Maurice Ravel - Miroirs
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- Опубліковано 3 вер 2012
- "Miroirs" (Reflections) is a suite for solo piano written by French impressionist composer Maurice Ravel between 1904 and 1905, first performed by Ricardo Viñes in 1906.
Around 1900, Maurice Ravel joined a group of innovative young artists, poets, critics, and musicians referred to as Les Apaches or "hooligans", a term coined by Ricardo Viñes to refer to his band of "artistic outcasts". To pay tribute to his fellow artists, Ravel began composing Miroirs in 1904 and finished it the following year. Movements 3 and 4 were subsequently orchestrated by Ravel, while Movement 5 was orchestrated by Percy Grainger, among other.
Miroirs has five movements, each dedicated to a member of Les Apaches:
1. "Noctuelles" ("Night Moths") - Dedicated to Léon-Paul Fargue, Noctuelles is a highly chromatic work, maintaining a dark, nocturnal mood throughout. The middle section is calm with rich, chordal melodies, and the recapitulation takes place a fifth below the first entry.
2. "Oiseaux tristes" ("Sad Birds") - Dedicated to Ricardo Viñes, this movement represents a lone bird whistling a sad tune, after which others join in. The rambunctious middle section is offset by a solemn cadenza which brings back the melancholy mood of the beginning.
3. "Une barque sur l'océan" ("A boat on the Ocean") - Dedicated to Paul Sordes, the piece recounts a small boat as it sails upon the waves of the ocean. Arpeggiated sections and sweeping melodies imitate the flow of ocean currents. It is the longest piece of the set, and, with the exception of Alborada del Gracioso, the most technically difficult.
4. "Alborada del gracioso" ("The Gracioso's Aubade") - Dedicated to Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi, Alborada is a technically challenging piece that incorporates Spanish musical themes into its complicated melodies.
5. "La vallée des cloches" ("The Valley of Bells") - Dedicated to Maurice Delage, the piece evokes the sounds of various bells through its use of sonorous harmonies.
Pianist: Jean-Efflam Bavouzet
0:00 Noctuelles
4:39 Oiseaux tristes
8:41 Une barque sur l'océan
16:03 Alborada del gracioso
22:39 La vallée des cloches
And my favorite is Alborada del gracioso. ;)
La vallée des cloches is definitely the prettiest.
I never warmed to it until somewhat recently, now I can't listen to it enough. Hauntingly beautiful
Une barque sur l'ocean is the best but la vallee de cloches is nice too
Merci!
"Une barque sur l'océan" feels like a Turner painting. those gorgeous washes of sound. The lush harmonies. It is absolutely my favorite in the set.
Oh .. it's so beautiful !!!
I can't believe someone else feels the same way
It's a painting by Claude Monet, "The Seine at Bougival in the evening".
They all painted there.. even van Gogh's good friend John Peter Russell.
I wonder if he had a beer while painting it.
I think he was on Île de la Chaussée when he painted this landscape. One can see Aqueduc de Louveciennes in the background.
Hello! I want to share with you my wind quintet, inspired by Monet painting "Le Bassin aux Nymphéas, le Soir",I hope you will enjoy it ua-cam.com/video/kshcZesMSP0/v-deo.html
Wait he can paint?
Miroirs was Ravel’s definitive breakthrough and contains some of the finest passages in his entire repertoire.
Is your name really Maurice Ravioli?
@@robinwatson4282 no, but Maurice Ravel was already taken
Actually his string quartet and sonatine for piano preceded Miroirs, got international attention, and are in the classical repertory. Debussy hailed the quartet as a masterpiece. Miroirs was probably his first "impressionist" work. Oiseaux Tristes is my favorite. I don't know a better bird-call in music (there is competition, I know). The clarity and brilliance of his style were evident from the beginning.
I read a story somewhere that Ravel was showing his collection of mechanical gew-gaws to a friend, picked up a mechanical bird, turned it on, and said "Can you hear his heart beating?" A mechanical bird with a beating heart: sums his work up pretty well, I think.
@@freemysoles3892 A soulful mechanicus? His piano works to me are the perfect musical counterparts to the paintings of the era. La Valse feels like a blurry, wet, out of focused painting of a Viennese ball.
@@freemysoles3892jeux d’eau was 1901
9:57 Absolutely ethereal. I don't think I've ever heard the beginning of this section played with such soft, delicate, masterfully drawn-out fingerwork. And the 1901 piano makes it sound even better!
