high purity nickel in the lab which the label said had been made by this process, which we had for making nickel organometallics by metal-vapour synthesis. The nickel was in the form of spheres about the size of marbles with dimples all the way around the surface.
My chemistry professor told me all about nickel tetracarbonyl! Scary stuff.
Hey there. :)
Considering the carcinogenicity of nicotine: It does form N-Nitrosonornicotine (take off the methyl-group and add an -N=O on the aliphatic nitrogen), which is classified as a class 1 carcinogen.
So while nicotine itself is not carcinogenic, it forms a carcinogenic compound upon working with and consuming tobacco, even if you do not smoke it.
This includes "smokeless tobacco".
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons are just one of many mechanism how tobacco can give you cancer. Saying this as a smoker that enjoys his smoke breaks. :)
N-Nitrosamines are of growing concern since the Valsartan scandal some years ago. N-Nitrosonornicotine has also been in the scope of concerning N-Nitrosamines that are monitored more closely. We actually had a huge issue with producing APIs that might possibly form N-Nitrosamines after the valsartan scandal. In order to prove that we have no N-Nitrosamines in our products, I had to synthesis around 10 grams of the possible impurity that we are meant to monitor. (My colleagues asked me why I had to synthesize so much of it, and if it is sane to produce so much potential carcinogen to prove that there is no potential carcinogen in our product, but I figured that I would just do the synthesis once, bottle it up for our analytics department and be done with it forever.)
Edit: Actually, Nitrosamines would have fit well into the topic of the video. N-Nitrosodiethylamine and N-Nitrosodimethylamine have caused millions of damages from pharmaceuticals being recalled, even though the pharmaceuticals did more good then the Nitrosamines could ever have done bad. There is an increasing push to limit the use of useful reagents and solvents like DMF and Triethylamine because of the real or in the case of TEA faint possibility of Nitrosamine formation. This will be of concern for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry for years to come.
Thalidomide gets a bad rap but apart from being bad for pregnant women it's pretty good at what it does.
Thalidomide gets a bad reputation, because it killed thousands and babies and left tons disfigured.
They're looking into it being a part of chemo regimens because of it's restriction of blood vessels (the reason it's a teratogen). It's also good at treating pain and nausea so it could help people on chemo with those side affects as well.
You cannot get an overdose by coming into contact with someone overdosing. Hell you wouldn’t when overdose if you shoved your hand in a bag and shook it around (as long as no cuts on your hand). It’s a very common misconception that you can overdose from just touching fentanyl. Fentanyl transdermal absorption is ridiculously slow, so special patches need to be made for that to occur at a reasonable rate.
I talked to a woman who was on those fentanyl patches for pain for 8 years.
She told me that it's a 72 hour patch, but it takes 12 hours to feel it, then 48 hours at 70% dose, then the last 12 at 30% dose, causing her to have horrible swings in pain and mood, if she wore 2 and staggered when she put them on, she would feel ok 24/7, but very few doctors are willing to give you 2 fentanyl prescriptions at the same time.
So yeah, fentanyl take a very long time to get through the skin.
This myth was spread among -swine-, ugh... I mean cops (specifically yankee cops) to fear-monger about drugs. There’s even a video where a cop touched a suspect in a video and immediately collapsed on the spot like he’s been hit by lightning. They never mention though that said suspect only smoked a pot joint, nothing more, no fentanyl to be found.
ACAB
Fentanyl in DMSO would be a killer.
@@emilen2 well yeah, but when’s the last time you’ve had fentanyl dissolved in DMSO?
@@emilen2 I recall this being the gimmick of at least one thriller (that I read maybe 40 years ago), albeit with a different synthetic opioid.
Thalidomide is used as the major (iirc) treatment for leprosy, and is used as part of a combo treatment for specific cancers (maybe leukaemia?). Terrible for pregnant women, but a useful drug now.
In breaking bad Jesse literally covers his face with a cloth while handling conc. HF. I want this unobtanium fabric that can filter HF fumes
I'm hollering 🤣 we need a cloth as strong as that plot armor 🤣
asbestos cloth?
Oh, I have a CO2 story!
