Linux on a 70's Typewriter | IBM Selectric II → Teletype Conversion
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- Опубліковано 30 вер 2024
- Found a IBM Selectric II typewriter in the trash and decided to convert it to connect to a computer. Managed to take a whole bunch of pictures and short videos, so I had to make a full video about it. It's not quite the same as an IO Selectric or IBM 2741 but you're probably not going to find one of those in the trash these days.
alnwlsn.com
My first attempt from a few months back:
• Solenoid'd IBM Selectr...
Link to 3D files and firmware:
- github.com/aln...
Scripts I made to use ChatGPT and browse the web:
- github.com/aln...
Live Captions Linux application:
github.com/abb...
• FUTO Fellowship progra...
The Soviet's "Selectric Bug"
- www.cryptomuse...
A pile of other links that were sourced for this project. Many of these are either public domain or CC.
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- selectric.org/...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- www.curiousmar...
- vintagecompute...
- blog.bruchez.n...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- en.wikipedia.o...
- line-mode.cern.ch
- hackaday.com/2...
- info.cern.ch/LM...
- • Exploring Rare Centuri...
- • 1969 IBM Mag Card Sele...
- • 1982 IBM Memory 100 Ty...
- • Commodore 64 & Typing ...
- • IBM Selectric Typewrit...
All further material that I personally produced for this project I herby license as (CC BY-SA 4.0)
One thing I forgot to mention in the video is that if you're going to try this yourself, you should pick better solenoids. The ones I uses are just barely powerful enough for the job, and if you power one of them for any longer than a few seconds, it will heat up and melt. Even if not driven to melting, the increased temperature changes the coil resistance, which changes the pull force, which throws off the timing. I feel pretty lucky that I was able to get it working as well as I did.
Also recommend going for 24 or 48V solenoids - the power supply might be less common but they should get you the same power for 1/2 or 1/4 the current.
I didn't watch the whole video, but I wonder, did it occur to you that you could use the corrective ribbon to erase characters? I wonder if you could get visual programs like vi to work this way (albeit extremely slowly!)
@@joshwilliams7692 No corrective ribbon on this model. Wish I had that version but you can't be picky about trash. Also, there is (as far as I know) no way to move up a line of text. I do have a cheap (and broken) electric daisy wheel typewriter I could try with this, maybe in a future video, but it certainly loses style points vs a Selectric.
@@alnwlsn Yeah, there's no key to go up a line, but it may be possible to reverse the direction of the return key. I'm not sure. I guess it depends on how it's implemented. And yeah, I agree. The daisy wheel one wouldn't be as cool, although it would be a cool project if it allows you to do visual programs. It would be hilarious to see it wear through the paper eventually.
At 16:49 you mentioned that what you "should have done was have another sensor on the mechanism to detect when it's a good time to activate things". Are you thinking of sensors for the three `delay2()` calls in typewriter-firmware.ino:balled() that you showed on the screen? (1. Cycle-bail has tripped, 2. Latch interposers are in position, 3. Latch interposers are clear.) Or, were you also thinking of sensors for all the other waits in the code like, for SHIFT and SPACE? How many different sensors would have been required to remove all the hand-tuned delays?
@@BenInSeattle I think what I meant here was that properly sensing the mechanism would allow for reduced activation of the cycle bail start/stop clutch. In my research into the I/O selectric. this is the part that would wear out. Usually, the clutch will disengage and wait for you to press the next key. But if you keep the cycle bail pulled, the clutch stays engaged and it keep going onto the next character. This also allows for the absolute fastest print speed, apparently at about 134.5 baud. Doing this by timing alone is difficult. Too much time and the clutch will re-close between each character. Too little, and the print mechanism will fall behind of the electronics, and you might miss a character. It probably would be more effective to sense the position of the main shaft that rotates 1/character and eliminate the guesswork.
Also, if you sense the position with a rotary encoder or something, you can convert all your delay2() into waiting for a certain angle, but that's probably more precision that you need. The main thing is that using only timing like I was, and trying to stop the clutch from re-opening on each character, the electronics actually have no reference as to where the mechanism is in the cycle and you have to just have faith that is is still synced up after printing a long string of characters.
Wow! Your visual explanation of the Selectric is the best around. Brilliant. You made a Selectric IO all by yourself, self contained, without hurting the machine a bit. Brilliant! Your demos are brilliant too. Impressive!
@chyrosran22 does a pretty good job too 😁
Indeed it is, all the details! That's gonna help me a lot in the Selectric recombobulation project.
I always wondered how it woks
Casually getting the legend himself to comment on your videos
@@noahisamathnerd I wouldn't be surprised if Dave Jones or Dave Plummeer showed up.
