Physicist explains General Relativity | Sean Carroll and Lex Fridman
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- Опубліковано 27 кві 2024
- Lex Fridman Podcast full episode: • Sean Carroll: General ...
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GUEST BIO:
Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist, author, and host of Mindscape podcast.
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Full podcast episode: ua-cam.com/video/tdv7r2JSokI/v-deo.html
Lex Fridman podcast channel: ua-cam.com/users/lexfridman
Guest bio: Sean Carroll is a theoretical physicist, author, and host of Mindscape podcast.
When Einstein published his theory of relativity, mainstream science considered Newton as god, the same way Sean thinks Einstein is god. Religion of Newton failed to predict Mercury's orbit and mainstream science eventually accepted Einstein's theory. Religion of Einstein cannot predict galaxy rotation curves, expansion of the universe, entanglement and quantum nonlocality but it is still the official religion of mainstream science.
Sean at his best. Some new and interesting facts about Einstein's gravitas. A stepped-up version of Lex, too. Good clip.
Einstein published 3 papers all in 1905 - Light as particles and not just waves, special relativity, and proof that atoms exist.
That's incredible, that's genius.
He actually wrote 4 papers. Professor Carrol forgot the most famous - energy/matter equivalence
e=mc^2
@@ShareTheMike But that's not in 1905
100 years later, in 2005, i shit my pants as a 6 year old.
I like Lex, he's a very good interviewer
He has a great voice. Carrol is one of the most respected science communicators and scientific theorists in his field.
Lex's small hands makes this video better.
Nice shirt
Thank you for crediting Minkowski
Could someone elaborate on why it takes less time when you zig zag from point A to point B?
imagine yourself as a massless object on a flat spacetime whose "time" component is defined as the measure of events occurring. if, in the temporal dimension you zigged and zagged between the same two points, more events have occurred than if you went just "straight", ergo making the measure itself larger or in simpler words, slowing down time.
So a black holes emit radiation?
So special relativity is based on the Michelson-Morley experiment (1887), which found that the speed of light is the same for all observers. This seems ridiculous based on classical intuition, but once you've accepted it as confirmed fact, SR follows from it directly. Einstein's genius was being completely open-minded about following confirmed truths to their logical conclusions.
The motivation for general relativity is even older: It had been known since Newton's time that inertial mass (resistance to acceleration) and gravitational mass (mutual attraction of massive objects) are exactly the same. Again, from a conceptual standpoint, all Einstein had to do (in addition to the math of GR, which is much harder than SR) was clear his mind of traditional assumptions and find the theory implied by that simple, universal fact.
Can someone explain to me why: over the last 50 years of studying black holes, we learned that the clock slows down as you approach the event horizon (go deeper into the gravity well). But nobody has proposed that there could be higher gravity potential energy "planes" or "dimensions" where the clock runs faster. Like a skyscraper where the event horizon is in the basement, we are in the first floor. The clock runs faster on the second floor, so that spaceships can move faster on the second gravitational floor or dimension. Maybe you have to get to the 50th gravity floor, where the clock runs 50x as fast, before you can think about using the 50th floor for interstellar travel.
I see where you’re going with that.. not bad
Its good to 9.45- i sort of got it, then im out can someone explain the explanation
Sean Carroll reminds me of the dad in Happiness (1998)
Great movie, one of the best comedies of all time
Spitting image of that guy
I think this gent is the bass-vocal in rockapella
It is odd to me that it is considered an accomplishment that they got rid of the aether, but then immediately replaced it with space-time and quantum fields. It seems like the aether never went away. They just got better at describing it.
"They just got better at describing it."
I think that's just science in general lol
GRAVITY EXPLAINED, universe is made of minute cells once contained in a universal
shell that was broken or deformed by an external force.
this produced expansion creating a true void that must not exist,
leaving the cells to expand or split,I believe the destruction or
splitting of cells is where all matter originates,
therefore all the contents of this universe will become matter
and the universal matter will disperse or be contained
by an outer external force or medium.
The cells must penetrate already created matter to a degree, becoming harder the denser it is, until it is so dense it is impossible. thus the push back is multiplied infinitely
causing corresponding gravity push...
As far as so-called gravity it is plain to see that there is no attraction, only an external push
forcing matter together .
Imagine an oil filled rubber ball each molecule of oil must have the same force upon it.