In the third year of my undergrad I was doing HEK293 (kidney) cell culture, and one of the important rules we had for our tissue culture (TC) room was to close the door when handling cells in the laminar flow hood to minimize contamination. One Monday afternoon, I was just going about passaging a few dishes of cells and started feeling a bit extra drowsy. Being a college student, this wasn’t immediately a red flag, because my sleep schedule was objectively bad. But, I was fine so I just kept working. About 10 minutes later, the low CO2 alarm in our 5% CO2 incubator went off, and that set of alarms in my head. I left my cells in the hood and quickly jumped into the hall. I called up our safety officer and together, after venting the room overnight, we determined that yeah, the fitting to the incubator was leaking CO2 into the tiny 12x12’ room over the weekend. I wasn’t anywhere close to death, but based on on the digital regulator, we estimated the CO2 maxed out at about 1.1% of the air volume in the TC room. At least until I graduated and left the lab in 2021 we left the door open while using the TC room.
I just did the math and our 75lb canister, if it vented, would create a ~57% atmosphere of CO2 in the room. Guh.
I've heard that motorcycle helmets can reach up to 1% CO2, which given that they're for driving down the road at 60mph, it wouldn't be the best time to be drowsy.
So the whole adrenochrome myth has a really interesting backstory. The idea that it has hallucinogenic properties (it doesnt) came originally from Huxley's "The Doorways of Perception," but all the child sacrifice stuff was added by Hunter S Thompson in "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream." Based on my experiences with people who buy into it, they have read neither and stole the idea from the movie adaptation of the latter.
That’s a good book btw - I don’t recall the mention of adrenochrome in there, but I last read it a year or so ago
i think the "adrenochrome" part is definitely a myth, not based in reality and such because the science just doesn't match up, but I think what the conspiracy theorists got it from stems from some true things that happened, which is the idea that "elites are infusing child blood into themselves." It sounds crazy but it actually happened lol! Like, on record with evidence, there's an apple news article that came out recently that even talked about the process and advertised it as the "new path to immortality" (they obviously didn't mention child blood or anything), but you can't make this stuff up lol. So, i think people see stuff like that and their paranoia goes off, rightfully so, and they start going down the rabbit hole of trying to find out why they're doing this and that's how the adrenochrome conspiracy comes about. In reality, it's probably just related to stem cell stuff making your body work better, which is just as messed up and imo the conspiracy theorists should pursue that instead.
@@That_Chemist its in the movie, you should watch the scene on UA-cam it’s like one of the only good parts
The drug may not be real but the child sacrifice part is real. It's in the Talmud.
@@hochhauloh go away, MAGAturd
Fentanyl is actually essentially impossible to overdose on through skin contact. It has super low penetration of the skin (fentanyl patches have agents that help fentanyl penetrate the skin) and really the only way that ingestion can occur is through contact with mucous membranes which is unlikely to happen as long as first responders wash their hands before touching their face. The only other possibility of significant exposure would be through raids of labs and kicking up significant amounts of dust in the air, but this is also unlikely as it doesn’t especially like to aerosolize and hang around in the air. The vast majority of reports of overdose of first responders had symptoms inconsistent with fentanyl overdose and showed no signs of exposure when samples were analyzed. They actually almost all had symptoms entirely consistent with a panic attack due to them believing skin contact would make them overdose. This encouraged a lot of unhealthy/scared/resentful attitudes among first responders towards responding to fentanyl overdoses. Current trainings for some first responders have started to correct this misconception around fentanyl but it makes sense why the fear of being in close proximity with fentanyl still hangs around among the first responder community.
He needs to correct his disinformation. On the EMS side they know better, especially now - but paranoid cops suffering panic attacks still perpetuate this BS. Cops often claim reviving their partners with heroic doses of Narcan - yet the person who suffered the ‘overdose’ never seems to release their ER labs confirming the exposure, and you never hear from the EM physician on the local news talking about saving a cop this way because it’s BS. And the actual cop it happened to often quickly shuts their mouth because they don’t want to be stigmatized with the issue of mental fitness after the ER doctor tells them they probably had a panic attack. #WTFentanyl
Came to comments to say just this misinformation like this could cost lives with people being scared of dying from contact
Well, if they raided a fentanyl lab before the final product was diluted, it's possible to accidentally make some fine powders airborne that'd be enough to kill. If they didn't know what they were dealing with, that is.
was looking for this exact comment
@@therealprofessor976The finished fentanyl is NEVER cut by professional chemists because no matter how good you think you've mixed two powders it's always possible to get vastly different concentrations in any two samples... LSD is always kept as a crystalline solid until it is mixed with a solvent to create blotter acid,, and the only people who actually touch or work with crystal LSD are people with a MASSIVE tolerance...
P.S. on Thiomersal. While the concerns about autism are completely unfounded, its use (at least in the EU) as a preservative is slowly phased out and much more restricted. It's no longer present in most vaccines and is commonly used as a preservative in eye drops manufactured in small batches, because these *really* need to stay as germ-free as possible.