I'm happy that I get to experience listening to this in my lifetime.
Ravel lived (or lived) in a world understood by no one but himself. however we begin to see as we listen, how he composed out of seemongly thin air, a world of intense, and powerful mastery. his music wil live forever!
Shout out to call me by your name for getting me to this masterpiece
I really don't think there can be anything more expressive, more eloquent than Oiseaux Tristes, especially the beginning. I never imagined what it was like to be a bird, but now I feel my wings flapping slowly as I glide across the ocean. My feathers are ruffled by the wind as I look down on the ship before me. One of my companions darts upward in the air. Despite the wonderful ocean breeze I feel an intense sadness. I glide down and land in the water to watch as the humans man their ship. As I look on, I am overcome with sorrow, for the sea air is no longer ours alone. The humans have come, and they are a blot upon the untamed Blue. I take to the air as one of them tosses a net into the water.
Ravel once said Oiseaux tristes was the piece he wrote that most reflected himself and his state of mind.
am I the only one here not because of an assignment???? lmaoooooooo I wish I could write about ravel he's my god
Certainly not! There's plenty of people who love Ravel
Not on assignment- this music is beautiful
I'm here with you homie
Yeah
Oh well. You can listen to him, next best thing huh? 😀
Ravel's legacy of astonishing, surprising and totally unique works of musical enchantment have made his continuing popularity with the five generations since his passing a bit unlike any other composer. He excites and bedazzles new listeners and holds seasoned devotees in the thrall of his ability to create palpable visions of color, light and emotionality with sound. I've been captivated by all of his works for over seventy years and cherish every note from this master.
The other great French master standing alongside Debussy, though you could never mistake the one for the other!
Agree with you but don't forget Erik Satie.
3 great French Masters.
Debussy is by far the greatest
GALAS Michel I wouldn't necessarily call Satie a master (I say this as a trained classical musician) but he did write some very pretty music!
Satie was very influential in his time..
@@Xxbeast30xX hell no, did you listen to un barque sur l'océan? Or literally any of the others in this suite, it's so beautiful.
One of the greatest, yet under rated composers of the late 19th & early 20th centuries. Everything Ravel composed shines with hypnotic brilliance.
yes!
under rated??????
except Bolero.
Ravel'i çok iyi tanımıyorum, ama müziğinde bir hipno terapi olduğu aşikâr
Bu insanın ruhunu dinlendiriyor, bu çağda
ihtiyaç duyduğumuz bir
psikiyatrik yöntem.
@@annemarieclaudia Yes. Because Gaspard de la nuit, another masterpiece (in fact, one of the greatest masterpieces of the entire solo piano repertoire, in my opinion) overshadows this relatively unrecognized gem to an unfair extent, in my view (and I'm saying this as someone who absolutely *LOVES* Gaspard).
THESE RAVEL PIECES ARE HYPNOTICALLY ADDICTIVE. ONE CANNOT BUT STOP DREAMING TO THEIR SOUND.
I agree!
Yes, Ravel's melodies have a way of doing that. He's always been my favorite composer.
16:03 is just magical. The light and jumpy introduction to that piece is so easy on the ear
I became enchanted with this work more than 40 years ago. This piece still inspires me with its sense of mystery , freedom and it's very colorful tonal/harmonic/rhythmic palette.
Chaotic yet so well controlled, a truly beautiful work of art.
EVERYTHING IN NATURE APPEARS CHAOTIC BUT IS PART OF A HIGHLY ORGANIZED ENTIRETY.
@@ronwalker4849 yes an excellent point sir. I'm thinking that more and more lately. Everything has its purpose and meaning. There's so much we don't see but unless we have humility we don't understand this. It's taken me a while to grasp this!
Liké a Sky Can be...
This masterpiece with splendid skill and specutacular technique is full of Ravel's aesthetics
There are many composers I love (e.g. Bartok, Shubert, Satie, Shostakovich, et al) and I have often wondered who is my absolute favorite...
Not an easy decision, but if I had to pick, it would be Ravel.
His music is so magnificent, and such a wonderful wide variance in the type of compositions he created. And when I listen to his remarkable "Chansons Madécasses", it confirms in my mind that Ravel's music is absolutely supreme.