Then introduce a foreign particle of the same size and density then each molecule will have slightly
higher pressure upon it nothing will coalesce
then add a larger or denser body with larger or harder surface to be pushed upon by the other molecules
all the molecules will feel a small amount more push but the nearer the large body cells will get pushed harder.
[this energy really comes from the constant push from the ball membrane or what exists outside it]
then introduce a smaller dense body in the vicinity of the harder pushed cells.
if the number of hard pushed cells behind this body is higher than the ones between it and the large body then gravity is achieved,,,unless the pull from the expanding universe shell is greater..
Without resistance to these cells energy would not be forced to navigate a wave pattern,
the cells would not become excited and light as we know it would not exist .
Energy waves passing through harder pushed cell formations will deviate around
the reason they are pushed.
Hard pushed cells may be deformed from a sphere into an ovoid making it harder to rotate,
also making energy travel differently
The universe itself may be such an ovoid thus the reason for expansion.
Magnets must electronically rearrange the cells shape and alignment making the rearranging object harder or easier to navigate between depending the manufactured configuration.
As far as Quantum physics goes we do not have any real data so mathematical
physics is applied and comes up with sometimes fanciful answers to fit a paradox.
Understanding a data lacking subject has always failed people already in this
field would do best just striving for accurate observation as some early astronomers did.
An understanding will develop with detection instruments and supercomputing enhancements ,
seeing it first hand. some bright spark will discover the bleeding obvious and mathematise it.
We must determine the size and density of each cell by measuring each light wave
in relation to one another ,and the number of cells between each crest
and finding the correlation that would fit all known energy waves if this can be achieved, the next
step must be to create
corresponding energy waves before a moving object creating an air in sand effect thus help said object closer to the preceding wave speed
Initial measurements should be simple two dimensional with known wave patterns overlaid on the same plane and begin with spherical solid cells filling the voids between the crests of all waves.
First, hoping all the energy waves respect the integrity of each cell, if not some types of energy waves
may penetrate part of the cell, as do they penetrate some matter.
black holes are remnant void bubbles still trying to eliminate the space where cells are absent,destroying surrounding cells and creating matter and drawing existing
matter to fill the void .billions may have succeeded leaving small super dense spheres but most can't keep up with the constant universe expansion and will take all
their surrounding galaxy and more.
No matter how beautiful and pleasant maths is , since the mid 60's, it has blinded physicists
before then a physical notion was envisaged then came out the ruler to see if it would stack up.
These are some answers to how things unfolded but surely the harder question is why.
Why has life evolved to a stage that we can pose these questions?
Surely non existence would be the easier option ,without struggle without knowing about
your inevitable destruction personally and universally this question is the real puzzle.
This is why the emergence of conscience coincided with a genetic predisposition towards
a god culture everywhere on earth ,a genetic valium so to speak.
which must be ameliorated not railed against by atheist dissenters , its just DNA evolved a part of
our bodies to believe so as to survive longer.
The answer can only be chemistry ,all life is simply a chemical reaction , the same as the
stars react with each other ,no matter how complicated its components become it must rely
on the basic building blocks to exist ,my thoughts while writing this are governed by
a chemical reaction and the lightning created by the reaction.
Therefore if matter has no will and the meeting of different types of matter will react
differently then the meaning of life has the same weight as mixing paint ,And in theory the universe could become sentient itself, life and death is
eventually inevitable wherever matter coalesces .
curious, how much information does a black hole contain, just epically compressed.. The univers's "HardDrives"
(Event horizon area divided by Planck area) bits.
Cool idea
Matter(s)=matter matters
How does quantum compare to corpuscle theory?
Corpuscular theories are still classical theories, so all of your intuitive understandings on motion apply to corpuscle. In quantum mechanics classical understanding of motion doesn’t apply. In QM we deal with the ‘motion’ of wave functions i.e how the wave functions change in time. The wave function contains all of the information we need to describe a quantum system, whereas there are separate functions that describe the information in classical systems.
@@FPSIreland2 that's a terrific answer
Who created the universe and why?
Who created whoever created the universe and why?
You created universe to have 6 in it
@@Michael75579But who created whoever created who created who.
Infinite system. Something has always existed.
😂
there is no smallest jar
Theorem 7: The vacuum expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor in general relativity is proportional to the metric tensor.
Proof:
In general relativity, the energy-momentum tensor T_μν is a symmetric second-rank tensor that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime.