It's phased out because it's problematic for the environment and probably because stuff without it sells better. But the allowed dose of it is so low that for the end user it doesn't matter. For example eye drops are allowed to have a maximum of 0,007% thiomersal.
@@ThePandafriend
Those are “homeopathic amounts” of thiomersal 😂
Thiomersal was phased out from vaccines, because people thought that would lessen the hesitancy to get vaccines. Not for any rational reason. But the idiots only invented new reasons why vaccines are "dangerous".
No. The lowest dose used in medicine is 1:1.600.000 for botulinum toxin.
0,007% is 1:(100.000/7), which is 1:14.286.
The concentration of 1:14.000 is not low when it comes to highly toxic compounds.
However Thiosermal is not toxic enough.
I think it's the same in the us. The whole "it causes autism and as such we should avoid vaccines" is absolutely horrible. Not only is it extremely bigoted, offensive, and encourages people to forgive life saving preventative medicine, it also implies that autistic people are better off dead than existing as they are. I like my existence thanks🙃
UA-cam's algorithms are weird. "Sarin"? "Nuclear weapons"?..ehhh.. BUT DARE NOT SPEAK THE NAME OF THE C-DISEASE!
Haha
I had a friend in school who accidentally made phosgene when welding once.
Don't worry, he's fine, _he only almost nearly died._
But yeah, scary shit...
Since you included HF, I missed HCN (Zyklon B) in the the tierlist. As a German this chemical has a very bad reputation for me, since the nazis killed a lot of Jews with this chemical. Everyone learns this in school in Germany but I don't know how widely spread this knowledge is.
What do you think about Fritz Haber?
On one hand, he invented Ammonia production, which he wanted to make into bombs in WW1. On the other hand, the ammonia ended up as fertilizer, which fed billions of people.
Yeah, HCN should be on there either way, but given its role in industrialized mass murder, it's VERRRRRY S-tier
@@1224chrisng it feels really bad to sum up deaths against saved lifes, but overall his invention saved many more then those being killed... I'm not an ethics expert, but I think Fritz Haber deserves to be historised i.e. several buildings, streets etc. are named after him.
@@1224chrisng He was a cold-hearted bastard. His wife begged him to stop his research into war gasses, but he refused. She killed herself in shame. He continued to research war gasses.
I will never buy a Bayer product, for they manufactured Zyklon B for the NAZIS. The brand is featured on each container.
This was fun as always! But I gotta add that Fentanyl is not an opiate but a synthetic opioid. Opiates are substances found in actual opium like Morphine or Codeine and also things derived from them such as Heroin but Fentanyl is fully synthetic. Sorry for being a pain in the ass but doctors get this wrong all the time and it's a pet peeve as someone working in pharmacy lol
How could you not include carbon monoxide? At least in my post communist country (older residential heating systems) children are taught about it in primary school and it is drilled into their heads to make sure they have a detector at home. Every year there are at least a few news stories of someone dying because of it.
Houses are required by law to have detectors, and it pretty much never results in anything
I had a CO leak from a furnace for several years that was just funneled up a chute and even the detector had zero idea it was happening
This series is so fun to me because it's a very entertaining way of unconsciously becoming more familiar with the attributes of a huge amount of organic molecules.
that is the goal!
@@That_Chemist This was a cool channel until you blatantly mocked people who exposed the rampant pedophilia of the rich.
@@Dmitry_Medvedev Lmao you sound soft
@@Dmitry_Medvedevall he said was the myth of the chemical being inside child blood isn't real 😂 he didn't denounce Hollywood pedophilia
Uranium enrichment is a pretty interesting topic. There's a lot of fearmongering around it though, as most don't know/forget there are international laws restricting enrichment above 20% (iirc) U235. Weapon grade uranium is 90% pure. Most of uranium used in fuel cells is 3-5%. 20% is a limit since it's what nuclear submarines use.
And most atomic bombs are made from plutonium anyway. Which also can't be produced easily, as it requires specific type of reactor to breed. Normal spent fuel doesn't work as other than needed isotopes it produces other isotopes 1 mass unit away (and uranium is very hard to separate already, with 3 times mass difference, so separating them is basically impossible). They make it so the bomb produced might explode unpredictably, or don't explode at all. Either of which is very bad, as everyone seems to prefer determenistic ammunition.
Also Uranium is very rare. It's ore pitchblende is found in small clusters in granite. You have to mine several Tons of granite for a kilogram of raw uranium. And you need several tons uranium for building a reactor.