Throughout this piece there is a great display of complex skill, yet he still strikes a soulful note within all the madness. I was waiting for him to cut the fat and just appeal completely to the soul, and around 22:40 he starts to do just that. Amazing
"La Vallee des Cloches" is the piece that made me fall in love with Ravel 11 years ago. These heavenly pieces never get old, I only love them more each time I hear them. "Noctuelles" evokes images of adorable fuzzy flying moths and green lacewings!!
Having listened to Maurice Ravel all my life I am REDISCOVERING Ravel as perhaps the best composer of the last century.
Daphnis et Chloe is ample proof of this. Stravinskki and Picasso are the most celebrted, but not necessarily the best in each catagory. I now find Ravel absolutely devine and in a level beyond Debussy with his poly tonalities which everything is beautiful, and not merely experimental as in the case of some others.
+Ron Walker I appreciate hearing your opinion. It is good to hear from informed listeners. I was slow to come to Ravel, but it is music that now works for me very well. The best composers of the 20th century are in my opinion Alban Berg & Dimitri Shostakovich.
PLEASE LISTEN TO PROKOVIEF SYMPHONY 5 AS WELL(TJE SIEGE OF ST. PETERSBERG IN WW2)
AS THE PIANO CONCERTI 2,3. AS WELL.
ALL WORTH THE EFFORT. PROKOFIIEV PIANO SONATAS 7,8. ONE DOESN´T UNDERSTAND THESE PIECES IN ONE LISTENING, BUT RATHER SEVERAL.
ALSO, STRAVINSKY FIRE BIRD, AND PETRUSKA.
+Ron Walker Rite Of Spring, even if overrated, will still be in my favorites of 20th Century music along with many others. I adore Stravinsky perhaps too much, but I'm now starting to study Ravel's orchestral pieces and I am quit excited to do so.
+Ron Walker Agree! Personally, Ravel is the best!! I only yearn for the music he could have composed more if he didn't have that taxi accident.
LinkBulletBill YOU DON´T UNDERSTAND MUSIC AT ALL. THE RITES OF SPRING IS THE MOST INNOVATIVE AND IMPORTANT SINGULAR PIECE OF MUSIC FROM THE ENTIRE 20TH CENTURY. MAYBE, YOU NEED MORE YEARS TO MATURE YOUR ABILITY TO LISTEN.
love
this.
Ravel.... still, my favourite composer and Noctuelles evokes images of PRECIOUS FLUTTERING MOTHS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ces géniaux compositeurs,oh ! Combien reconnus post mortem, le plus souvent méprisés , vivants de rien, quelle rage me vient,idem Bartok, Mozart etc ...
Very beautiful.
No you are not my man this is one of favorite pieces ever , it displays possibly every human emotion in the known world . It glides, concludes, rises, gets playful gets sad, comes out on top, comes out last, stays in control , and to have written something like this is purely amazing , every note, every hand motion , the dexterity . Lol just a nerd , let me stop.
Thank you.
Ravel'in müziğinde hayatın tüm iniş ve çıkışlarının yansımaları var. insana dair duyguların karmaşıklığı, izlenimlerin göreceliliği, her şey burada..
So beautiful and so still ❤
8:41- Makes me feel like I’m in the ocean.🌊
I grew up on Gaspard. 7 minutes in always got me. It wasn't till later I heard Miroirs and rediscovered those ethereal tones.
Thank you for sharing this, and including all the detail!
Moving and uplifting recording - makes Ravel come to life, and takes me to another place. Reminds us once again of the great a composer he is.
Simply, my favourite song. I cant even describe it...
I'm in love with this.
This is my absolute favorite recording of my favorite Impressionistic work. Pure magic
De toute beauté. La musique ainsi que le tableau, qu’elle satisfaction à travers ses œuvres… 🇫🇷
Masterpiece
a stellar performance, absolutely breathtaking!
Elegant and highly sophisticated performance of this truly impressionistic masterpiece! The scintillating sound of piano is unforgettably beautiful.
This is playing of the highest order. Amazing! Richly-coloured, intense but subtle. Incredibly compelling! Why is Bavouzet not better-known? The best performance of this I have heard, so far.
cynic150 I saw him play the Concert for the Left Hand and I was blown away!!
Quel soulagement.