This was everybody's dream machine in 1976. I even had a professor who wanted my thesis to be printed by real typewriter and not by a computer, because that would be cheating.
Luckily I managed to gain access to fancy Olivetti terminal, which had reasonably typewriterish font.
Insanely awesome work! I have a Selectric Composer I really want to modify into a data terminal for the Litton minicomputer, and this will be an awesome guide for the inevitable hurdles I'll have to overcome.
Good luck David, I know you can do it!
imagine justputting a shit ton of tensor cores and VRAM into a typewriter, running an LLM on it, and just airdropping it in the 1950s.
A typewriter that talks back to you would be fucking insane
I think you can run llama2 small model on a raspberry pi with a decent speed. I will try and report
I love Selectrics and this is one totally awesome project 😁
After repairs your machine seems to run very well, but I noticed the print looks like you have the ball on "carbon copy" mode, ie. hitting the platen with too much force.
You can adjust this setting easily from the shift lever found right next to the ball (the one with the red knob on it). Hope this helps 😊
That discarded ribbon at the end reminded me of a _Columbo_ episode in which the scruffy raincoat-clad detective solved the murder case by reading what the suspect (played by Dick van Dyke, if my memory serves) had typed on the day of the murder.
That's an ingeniously complex mechanism. I always wanted one of those typewriters but never owned one. I did buy a daisywheel printer as a high quality alternative to my dot-matrix printer and connected it to my 8-bit microcomputer, back in the '80s. The print quality was on a par with that of a Selectric and the print wheels are similarly versatile but it only needed a single stepper motor to position the correct petal under the solenoid-operated hammer, plus another for the carriage plus another for the platen. All things considered, the print mechanism seemed much simpler than that of the Selectric but, then again, it lacked a keyboard, which is where a lot of the Selectric's complexity seems to be centred. I don't know if my printer was quite as fast as yours but it was similarly noisy. I even wrote a printer driver for it that prompted me to change the wheel for an italic version, and back again, and again, and... when printing word processor documents.
Don't let him fool you with his charming smile. Dick Van Dyke has murdered before; mostly the cockney accent
27:40 With the noise of this typewriter, the expression "speaking like a machine gun" finds its original and real meaning. Very good work. Thank you for making us discover the computer of the origins before the terminals with screens.
I remember walking into an office/computer lab and the noise was just insane. The hard moulded plastic keyboards clacking away, the typewriters, the dot matrix printers. We have it good today!
By the power vested in me, I grant you the title of King of the Nerds for one month. Absolutely fantastic project and video. Subscribed.
Holy shit, I knew that this was possible in theory - but WOW, it's so cool to see an electromechanical system hooked up to a selectric to ALLOW it to connect to a computer!!
Amazing project and really nice job on those custom parts! A big undertaking.
Selectrics love being used; if left inactive too long, the oil dries out and the action gets sticky. Sometimes just exercising all the keys loosens things up, but often you have to go in and loosen things up with light oil. I've been able to get stuck machines going again with a little wd40, though that's frowned upon by the old ibm techs. There's several service manuals, some focus on adjustments/tuning/parts -- your lift tape mechanism seems it might need a small adjustment, as some characters are hitting the top edge of the tape, causing partial printing.
Back in the day, I was given two of IBM Selectric BCD typewriters from a bank and I interfaced them with my S100, Z80, CP/M 2.2 computer.
I had to design and build my own interface and write my code to translate ASCII to EBCDIC.
Both worked flawlessly until I on-sold them.
Those were the days ! ! !
Pretty cool. Avis Rent a Car was the first RAC company to computerize first reservations, then counter operations. The first computer was, naturally, a modified IBM Selectric. I started with the company in 1984 when they were already on the 3rd generation system, with standard IBM 3270 terminals. In 1986 I transferred to a licensee operation in Binghamton, NY, which had no computer. On a cold rainy day in April, I drove across half of NY to Jamestown to pick up an old Wizard I system, which consisted of the gray cabinet, the Selectric, the logic (computer & modem) unit and the cabling that connected them all. It was great to be connected to the world again. Sadly, Avis stopped supporting the older units within a few months, and we returned to analog operations.
The other biggest advantage is that there was not moving carriage to knock over on your desk!
One of the best channels in this genre on UA-cam, just wait until the algorithm picks this up.
Electromechanical stuff is so cool.
Thanks for showing how it works!
It's nice to see a modern Selectric conversion. Things have come a long way from the days of the TV Typewriter Cookbook.