@@Ribulose15diphosphat it wasn't always the case everywhere, there was a mine in Сongo, which was initially excavated for radium in late 19th and early 20th century (radioactivity was hot stuff back then), until 1960 when Congo stopped being a colony, which had incredibly rich ore (65% UO2, it's basically yellow cake already). In fact that mine was foundation for both Manhattan project and German research in that direction (both got about 1200 tons of uranium). It was later flooded and covered with concrete, but sometimes there's still uranium surfacing on black markets in the area.
For comparison, uranium ore mined now is under 0.2% UO2. Amount of uranium needed for reactor: from what I found about WWER-1000, it uses 66 tons of 4.26% rich uranium, so simplification not considering trace amounts of U235 in depleted uranium means about 400 tons of uranium. One load lasts for about 5 years according to what I've found.
It's first time I've done the calculations, so it's really surprising to see just how much ore is needed for one reactor (~200 thousand tons)
The thing people don't realize is that enriching 20% uranium to 90% uranium only takes a tenth of the work it takes to enrich natural uranium to 20% uranium. That's why it's super concerning when a country like Iran has a stockpile of 20% enriched uranium, it dramatically shrinks the break out time.
@@Dovorans You still need a factory where enrichment would happen. And unless you had nuclear weapons before, IAEA prohibits further enrichment. I might be wrong, but I believe there are regular inspections frpm them on every factory, specifically to prevent someone from illegally producing weapon uranium.
I also don't understand the "country like Iran" part. Why not "country like USA". From what is known to me, US/EU in fact has been less attentive with enrichment technology (centrifuges), when there was money involved. In fact Iran got the technology from France iirc.
@@wumi2419 The really interesting thing about those African mines is that a couple of billion years ago, the percentage of U235 was high enough to work in a light-water moderated reactor... which is exactly what happened when groundwater percolated through the ore body. In certain parts of the ore body, the U235 percentage was found to be much lower than average, along with evidence of fission products, indicating that a nuclear chain reaction had occurred in the ore.
I work in a winery business. At one point around 10 years ago, someone in this province died from CO2. Their fermentation area was unventilated and they were working alone. After this, every such facility was tested for CO2 levels by OSHA (workplace health and safety). We were within the safety limits, but we did change ventilation in the area to ensure we would never get close to limit.
Damn
@@That_Chemist This happens more often than you think. This paper ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5380556/ ) suggests that there have been about 90 deaths per year in the US over the last 40 years. Even sadder, the majority of those deaths were of first responders, who died trying to rescue the first victim. CO2 asphyxiation can even be caused by natural phenomena, on a large scale: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nyos_disaster .
How on earth does someone die from CO2 poisoning while conscious without every fiber of their being screaming to go out and get some fresh air? It's not like N2 which makes you faint where you stand.
Monosodium glutamate also has the E number E621. If you know, you know.
That furthers monosodium glutamate as an S tier chemical.
Well that fact makes it worthy of atleast a D tier
Don't Google that. Trust me, I'm a furry.
@@LexYeen Good advice right here
@@LexYeen shhhhh don't warn them, it's less fun
A while ago, an acquaintance of mine was gifted some chemicals including a glass bottle with half a kilo of several decades old, crystalline picric acid... Similar story with another guy, found some dyes in containers with ground glass joints and decided to take them with him. As he showed them to me, I noticed the label "dipicrylamine" and backed away instantly
U235 also gives CO2-free fission generated electricity, which is not a bad thing at all.
Hydroxychloroquine is actually not just for malaria, it is a pretty common drug in the US used for arthritis.
It's also used to treat Lupus. My first wife died of Lupus so I'm familiar with hydroxy.
The main two things that makes dimethlmercurry so toxic is it can be easily metabolized into the body and it's strong bond for fats and guess which part of you body has a lot of fat your brain 60% of your brain is fat and at this point you can start to see why it has that bad of a reputation just like cif3
Plus, its extremely insidious nature: whatever protocols people have come up with for safe handling of it, all turned out to be insufficient, it even penetrates double gloves, and then, it kills you months later, such that by the time you have any symptoms, it's too late to do anything. It may not be the most toxic molecule known to man, but it's certainly the most *evil.*
As far as I recall, White Phosphorus is _specifically_ only legal in war use as smoke -- if you're using it as an incendiary, that's into war crime territory. It just, you know, turns out people don't mind committing war crimes.
I am really happy we deem some things so bad that they shouldn't be used it war, but I am always perplexed as to the idea of war crimes in general. Dont get me wrong, things like chemical warfare are abhorrent but what's stopping other countries from just doing it. Who would want to fight the country that uses white phosphorus raids and saron gas attacks? I guess I am probably just confused as to what punishment is used to stop other countries from doing it.