Ravel et Debussy me touchent toujours en plein coeur ! Leurs musiques chaque fois, semblent s'adresser à moi directement, inhibant tout le reste. Je reste comme capturé dans un univers sonore duquel je ne ne peux pas m'échapper ..... Le coeur a ses raisons que la raison ignore.
Très juste, Lévan ! Musique fascinante, intemporelle, en totale apesanteur.
J’adore Ravel beaucoup. ❤
Exquisite intérprétation de cette musique merveilleuse....Merci!
My perception of you
is a reflection of me
of all I once knew
and all that I see
Your reception of me
is a reflection of you
of all that you see
and all you once knew
Nothing we see
Is entirely true
If both you and me
Set our mirrors askew
Eye to eye
Heart to Heart
We realize we
Are all a part
Heart to heart
Eye to eye
We realize love
Will never die
See into
each other's minds
With all our mirrors
now aligned
Through each other
We can see
We reflect forever
to infinity
"Heart to heart
Eye to eye
We realize love
Will never die"
So ugly, sorry.
Francisco Pinto your reception of me, is a reflection of you, my love
Gian Torrano Jacobs So deep... and you can write poetry besides. Do you also wear a fedora everyday?
Get over yourself and get informed about pseudo profundity, because I'm really tired of self proclaimed douchebag poets, who obviously can't make a good poem.
Just educate yourself. I encourage you to write, but please.... please... acknowledge your mediocrity.
Francisco Pinto hehehe you're really cute with your cute words
Gian Torrano Jacobs Fedora user, and self proclaimed poet. What an achievement :)
Love it
Thank you for posting this, I hear it for the 1st time and love it. It's quite original too.
I first heard this composition played on a Steinway Duo-Art piano about 60 years ago. In my memory it was not played with this passion and understanding but it brought Ravel into my life and I've never looked back.
Wow..outside of Alborada del gracioso I couldn't really appreciate these when I was a little younger but listening now......brilliant. Every single one. You can really see the brilliance when following along with sheet music.
Ah yes, one of the great piano shredders of his time.
Shredding sounds like shit. All the homies hate thrash.
Thanks for the detailed description. It is very valuable and important.
superb bravo! merci beaucoup Bavouzet
Exceptionally beautiful and peaceful. Love classical music as well too. The painting is magically admirable. 😘😘😘
PURELY DIVINE, PURELY SUBLIME
PURELY CAPS LOCK
Bavouzet's playing is incredibly crystal clear :D very very enjoyable listening
Dio mio, che bella musica
Mùsica de encanto y magia indescriptibles, interpretada por un ejecutante de excepciòn !!!!!
This work inspires me to go out and enjoy some good paintings! Truly inspiring in terms of art.
Music is an art, but I agree that the visual piece in this video is magnificent. ^-^
I absolutely love Une Barque sur l'Ocean :)
glad i have listened to this. such a masterpiece.
me as well, genius for feeling
This is the first time listening , and it's real.
i can’t help but see call me by your name flash before my eyes when i listen to une barque sur l’océan
J'ai cliqué sur tant de vidéos liées, à travers tant de paysages insolites, incroyables et étranges.. Je me sens comme dans un compartiment sur un chemin de fer, à admirer une succession de scènes folles
jamais vues auparavant, des musiques importantes et étranges à travers la fenêtre du wagon.. il y a tant de choses à explorer, tellement d'endroits où se poser puis rester dans les ambiances proposées. Cet arrêt en particulier est brillant 👍
Gracias por compartir. Hermosa obra de Maurice Ravel. Su música siempre ha sido muy especial para mí. Mi favorito es Une barque sur l'océan
Strange that I don't remember listening to the first half before. Thanks for uploading. The picture is a great pick!
Here is an addendum to my post: What becomes clear to a composer is that there are two invisible forces in Harmony one being Diatoniscism and the other Chromaticism. The first is a force for tonal clarity or keyness or harmonic simplicity. Normally the 2nd force 'chromaticism' (a force for ambiguity expresivity unpredictability) is held at bay or 'contained' by Diatoniscism that's called tonal music theory. However over time chromaticism began winning the war as successive composers found more and more ways to include more and more notes outside the key. What this leaves one with is a kind of 'spectrum' of human affective response to chromatic density. The music you are currently listening to has a very high chromatic density. As the music becomes more chromatic ( in good hands) it becomes more and more expressive untill an upper advanced limit is reached and then the music becomes dreamy or impressionistic. If pursued further it becomes very mysterious a kind of no-mans land of supercharged ambiguity. If pursued further it becomes untethered but still intuitively tonal like the Berg Piano Sonata. Then the break with tonality all together came.
