B.Sc. I Year (bryophytes general characters) By Mr. Sunny Lal

Bryophytes are a group of small, non-vascular plants commonly found in moist environments. Here are some general characteristics of bryophytes:
Non-Vascular Structure: Unlike vascular plants, such as ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, bryophytes lack vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) for the transport of water, nutrients, and photosynthates. Instead, they absorb water and nutrients directly through their cells.
Small Size: Bryophytes are typically small in size, with most species ranging from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in height. However, some mosses can grow larger, forming dense mats or carpets in suitable habitats.
Dominant Gametophyte Generation: The life cycle of bryophytes is characterized by a dominant gametophyte generation. This means that the haploid gametophyte stage is the most prominent phase of the life cycle, while the sporophyte generation is smaller and dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition.
Alternation of Generations: Like other plants, bryophytes exhibit alternation of generations, with distinct gametophyte and sporophyte phases. The gametophyte produces gametes (sperm and eggs) through mitosis, which fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote. The zygote then develops into the sporophyte, which produces spores through meiosis. These spores germinate into new gametophytes, completing the life cycle.
Moisture Dependence: Bryophytes require moisture for reproduction because their sperm cells swim to the egg cells through a film of water. Additionally, they lack a waxy cuticle layer found in vascular plants, making them prone to desiccation in dry conditions.
Habitats: Bryophytes are commonly found in moist environments such as forests, bogs, marshes, and along streams and rivers. They can also colonize a variety of substrates including soil, rocks, tree bark, and decaying organic matter.
Reproduction: Bryophytes reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction occurs when sperm from the male gametophyte swims through a film of water to reach the egg produced by the female gametophyte. Asexual reproduction can occur through fragmentation or the production of specialized reproductive structures called gemmae or propagules.
Ecological Importance: Despite their small size, bryophytes play important ecological roles. They help to stabilize soil, retain moisture, and create microhabitats for other organisms. They also contribute to nutrient cycling and are indicators of environmental health.

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Great sir