@@grantking4032 There's not a whole lot of enforcement that can really be done about it, on the large scale. Sometimes nations put large taxes on imports coming from other nations, sometimes they ban certain products outright -- but otherwise, the only real enforcement is, like... declaring a war. Which obviously doesn't work here.
@@WindyDelcarlo thats what I guessed. I am not saying the actions, we deem as war crimes, aren't abhorrent or evil but enforcing a global statute with ALL nations sounds.... like a joke. Sounds like everyone came to the table at the end of ww2 and were like, "wow we are monsters. How do we explain this shit to our civilians" and essentially put pretty sounding sentences together to appease people
@grantking4032 basically. The only nations guilty of war crimes are the ones that lose while the winners write the history books
Props for getting the thalidomide isomer part correct. The myth that only the (S)-enantiomer is teratogenic permeates chemistry education at all levels, and if I get a dollar for each person I had to convince.....
I had an allergic reaction at a chinese restaurant and after talking with my family we pinned it on MSG. Later I learned that it wasn't MSG. It was cashews.
14:40 should also make a note that HF doesn’t dissolve bodies
Everything I know about chemistry, I learned by watching UA-cam videos. I watched this whole video and read all of the comments to see if aqua regia would be mentioned. It wasn't. Probably because everything I know about chemistry, I learned by watching UA-cam videos.
Fentanyl is an opioid that while it has the bad reputation for it's lethality is used in the Fentanyl citrate form or alfentanyl sufentanyl are utilized in 75% of all surgeries. Surgeries would have to be postponed without it or a substitute would be required crippling healthcare at hospitals.
"Which Chemical Will Get This Video Age Restricted?" 2 electric boogaloo
"BPA free" just means they are not charging you extra for the BPA. It's free!
Haha
That was a very enjoyable limerick
:)
No tetraethyllead? It was the center of what was probably the largest public health crisis in human history. This thing deserves to go into a tier above S.
I used to be on hydroxychloroquine(plaquinol I believe it's brand name is) for a rare autoimmune disorder called adult onset stills disease. It worked OK but diet and exercise treats the disorder the absolute best! Great video Mr that chemist! Always enjoy listening to your knowledge and experience I almost always learn something new.
I took ivermectin while overseas a decade or so ago, along with another anti parasitic to help with a stomach bug that wouldn’t go away. Seems to have worked.
Ironically, given the currently understood mechanism of why HCQ appeared to work in vitro in *that* disease, but not in vivo (it's a cathepsin inhibitor, and the cell line used in the study lacks TMPRSS2 - the virus needs either cathepsin or TMPRSS2 to enter cells), it's possible HCQ could've actually worked against BA.1, which completely lacked TMPRSS2 utilization. (Not any of the more recent Omicrons, which can all use TMPRSS2 just fine.)
He had to talk it down to keep his job. He's an academic.
tetraethyl lead is missing but so far a good list
I've learned at least twice as much from these tier lists as I can remember from o-chem classes.
"Sometimes quoting law enforcement sources, media outlets are routinely stating that just touching fentanyl can cause an overdose or even death - a contention that medical toxicologists say is scientifically impossible."
Repeating those fentanyl myths made me unsubscribe. I thought that a scientist - particularly a chemist - would be able to, I dunno, get the facts right on the actual dangers of a chemical. Transmission by skin contact with an ODing person, my _entire_ ass.
Come on, one slip of wrong information...
It is shameful and dangerous what he said. I really liked his channel until he said this uneducated nonsense and hasn’t yet fixed it.
Ivermectin worked well at treating mites for my pet rats. Accidentaly licked my fingers after and it tasted quite good too but I'm a freak who chew most of his pills
My dad 100% has an MSG allergy. If we all eat the same food and it happens to have MSG in it without us knowing (this includes BBQ(from the eeasoned salt), Doritos, etc) he will get EXTREMELY sick, become flushed, and start sweating uncontrollably. It is ABSOLUTELY a real thing, and others have ruined it for those who actually have it by being racist/hypochondriacs
There are all manner of food sensitivities that are uncommon. All sympathies to people having them in this age of highly processed foods. I would guess that other natural sources of glutamates may cause your father highly uncomfortable ill effects too. If they don't, however, I wonder if the actual culprit is impurities in the preparation of commercial MSG.
It is something else in the food. Glutamate is naturally everywhere. Even our own body makes it.