Every time I listen to this piano piece it's because I'm studying for something difficult or writing a research paper or something awful like that-- yet it's always so beautiful still.
This was recommended to me and it's good
Muchos años escuchando esta magnífica obra y de pianistas muy brillantes pero he de confesar que la interpretación de Jean-Efflam es sencillamente maravillosa, sin duda la mejor que he oido y de un pianista para mí desconocido.
Gracias por compartir.
Jean-Efflam Bavouzet accomplit ici une excellente interprétation. Bravo.
I just love MaURICE Ravel's 2 pieces that he wrote in whicxh he dedicated part s of it to people he knew, The other piece of course being his "Le Tombeau de Couperin".
I COMPLETELY ADORE RAVEL´S PIANO MUSIC FOR IT´S SOPHISTACATION AND DELICACY.
Profundo,misterioso y difícil Ravel.
Sideral, lo llamo yo...
Thank You .
Une Barque sur l'Océan. O que existirá de mais lindo que isso para o piano? Que bênção é a arte, que liga e instrui uma geração à outra...
A great piano suite by Ravel --Piano playing by Bavouzet is superb--incredible technique with a beautiful tonal quality -
"Une barque sur l'océan" is so incredible; the way the music evokes the rolling of the ocean and crashing of waves. Is there a musical term for this? Almost like musical onomatopoiea.
Cheers, thank you
Descriptive. Evocative....No musical term that I know.
The term I have learned is called "Program Music," in which music alone (no lyrics used) depicts non-musical events often in a narrative, such as Schumann's Waldszenen which seems to be depicting going through a forest. It started early, and one example is Vivaldi's landmark Four Seasons Concerto of the Baroque era depicting stuff like birds chirping and waterfalls, but "Absolute music" (music for musics sake; in which it isn't explicitly about anything specific, though there can be emotion and usually is) was far more dominant. When the Romantic Era came around, program music was hugely popular and a defining part of the era. A few common things illustrated in program music of the romantic era were past events (i.e. 1812 Overture), and nature (i.e. Waldszenen).
Representative, pictoral, programatic, especially in the "impressionist" period of Monet etc. Prokofief wrote Peter and the Wolf expressively as a demonstration of this, but there are many programatic pieces too numerous to list here.
The terms are not importrant. How you react internally is the only important thing. It was developed in the baroque period. Once you understand the concept you can apply it to most all music except not 12 tone music which avoics all human and natural programatic references.
Think of Beethoven´s pastoral symphony nº. 6 and the references to nature.
All of Stravinski´s great ballets, etc.
I admit no 1 emulates the flapping of moths' wings, but what is the programme? I think there is not any particular sequence of events which could be described as a programme in this, unlike in Richard Strauss. The music is composed as that - music. The imagination of the listener comes into play after that. You can describe the Ship on the Ocean as the tossing about of the boat on the sea, but not much else...
8:40
...whoa...
CabbageTalks nice pfp
I always wished to have been in Paris at this time on our Earth.
The intro sounds extremely similar to the "Strong Earthquake" warning that gets played over loudspeakers here in Japan during a major earthquake. Gave me a jolt for a second.
nice touch. Good job.
Somebody loves Ravel! This I can tell. Thank you Jean-Efflam. Although M. R. may have called this suite "Miroirs" or "Reflections," somehow, they are not so much reflections as they are the very (sound) essence itself… of these friends of his (Ravels). They are living sound- portraits. They are not reflections of anything. Unlike paint or painting or even mental images frozen in time and space, they are their essence in motion. That means they are… to some degree alive. Each unique and though free of earthly form; they live. Only an artist like Ravel and a pianist like Jean-Efflam could portray such verisimilitude before our eyes. In short, transcendence made eminent. Extraordinary! Sent with love, CVD
Hi Tom; Your absolutely right, of course. And yes, I did give a great deal of thought to this great work by M. R. and how it was being played… and where did our young pianist learn to play it like this…. These are the deeper mysteries. !!!! Sent with love. CVD
Great insight!