The vacuum expectation value of T_μν, denoted by ⟨0|T_μν|0⟩, is the expectation value of T_μν in the vacuum state |0⟩.
According to the Einstein field equations, the energy-momentum tensor is related to the curvature of spacetime via:
R_μν - (1/2)Rg_μν + Λg_μν = (8πG/c^4) T_μν
where R_μν is the Ricci tensor, R is the scalar curvature, g_μν is the metric tensor, Λ is the cosmological constant, G is Newton's gravitational constant, and c is the speed of light.
In the vacuum state, the energy-momentum tensor vanishes classically, i.e., T_μν = 0.
However, in quantum field theory, the vacuum state has zero-point fluctuations that give rise to a non-zero vacuum expectation value of T_μν.
By the principle of general covariance, the vacuum expectation value of T_μν must be proportional to the only available second-rank tensor in the vacuum, which is the metric tensor g_μν:
⟨0|T_μν|0⟩ = κg_μν
where κ is a constant.
Substituting this into the Einstein field equations, we obtain:
R_μν - (1/2)Rg_μν + Λg_μν = (8πG/c^4) κg_μν
This implies that the vacuum energy-momentum tensor acts like a cosmological constant term in the Einstein equations, with an effective cosmological constant given by:
Λ_eff = Λ + (8πG/c^4) κ
The fact that the vacuum expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor is proportional to the metric tensor suggests that the concept of zero or nothingness may be deeply connected to the geometry and topology of spacetime, and may play a crucial role in the large-scale structure and evolution of the universe.
Can you explain this in layman’s terms?
So when is Lex interviewing Terrence Howard? 😂
Black holes fix entropy, no? Are things becoming more or less ordered as they cross the event horizon of a black hole?
Comment section is bunch of people trying to sound smart saying stupid shit
11:10 I’m so lost
Death is a black hole for the soul
Edgy comment. But I vibe with it
So beautifull
Birth is a White Hole for the soul. White hole is other side of black hole according to Roger Penrose.
r/showerthoughts
You can only proof a theory wrong but never right - feynman
Because God exists
The earth isn’t flat
The Universe is Flat
I guessed
Maybe we r all living in a simulation, and the black hole is the program's equivalent of the PC trash bin. And EH is emptying the bin.
And the reason why black holes are so dense is bc of all the deleted files being accumulated inside the simulation's trash bin before it being emptied
I am so much dumber now after reading these comments 🤦♂️
The information problem doesn't seem terribly difficult. Quantum information is easy to conserve if it is fungible. I might never get my exact test particle back, but I can find one that has my particle's charge, and maybe another with its spin, etc. The only problem that might arise is if, somehow, the sum of the radiation is not equal to the sum of everything it ate. This has been neither predicted nor observed, and is unlikely to ever be. I think we're fine.
Minkowski was a nut who deserves no praise. Recognition for coming up with spacetime as a concept, yes, but he was a zealot who hallucinated that space and time would forever be forgotten. That’s crackpot territory. Spacetime is a metric, nothing else. It isn’t real.
A black hole is a star turned inside out.
They should make a movie about Herman Minkowski, then he might get the public profile he deserves.
I think Einstein’s greatest accomplishment was laying down the theoretical foundations of Lasers.
Which he did in 1917
Time is law in motion...to be more exact...time is gods law in motion...all laws are created and have purpose and intention...they can't be broken..they can only be discovered. Time is those laws working...time ceases when laws cease....when a living creature dies,, all laws have ceased for that person..
seems legit
I know that Lex Friedman was born in Moscow, but he totally looks like a love child between Joe Rogan and Belinda Carlisle. . . . Maybe Joe was at a GoGo's concert in 1983. 😅
Time is objective reality other than that it doesn't exist. There is movement, movement is affected by gravity.
How can a thing move without time? Without time, movement doesn’t make sense as a concept. Going from one place to another… but not being in both at once. You have to have time to have movement
@@Jm-wt1fsexactly, time is something we 😊believe is fundamental, its just the way we make sense of movement and the awareness of our mortality. aging, as a process is very apparent in humans. but, to your point, cellular degredation is part of motion and necessary to 3D. motion is the key
I don't know why I don't like lex! Maybe it's the outfit
Postmodern sophistry
Are we not practicing black hole theories by stirring a cup of coffee with a spoon when mixing with sugar or milk or by cooking. Stirred,filtered and released.🤔 just asking?🤷🏾♀️
He claims Einstein didn’t understand black holes. Yes he did. He doubted that space could contain upwards of infinite density in a small area. Which by the way is still not proven.