@@user255 not mono-sodium glutamate, which is chemically different
@@SeekingTheLoveThatGodMeans7648 that could be it, because he only ever has those reactions when it has MSG in it, it's never triggered by anything else. And we never actively check for MSG unless he has a reaction, so there very well could be many things with MSG that we've eaten but didn't realize since it didn't have whatever the impurity was
@@allaion2897 Not really. When you ingest MSG it reacts with stomach acid to yield glutamic acid and NaCl (table salt), if it has not already reacted in the food with organic acids. Also ingested glutamic acid turns partly into its salts in blood. So, in practice it is the same.
Take a drink if this gets demonetized or flagged with a Wikipedia link, LOL
Thanks for the mention of PFAS. I'll just mention that while PFOA itself was used in PTFE production, often it occurs as an environmental degradation product of fluorosurfactants--the "head group" (hydrophilic part) can get broken down, as can any non-fluorinated carbon atoms in the "tail". But once you get to the fluorinated carbons, biodegradation gets stuck, so you end up with PFOA (or in some cases its 6-carbon analog, which is less bioaccumulative, but more easily transported in groundwater and harder to filter out).
While I don't have anything interesting Ideas, I have a terrifying term for you: " *Aerosolized Nitroglycerine Dust* ".
This is from a recent Drachinifel video about WW1 era naval gun charges. Basically, the British used a charge called “Cordite” that would over time develop Nitroglycerin crystals on the outside that would then be spread throughout the ship when the charges where moved. Over time, this would build up to Nitroglycerine Dust, especially in the Turrets. And guess what would happen if such a Dust filled turret was struck with an incoming shell. They theorized that the round wouldn't even need to penetrate, as the shockwave alone should be enough to set off the Dust and consequently travel down the turret into the magazine and blow up the ship and that this was the reason why so many British ships blew up in Jutland.
Here is the link to the video: ua-cam.com/video/VzCk7lc0ooQ/v-deo.html
If you want to have a good laugh, I recommend his video on the russian second pacific squadron :D Not even a Comedian could come up with such stupidity :P
If that were the case, you'd expect everyone on board to have constant, whopping nitro headaches.
I love picric acid simply because if you read the groups clockwise going around the benzene ring you get "OH NO NO NO" which is a very accurate quote of most people who find a crusty ancient jar of partially dried picric acid in the back of their chemistry stockroom.
Haha
1:20 No. You cannot overdose, or even get high of fentanyl, simply by touching it.
It's actually an urban legend, born from a story about police officers simply feeling "dizzy" after touching it, likely due to placebo effect, if not even faked.
And while fentanyl can indeed be administered by intradermal route via patches, its powder form has a ridiculously poor skin penetration, and therefore won't get you anywhere close to being high. You can totally touch fentanyl without any risk, and that has been experimentally demonstrated already, as well as backed up by experts on the domain.
Many regards,
- Your french heroin addict viewer ^-^
Paranoid cops suffering panic attacks perpetuate this BS. It’s shameful, dangerous, and uneducated what he said and hasn’t edited his BS out.
MSG can have some sensitivities, but they are usually neurological and related to increase of glutamate balance in the blood. Glutamate is an excitory neurotransmitter.
In properly controlled studies these effects disappear. Also it seem glutamate cannot even cross blood brain barrier. More here: doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462BB
Fentanyl is given for surgeries. The first time I had it was for my wisdom teeth.
They don't give just that so the combination of fentanyl, Midazolam, and laughing gas gave me a trip
picric acid also caused the Low Moor fire in 1916, which was the worst industrial disaster in British history - the fire hit a gas main, destroyed several streets, and took several weeks to put out
it was largely overlooked in the news because it started on the same day as the Battle of the Somme
strangely enough, another large fire occurred on the same site in 1992, when the chemical works were owned by Allied Colloids; the works are still there, are now owned by BASF, and are used to make chemicals for textile processing
The Halifax explosion, which killed almost 2000 people and injured at least 9000 more, involved *2300 tons* of picric acid, as well as 200 tons of TNT and a bunch of ammunition.
Expected tetraethyl lead to be on here
Fun fact: Freon is also psychoactive and has effects similar to common inhational anesthetics like NO² or Diethyl Ether. This is due to its simple structure combined with lipophilicity allowing it to cross the blood brain barrier and bind to NMDA, GABA, AND KOP receptors creating quite unique effects
There are better sources of umami taste than MSG, like peanuts, peanut butter, marmite, mushrooms, beef, pork, lamb, bacon, marmite, gammon, and marmite.
And they all just contain the same chemical naturally.