As for the input glitch, that appears to be the minus/hyphen, which according to the Russian spy bug chart is the 00000 code. So probably there's a glitch in detecting when a key is pressed. Maybe after coming back into user mode, enough stuff is still bouncing around to trip your "key pressed" sensor when all the bars are at zero.
The speech-to-text reminds me of that Star Trek episode where Gary Seven hired Teri Garr as a secretary, and freaked her out with a voice recognizing typewriter.
So now you just need a custom ball with the < and > and other characters to show up properly instead of the overstrikes.
Man this is the coolest. I know this is an odd request, If you had a standard speed video maybe 10-20 minutes long of just the sound of the machine running, typing away, I'd absolutely love that.
Sure, why not! I already have tons of footage of it - ua-cam.com/video/dvlEfIUYEWk/v-deo.html
@@alnwlsn ah sick, I think it's like the most soothing sound. I have a selectric III too, but not something that can type for a long time at a consistent speed. I really want to do what you did to my machine with whatever tweaks needed for my model. I wish I could find a selectric composer and that other model with solid state memory, memory writer or something, they're so cool.
When i was little, I was given an Olivetti A5 accounting computer that used mag stripe cards for program and data storage and used the Selectric mechanism to display it's output. I played with it then tore it apart for fun I kept just the stand (later used for an audio console) and the keyboard which I hardwired to my Timex/Sinclair 1000 in place of it's tiny, awful, membrane keyboard. I scissor cut the key legends out of a magazine and scotch taped them over the Olivetti keys. My point is, The Olivetti would probably have been a good candidate for your project but with less electromechanical shenanigans to enjoy. Amazing work you did!!
Absolutely gorgeous! I am so jealous that you were able to do this project!!! I had a selectric when I was younger that I got for like $5 at a neighbors garage sale hehe... Anyway, Great video! You're super smart!
It is a dream of mine to connect a Raspberry Pi to a vintage vt100 and boot to serial port. The Pi is so much more powerful than the computers of the time that the vt100 was made, and I could run vi just like Bill Joy did.
The operator console on the IBM 1130 minicomputer had a Selectric built-in as its output device.
This is beautiful!
12:20 IBM computer keyboards were the best! that feel, that typing sound.....!
Fascinating. I'm 54 and my dad used to work at IBM as an accountant, so as a child I got to see those first huge computers that took up a whole wall, the ones that used punch cards to interface with them, you know? Years after I also remember when he had a terminal at his office that was connected to the main computer, I guess, I was too young to understand. Him and his work mates used to refer to their terminals as "my machine" , as in "send the info to my machine" lol , crazy stuff. It was kind of a typewriter connected to a black and green text screen. Years after he did have a laptop to do part of his work on, which he still refered to as "my machine" lol
Of course this meant my brother and I had computing lessons very young, at like 13 or 14 (around 1983), starting with Cobol, Logo and Basic.
Also in those years we would work there in the summers doing stock inventory, which meant going through trays of boxes with replacement parts and counting the parts to confirm what the hand written card accounted for, like these tiny black grease covered springs which would have like "134" on the card, which meant you had to count the tiny springs and confirm there were 134 of them, or not. lol
Not weird that my brother and I both ended up working in technology, him in Usability and me in web design and development. There was another summer job I never got to do (I think they gave it to older kids) which was "scrapping" - I think it was called - which was taking a sledgehammer and trashing the sht out of unsold computer screens and other stuff!! Everyone wanted to get to do that! lol Good memories.
Fun video! Cheers from Chile.
I did a similar conversion waaaay back in 1978 (on a Selectric I, manufactured in 1969.) I used solenoids cannibalized from 12 volt relays, mounted them on an aluminum bar, and soldered loops of 1 mm copper wire to the relays' anchors, to lift the latches in the Selectric. A 2708 EEPROM translated the ASCII print codes from my TRS-80 computer to the 7-bit code for the solenoids. A few more solenoids for space, CR and so on. I did have to cut two openings in the bottom cover, though... Opto-feedback from the Selectric to my interface enabled me to print at a whopping 15.5 cps, the rotational speed of the Selectric main spindle! Best print quality I ever had (until the Apple LaserWriter I purchased almost 10 years later...)
Awesome project! I remember using a 2741 terminal around 1974 connected to an APL\360 system via acoustic coupler. It had a sound that you never forget and you've reproduced it very well! What would be cool is to get an APL typeball and then use it with the original APL\360 (available open source now) running under MVS emulator that runs on Linux. I have it running on my Linux box, but only with an IBM keyboard with APL keycaps.
This really makes me see how the whiffletree digital to analog converter is actually used, it really never made sense before but this really shows how to use it now!