He would hang around Amsterdam's Nigerian district
Yea. I’m gonna listen to you over Sean Carroll 😂😂😂
No, he claimed black holes were impossible several times. He even published a paper in Annals of Mathematics seeking to prove they were impossible. Black holes were not understood by Einstein, even though he laid the groundwork for understanding them through general relativity.
@@ballskin what makes you think he didn’t understand them? I’m missing your argument. You’re literally citing him addressing the issue.
@@deanodebo No, I said he thought they were impossible. Nobody fully understood them at the time, including Einstein. This isn't controversial. It's well-known. Black holes challenged some of the fundamental principles of general relativity, namely singularities. He thought they broke down the laws of physics as he understood them. His argument that they were impossible should be obvious enough. If your understanding of physics doesn't accommodate the existence of black holes, you don't understand black holes. Until the Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems (mathematical proofs that singularities are generic features of GR), Schwarzschild's solutions to Einstein's field equations, the Kerr metric, and other mathematical concepts like geodesic incompleteness and curvature invariants, black holes were not well-understood at all.
Bruh the other side is cool
I'm still with the doubters on Minkowski's contribution. Even in an outlandish world where 3D space emerges from some kind of cosmic brain or infinite-dimensional computerverse, I don't see how spacetime can be anything more than a mathematical convenience. I would put it up there with string theory in the category of physics being hijacked by mathematicians.
Mass creates a gap in spacetime, ez fucking definition
Falling to earth is space contracting with time
Define gap, what do you specifically by gap? To me a ‘gap’ in spacetime implies an area with no space or time.
@@lret2070 maybe he means dent or something
@@lret2070think of it like a ball in a pool. Freeze time and remove the ball. You see how there’s a hole where the ball used to be. Now the water is space time and a star for example is the ball.
Now the ball moves through space. Wherever the ball is in its place is the potential for that empty space to exist.
Hmm now if we could only find a way to have some sort of horizon like a boundary that exist with all the mass in a single point in that boundary. The left over space would be completely empty.
Now what’s the lowest field we know of. Zero point field. Well here’s the conditions for such a field. If only something like this existed.
Oh well I’ve said to much happy days
@@doomstarks182 I understand general relativity, my problem was with the word 'gap' being used and the person then acting like it was some intuitive explanation.
Sean Carroll keeps talking with a strange inflection in his voice
And will not any seek any further insight
He needs to get high
It is rather frustrating to listen to
That was a pretty un-extraordinary explanation of general relativity. Perhaps good for people who already understand it.
Sean Carrol is regarded as one of the best science communicators in the world!!! And yes, this is neither a beginner's course or a comprehensive lecture... this is just a reply to lex's question
@@bluesque9687 Understood. But I think it would have been more valuable to give a more fundamental explanation. I think people like him forget how non-obvious this stuff is. :)
Carrol has the voice of a hairstylist, a male ballet dancer, or a catholic priest if you get my drift
Heeee stretchessss outttt theeee lasttttt syllableeee offf hisssss wordssss
Your hearing things
@@michaelhicks8603 true enough. His voice for example
Yes, you’re being a weird homophobe because of your own insecurity
@@oneill765 he is a man, isn’t he?
@deanodebo nah bro 🤣 close your eyes and it's Howard Stern 😂
😂😂😂👌 so anyone can write a book now?
what do you mean by that?
@@campa6966 well I literally meant that I guess anyone who makes up anything in their own head can just write a book and then do a few paid interviews and all of a sudden it’s doctrine. Lol. Although I do enjoy listening to Lex Fridman, I found Sean Carroll to be redundant and a little uneducated when it comes to the subject matter, OK I’m kidding ,totally uneducated when it comes to the subject matter. But that’s OK. I guess he was left out of the gate kept peer group that we so lovingly and adoringly call the royal Academy of science.
Buddy, literally anyone CAN write a book. That’s always been the case if you can read and write. 💀💀💀
@@shaneperreault obviously. I do like the fact that that’s all you had to comment. It shows that you’ve never written a book. Lol.
So maybe a suggestion on who we should be reading on general relativity?