Krokodil should go at least at B. It is really nasty. That is because illegal synthesis of it goes from codeine but they use phosphorus, thyonil-chloride even petrol. So body parts start falling because of the huge amount of impurities in final product. Also desomoprhine is 80 times more potent than morphine because it has one -OH grupe less, it is more lipophilic and because of that it goes through blood-brain barrier easier than morphine.
Great video as always, one of my favourite tier list videos.
PS Thalidomide has to go to S tier. As a pharmacy student( with big interest in phram chemistry) I will put it in special tier that is even above S. Today it is used as a anticancer drug that inhibits angiogenesis( genesis of new blood vessels of cancer tissue) but that thing caused the horrible physical defects to over 10 000 babes. Straight to S tier.
I've heard that before DDT was banned, it's inventor was awarded the Nobel Prize for saving more lives from malaria than penicillin, or something to that affect.
"Breathing Chlorine Trifluoride can irritate the nose and throat."
"On skin contact with liquified Chlorine Trifluoride gas, immediately submerse the affected body part in warm water."
(From Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet) Probably D or E tier.
Exposure to larger amounts of ClF3, as a liquid or as a gas, ignites living tissue, resulting in severe chemical and thermal burns. - Wikipedia
@@SeekingTheLoveThatGodMeans7648 nice
I heard Adrenochrome and suddenly I remembered Hunter S Thompson (From stuff I’ve been reading online), who besides abusing himself with drugs, committed suicide. Definitely dodgy.
That Chemist must have CO2 in his room right now, leading to him not reading our comments about it.
CO2 is in soda -> S tier?
Didn’t think this was up for debate
3:10 I knew when you said that itd be in most blood samples anywhere that it was that DuPont teflon cookware chemical.
The reason nicotine salt is so addictive is because when an acid is added to the vaping mixture it can cross barriers it wouldn't have . The same thing goes for snus ( or chewing tobacco) , soda ash is added to aid in bucal uptake . Ph has a lot to do with nicotine uptake
Fentanyl in F, copaganda not deserves S tier. Dioxine seems missed imho
Thioacetone is just great, we made it at a chemistry camp just because how bad it smells, one guy got sprayed with it later. Safe to say that he stinked quite a lot.
17:36 The disease that must not be named xD The Voldemort of all diseases
I haven’t had a video demonetized yet and I’m testing boundaries very carefully
Awesome video but I will mention ddt isn't all that bad. One activist blew the alarm without any real acedemic backing. The stuff was sprayed over neighborhoods in trucks and voer forest. Ofc it was gonna become a problem when used like that. If it was used in place of deet in just normal big sprays, we could reduce malaria cases to almost nothing.
Rank the most natural chemicals next
8:31 I wonder if someday someone will think an article in Journal of Immaterial Science is real
Regarding carbon dioxide, I saw a video of a guy living in a small greenhouse-like structure built in such a way that the CO2 built up naturally. He was doing it to measure his decreases in cognitive function, body processes, etc. I think one of his arguments was that if climate change became severe enough for long enough, future generations would (for lack of a better word) be stupider than previous generations due to the atmosphere. If that's the case, the future is much more grave than we thought.
Edit: Found the video, it's a Tom Scott video about Kurtis Baute living in a tiny biodome. He states CO2 levels over 1000ppm cause a 15% decrease in cognitive function, and 1400ppm can cause upwards of a 50% decrease. That's some spooky stuff from a seemingly innocuous and common gas.
After hearing very bad things about HF in Army electronics school, from a former industrial safety officer from Intel, who dealt with all of the dangerous chemicals. Anyway, I was using rim cleaner at home, and caught a whiff of the fumes. "Wow, this is nasty stuff. What's in this? Hydrogen fluoride? Nope!" I put down the bottle, went in and washed my hands thoroughly, and I swore I would never touch the stuff again.
Phosgene! After finished my Ph.D. I worked in the development lab of a chemical company that used a lot of phosgene on an industrial scale. The first day I asked: “What scale do we work at?” “One mole.” Came the reply. If something has a mass of 126 use 126g. Simple!
One day I had phosgene job: I had to prepare a solution of 2 mole (~200g) of phosgene in 500mL of toluene using a phosgene gas cylinder. So, how to proceed??? I put a 1L flask + toluene on a balance and started to bubble the phosgene thru and was looking for the mass to increase by 200g. It was soon clear that this was going to take some time.
“No, no, no…” said one of the old timers in the lab. “Not that way. Do it this way!”
2.0mol of phosgene (density = 1.43) has a volume of 140mL.
So, get a 200mL measuring cylinder and wrap it in a plastic bag containing ice. Turn the phosgene cylinder upside down so instead of it giving off phosgene gas it gives off liquid phosgene.