Excellent video! Exactly the information I was searching for.
I have had the idea to acquire and convert an IBM Selectric II for the past 20 years, and now I found a working one for sale.
I had this idea a few months ago. I will probably never get to it, but it's awesome that somebody else did. Well done!
Your understanding of mechanics and mechanical engineering on top of programming for fun and combining systems and devices is fabulous stuff. "I didn't read the manual" lol! Bet you were busy reading schematics. The slow motion of the typing sphere is satisfyingly funny to me. Very impressive project!
The reason I clicked on and now subscribed to your channel is my sentimental passion for APL and the IBM 2741.
With the ability of converting a IBM Selectric typewriter into a printer, and the 3D printing of typeballs (like the APL font), the real possibility exists that the IBM 2741 could be reverse engineered in 2024. I still occasionally use APL\360 via Hercules, but what a rush it would be to do it as in 1973!
25:38 Obviously those unintentional characters are to show that IT IS ALIVE.
If you're going to browse the internet with this setup, you'd need a line printer, like an IBM 1403.
Are there any print heads with the full ASCII character set, replacing the silly typewriter characters? I'm (slowly) working on a wheelwriter conversion, and the ASCII print wheels do exist, but they are quite rare and expensive.
I love it!
This project could serve a very useful purpose: an IRC. I'd love to see all the IRC messages printed on an IBM Selectric
:-)
this is absolutely insane for the amount of cross-discipline skill required
This is amazing 👏👏👏👏👏 I wish I had one at home. I just playing with `ed` recently and remembered to watch again this video. Great job!
Didn't I see this on Star Trek? They made a typewriter voice activated and the earthling freaked out and shouted "Make it stop!" which it typed out.
"squeeze every last drop of performance out of it" ... that got me good.
I am a typewriter enthusiast and I do find me not use my electric typewriters. I do really love my selectric, but I just don't use it as much I would like, maybe it is to big or it doesn't give me the satisfaction of a non electric typewriter.
I once found one of these pre-modified Selectric typewriters on a flea market and I hate me to this day because I didn‘t buy it.
Oooo try Linux program called jp2a to convert a jpeg or png to ascii. Then you can print some fancy ascii art to it.
That machine was solvent dipped its to clean, solvent dipping washes away all the internal lubricant, it turns them from a smooth motion to a clunker. I could sit down to repair one and know before I opened the cover if it had been dipped.
Imagine how much this machine would cost if you were to manufacture them new today.
now that was simply amazing.
Brilliant ! I impressed by the amount of knowledge and work you need in order to implement that kind of hack !
one of the coolest sounds there is love IBM selectrics best typewriters ever made
It looks like the typewriter was assimilated by the Borg.
I just got my selectric ii
And i want to replicate your project. Yet i try to get access to my friends cnc, so i can make the parts from metal, and i try to make the logic With dtl logic because it will be interfacing with a dtl computer.
Awesome work, best and most professional customization I've seen. Love the 3D printed mounts for the solenoids etc and your method of triggering the Operational Interposers is pure gold. You made it all seem so simple (which it is of course). The Selectric is truly a symphony in mechanical engineering.
At the 33:52 mark point... oh my GOODNESS!!! 😳
Eat your heart out mechanical keyboard nerds, this is the best keyboard
😅😂 I remember every one of those 😅, the ribbon was a pain.
This is so cool. I have one of those late electronic typewriters from the early eighties that I've thought about trying something similar with. It's much simpler than a Selectric, of course. It runs on an Intel 8051 CPU, but that's about as much as I know, because I can't find documentation for it anywhere.
I've done one of those too! It was one of my first Arduino projects from way back. Even though I eventually broke it, it taught me a good deal about electronics and microcontrollers.
I cant wait to type "htop"
15:11 I didn't read the manual....lol
Love this project! You realized my dream and desires! This typewriter was a marvel of a special time. Btw, I’m a mech Eng. and did work at a metal stamping company. That process is critical to making all those parts. Suggestion: get a custom ball made. You can get a 3d printed one made by PCBWAY with powder stintering tech.
Hah. You already did at the end. :)
It's amazing that you were able to get some old electromechanical typewriter to be able to handle the entire Linux OS! You're a genius to fit 4gb into that thing
It's not running Linux at all, it's connected to the serial port of his Linux server which allows input and output.
This and the noise of high speed dot matrix printers is the sound of computing as I know it. Home sweet home!
You are a wonderful continuation of the "old nerds". They were a different breed of people.
This UNIX, Not Linux.
some one was throwing this out ?...
This little job is amazing!