Although I am not acquainted with the other Apaches, I am in a great deal invested with the matters of Ricardo Vines (and his friendship with Maurice), to whom the second piece Oiseaux Tristes was dedicated. To shed a bit of background, Ravel had first played this on the 11th of October, 1904 to the bewilderment of all Apaches aside from Vines who appeared to be the only one to appreciate it (Ravel still seemed to love it nonetheless, performing it several more times since then in private meet-ups and salons). I forgot where I've read this but apparently it was dedicated to Vines jokingly as it was entirely "unpianistic" (Ricardo Vines was a succesful pianist, this was supposed to be ironical) but reading your comment, this perhaps sheds light on the deepness of their friendship and how well Ravel knew his childhood friend as we can see a bit of Vines' morose side in the piece. To himself he thinks such thoughts as, and I quote, "[...] as always when I see young, beautiful women, lights, music, and all this activity, I thought of death, of the ephemeral nature of everything, I imagined balls from past generations who are now nothing but dust, as will all the masks I saw, and in a short while! What horror, Oblivion!" and we can see this inner morbidness and fear uncovered by Ravel and put into notes on paper.
or not since it was written before published with the dedications but idk maybe mauricio already had the theme of pieces dedicated to the apaches in mind before writing this which means wow he rlly knows ricardo well also hahahahahaa ha im trash for that good maurice/ricardo friendship im sorry for this long comment
I agree wholeheartedly. This music is by any measure alive!
Bardzo lubię muzykę Maurice Ravela.....tyle wrażliwości ,piękna......Dziękuję
Mám takový pocit, že muzika jaksi už vyšla z módy. Třeba se mi to jen zdá. Již to není co bývalo.
tres beau fini pianistique , belle clarté des plans sonores et bel equilibre ds ce recueil qui est souvent joué flou et
précipité bravo!
He didn't made the music
"Une barque sur l'océan". The perfect prelude to "Gaspard de la nuit". When I listen to the first one (composed 1904-1905), I can hear some resemblance to the second (composed in 1908)
like a dream
Great
it doesn't get much more wonderful than this!
I will never be good enough for this
Putting ads on this should be an offence punishable by death.
double negation who is responsible for this?
@@doublenegation7870 These videos often get automatically Copyright claimed by the rightsholder and monetized by them. Should be the case here since youtube recognizes the og artist etc.
@@doublenegation7870 But Jean-Efflam Bavouzet's performance of it is not. If you were to perform it yourself you can upload it without ads. Or just use an adblocker.
@@doublenegation7870 I don't beliebe that it's the channel who upload this who put ads. If you look at the "line" of the video (where you can see where you are in the video) there are no little yellow tape.
double negation Yes I had to stop watching it but if it didn’t have as I’ll be watching it 24 hours a day
At 21:18 there is an absolutely interesting chord being played. It's placement amongst the glissando is perfect.
the dominant 9th chord ?
@@dr.brianjudedelimaphd743 have you figured out?
When I first listen to this I didn't appreciate its complexity, and now I love this piece! Especially the morning jester and a boat on the ocean. I wish I can play them but I know I should just stick to twinkle little stars.
express your soul
That's what Mozart did.
Miroirs y Gaspard de la nuit son mis favoritas de Ravel
The lack of attention this has only makes it all the more sacred.
Amazing this period of Ravel's creativity which brought him eventually to "Daphnis et Chloe" in 1913. Shortly thereafter comes his incredibly beautiful work "Gaspard de la Nuit" His Opera L|Ovre Espanole was also written during the first decade of the last century.
L’heure Espagnole, you mean? And then his other Opera, « L’Enfant et les Sortilèges » was written toward the end of the decade, along with Le Tombeau de Couperin and La Valse. Such an amazing and productive period for Ravel!
Muchas gracias :)
If you don’t believe in the sublime...listen to this.
Well all poetic purple prose aside. What these pieces represent is the end of an organic process that began with Bach teaching us all how compelling this new fangled tempered tuning system could be with it's huge chromatic potential for the seamless inclusion of notes outside the key! This feat is accomplished through both horizontal e.g. (melodic) and vertical e.g. (harmonic) means. So here are some very late instalments in what had been a composer driven power dive into higher and higher levels of chromatic density i.e. {the history of Western Art Music.} Next came the 20th century crisis in tonality i.e. enter Stravinsky and Schoenberg. But there was an organic evolution due to built in proclivities of our modern tonal system that successive composers merely followed that led to the 20th century crisis in tonality.