Fill the measuring cylinder to 140mL and then add this to your toluene in the reaction flask (with a steady hand, obviously).
Easy as!!!!!! It only took 5 minutes. (My steady hand had been trained with methyl lithium in the past.)
Think that’s bad?
We used to get unmarked flatbed trucks arriving at the factory with several 9ton cylinders of phosgene on board. These had just driven on public roads (the highway and narrow county roads) to get to the factory.
The factory was several miles from the nearest town and there were windsocks all around the site. When the gas alarm went off - which happened a couple of times a month - we would casually glance out of the window to check… the prevailing wing was usually away from the dev lab.
Would legitimately feel more comfortable working with plutonium salts or metals than dimethyl mercury. Out of all of them i think its the most insidious and horrible. 😵😵😵😲
Lots of interesting chemical there .
HCQ is used to treat Lupus as well .
It is not something you really want to ingest without very good reason as it has some unpleasant side effects , which can be serious .
And yes , it is useless against the " C " disease .
AN is fairly mundane stuff , untill it is mishandled or stored improperly . It is far from harmless and the list of massive disasters due to this is long and impressive .
It is the go to high explosive in many applications , because it is cheap , fairly non toxic ( unless you are making Astrolite , which calls for Hydrazine ..) , and , fairly insensitive .
ANFO is nearly perfect for mining and quarrying , just takes a fairly strong detonator and booster to kick it off reliably .
It is also used in instant cold packs , although they tend to blend it with Calcium Nitrate , which honestly , does nothing appreciable to diminish the energy if you substitute it for straight AN without bothering to convert the CN with an ammonium salt like Ammonium Sulfide , or separate by fractional crystalization .
HF is a nope for me .
I prefer my my Fluorines already bound to other hapless Calcium atoms that are not currently employed by my nervous system .
The Agent Orange Dioxin contamination was caused by manufacturers who used different processes because they did not want to pay for licensing the clean process that did not produce appreciable amounts of Dioxin .
When I think of adrenochrome I think of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas lol.
I didn't even think that adrenochrome was real tbh, I thought it was just a weird made up word the alt right latched onto
It is real, it just doesn't do any of the shit they say it does, it's scientific illiteracy and ignorance
_I don't give a damn about my reputation_
_You're living in the past, it's a new generation_
_And a girl can do what she wants to do_
_And that's what I'm gonna do_
_And I don't give a damn about my bad reputation_
_Oh no_
_Not me_
That glyphosate thing always gets me so angry. Like how can anyone think it's a good idea to let a jury of completely ordinary people decide if a chemical caused cancer? That's what science is for, not courtrooms.
Sometimes I just don't get America.
It just means a judge can’t decide either, correct? Or are all civil matters brought before a jury?
Dueling scientists seems to be the issue there.
@@SeekingTheLoveThatGodMeans7648 The science is quite solid. IF glyphosate causes cancer, it is only with very high doses. Doses people are not typically exposed to.
Bro spy VS spy in the thumbnail. I remember reading through my dad's old MAD magazines
Most countries have banned the use of P4 in war. The US isn't one of those countries :(
P4 has been deployed against innocentPalestinianCivillians.
Hey That Chemist, fentanyl is a synthetic opioid and not a opiate! I agree with your placement lol! S tier for sure 👍😀👍
Pretty cool, right?
To be fair with nicotine's reputation, another mechanism by which tobacco is a carcinogen is via nirtosamines. And the two worst nitrosamines found in tobacco smoke are NNN and NNK, and both are combustion products of nicotine.
This is true
I’m a little bit disappointed that dihydrogen monoxide didn’t make the list. It’s in most pesticides and causes erosion, and people have definitely died from consuming too much of it.
I'd put MSG in the D tier. You're scoring them based on their reputation, and as far as I know, MSG is considered dangerous by a huge number of people. They're incorrect, of course, but still its reputation isn't that good
I have heard about Thalidomide being used against Leprosy with good success IIRC.
Yes, it is. The modern stuff should be only the correct isomer and not the birth defect causing one.
@@chemistryofquestionablequa6252 What is this from "That Chemist" which says the "right" isomer can become the "wrong" one when exposed to human metabolism?
The proper precaution is never to use the T drug unless pregnancy can be positively averted. In men, no problem. In "conventional" women, it's a serious matter.
@@SeekingTheLoveThatGodMeans7648 yeah, best not to give it to actual women. The new type, go ahead, they're dudes anyway.
What about hydroxic acid? Anyone who has come into contact with it has died
CO2 ANGY COMMENT
🫣