Oh, man, cool stuff! But, Lord, it's noisy! Really, not for home use😂
Tell that to my mom growing up...
IDEA: Stick a raspberry pi in there
Dude, what you did is awesome!
You're awesomely weird :)
I'm incredibly intrigued and completely overwhelmed at the same time. WOW! I learned to type on these things in 1982 (an original Selectric) and finished with my last test at 55 words per minute. Those iconic typewriters make a noise that's deep in my soul now. I *was* thinking about trying something like this, but see it's a HUGE undertaking. While I probably won't now, you opened up the case and highlighted dozens of things I didn't know. Maybe finding an old ProWriter is the way to go..... Thanks alnwlsn!
A thing of beauty and a joy for ever, with Dave Lovett and stuff!
I'll probably be doing something like this on my Selectric III after (well, IF) I get it going.
Oh rats, Comic Sans and Papyrus!
(It fills you with determination.)
Instant subscription.
When business letters were works of art on quality paper with touches like colored ink Selectric was king. The TEXTURE of these letters is very different than what is produced today on most printer paper. The world doesn't need that era back but it was interesting. You now have a VERY NICE high end Teletype.
Awesome 👍
Absolutely gorgeous
I’m with you! In 2000, I wanted an IBM selectric teletype. They did make them. But, I’d then learned they were a whole desk! I did buy the tool to tune them, a dedicated briefcase, but had to be practical and settled for a later compact typewriter/printer with a daisy wheel.
Fascinating and a little creepy
You made the typewriter Teri Garr’s character used on the Star Trek TOS episode “Assignment: Earth”. Bravo!
In mid-1970s, a surplus company was selling IBM Selectric mechanisms for printer/teletype conversion.
As I remember - and cancelled contract and numerous surplus assemblies with electronics.
Before I started my career as a network engineer back in 1993, I worked for an office machine business in Tulsa, OK. My position included the annual cleanings for all IBM Selectric, Selectric II's and IIIs. I would disassemble the outer shell assembly and place the unit into a solvent bath to soak for an hour, then it was a toothbrush scrubbing in every nook and cranny then a final rinse and blow out with the air compressor. I loved that part of my job because it had Zen to it. And alot of fumes from the solvents helped that out too. It would have never occurred to me that this could be done, but I see how you did it now and I am blown away. Cool Video.
monitors are bloat
You are a legend 👏
Your voice gives "Joe Pera Talks You to Sleep" vibes! Don't worry, this did NOT talk me to sleep LOL. Despite that I would never do this, nor did I search for it, I watched/listened to the end.
Congrats on structuring this video in a way that held my attention on a subject and process that I technically didn't need to know, nor did I necessarily understand entirely, yet remained fully immersed and fascinated while following the overview! 😄
that is bad ass...
Amazing skills!
Very impressive, particularly when I myself just can blow dust out of the machine and grease the main bar.
Masterpiece is an appropriate description. My parents had a brand new one of these in our house. My mom did some secretarial work and had fairly nice old mechanical typewriter but it was very old and I learned to type on that. But in the sixties everyone was going electric and of course IBM saw a golden opportunity to rule the office typewriter world. So they designed and built the mac daddy of all electric typewriters. For me as a young teenage boy with a fascination for all things mechanical it was love at first sight. My parents might have been wary of letting me use it but the thing was built like a tank and therefore I was pretty sure it was kid proof. And it was a joy to type on. Wish I still had that unit.
Quality work buddy! The Selectrics always seemed daunting.
Thank you this is so enjoyable to watch. I was around in 1977 when people were offering to convert a "golf ball" to a printer. It was expensive and took months. The demand for a document indistinguishable from the "real thing" is what drove this.
Wow... that's an amazing trash find... the very best I get is 1990s consumer electronics.
Great fun. I was slightly surprised that there were no ascii banner examples.
Most 'nixes have a banner (sometimes called printerbanner) program that prints banner messages. A great way to waste printer ribbons and reams of paper. ;~)
Главное - неонка есть )
love it
Wow !!! 😮👍
The Gorton font reminds me of the Art Deco typeface that came with some Remington P typewriters.
neat
Wow
Could you make it move backwards and print like a daisywheel does
Not sure; I don't think it would be easy in any case. I do know there were Selectrics that could type right to left, like the Hebrew version, but I think those had physical components swapped out
@alnwlsn my thought was maybe have a buffer of some kind and then as the ball is moving back to start have the solinoids trigger for letters.
The price of Selectrics on eBay is about to skyrocket...
I remember these in typing class in jr hs. How loud it got in there with 20+ students going at it during a timed typing test. 😅