That's still not how you pronounce "Minkowski" correctly.
What's the correct way? MIN-KO-SKEE?
@@Picasso_Picante92Минковский
We pronounced it with American phonemes, so deal with it.
I cringe everytime I hear the words "space/time"
Why
@@polargeorge5872 because space has no properties. time is a measurement created by humans.
انَا اختكمَ مَن اليمَن وّالَلَه ماتكلمتَ الَا من جوّع وًّمَنَ ضَيَقَ الَحَالَ انَا وًّامَيَ وًّخَوًّاتَيَ تَشَرَدَنَا مَنَ بَيَوًّتَنَا بَسَبَبَ الَحَرَبَ نَحَنَ فَيَ حَالَهَ لَايَعَلَمَ بَهَا الَا الَلَهَ حَسَبَنَا الَلَهَ وًّنَعَمَ الَوكيَلَ فَيَ مَنَ اوًّصَلَنَا الَى هَاذا الَحَالَ 💔💔وًّالَلَهَ الَعَظَيَمَ مَا كتَبَتَ هَذا الَمَنَاشَدَهَ غَيَرَ مَنَ الَضَيَقَ وّالَفَقَر يَاعَالَمَ حَسَوّا فَيَنَا ارَجَوّكمَ وّالَلَهَ الَعَظَيَمَ رَبَ الَعَرَشَ الَعَظَيَمَ انَه الَاكلَ مَا فَيَ عَنَدَيَ بَالَبَيَتَ وًّالَلَهَ يَا اخَوّانَيَ انَهَ خَوًّاتيَ بَقَعَدَوًّ بَالَيَوًّمَيَنَ مَافَى اكلَ وًّالَلَهَ وًّضَعَنَا كثَيَرَ صَعَبَ نَحَنَ 6 نَفَرَ دَاخَلَ الَبَيَتَ وًّابَيَ مَتَوًّفَيَ وًّلَا يَوًّجَدَ مَنَ يَعَوًّلَ عَلَيَنَا وًّسَاكنَيَنَ فَيَ بَيَتَ اجَارَ لَانَسَتَطَيَعَ دَفَعَ الَاجَارَ الَلَيَ بَاقَيَ عَلَيَنَا ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' اخي اول كلامي انا اقسم بالله على كتاب الله اني لااكذب عليك ولا انصب ولا احتال اني بنت يمنيه نازحين من الحرب انا واسرتي بيننا ایت الشهرب 15 الف يمني والان علينا 45 الف حق 3 شهور وصاحب البيت من الناس الي ماترحم والله يا اخي انه يجي كل يوم يبهدلنا ويتكلم علينا ويريد من البيت للشارع لانناماقدرنا ندفعله الأجار شافونا الجيران نبكي ورجعو تكلمو الجيران ومهلنالاخره الأسبوع معادفعنا له حلف يمين بالله هذا بيخرجنا إلى الشارع رحمه واحنا. بلادنا بسبب هذا الحرب ولانجد قوت يومنا وعايشين اناوامي وخواتي سفار والدنا متوفي الله يرحمه ومامعنا أحد في هذا الدنيا جاانبنا في هذه الظروف القاسيه خواتي الصغار خرجو للشارع وشافو الجيران ياكلو واوقفو عند بابهم لجل يعطوهم ولو كسره خبز والله الذي له ملك السموات والارض انهم غلفو الباب وطردوهم ورجعو یبکو ایموتو من الجوع ما احد رحمهم وعطلة ردها لقمت عیش والان لوما احدنا ساعدنا في إيكيلو دقيق اقسم بالله انموت من الجوع فيا اخي انا دخيله على الله ثم عليك واريد منك المساعده لوجه الله انشدك بالله تحب الخير واتساعدني تراسلي واتساب على هذا الرقم 00967717415667 وتطلب اسم بطاقتي وترسلي ولاتتاخر وايعوضك الله بكل خير ساعدنا وأنقذنا قبل أن يطردونا في الشارع تتبهدل أو نموت من الجوع وانا واسرتي نسالك بالله لولك مقدره على مساعد لاتتاخر علينا وجزاك الله خيرا،.،.،:^:؛^:🎉°~°~^~°^π√^π√~π~√~√~π^~^~π~π~√√~~ππ~π√~~^^°^°€€لب🎉🎉❤❤🎉..............
You guys obviously never heard about terryology