@@CanadianStargazer Yep - there’s idiots / crooks that sell resveratrol and NAD precursors to improve longevity and health and eating an orange is more effective
Loss of function is easy to explain. Especially for parasites. They evolved from organisms that had the full set of organelles that shed the need for some of them borrowing the host's processes instead.
This organism uses ATP. The advantage mitochondria give eukaryotes is their efficient generation of ATP through conversion of O2+sugar to CO2. Eukaryotic cells can rely on fermentation to generate additional ATP, without mitochondria, but doing so yields less energy per unit of food (e.g. muscle "burn" during difficult exercise is caused by cells desperately making extra ATP via fermentation) To me, your thought process is a good one :) It is tempting to conclude that these organisms could "afford" to lose their mitochondria because of their parasitic lifestyle; that is, absorbing nutrients and energy from the host while generating less of its own.
Glycolysis already generates ATP and it occurs in the host cell; what mitochondria do is generate more energy out of what is essentially the byproduct of glycolysis - which is pyruvate. The O2 just happens to be the terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondrion's electron transport chain, which is what powers the vast majority of ATP production. The CO2 comes from the Citric Acid Cycle, after the pyruvate is processed and enters the cycle.
@@MadRob11 It is tempting to think that because it is true. There are Several ATP producing reactions which they can use but the amount of ATP they need is reduced so maintaining mitochondria slowly becomes unecessary.
In addition to classical fermentation we do in our cells, these organisms also can make hydrogen gas which makes it possible to oxidize some of the reducing equivalents. So the terminal electron acceptor of metabolism is actually protons. Protists are so cool. As many of you have pointed out this is not as efficient as oxidative phosphorylation but perhaps because food is not really limiting its enough :)
These eukaryotes are parasitic and are in various stages of making the mitochondria reduntant by getting their ATP from other ATP forming reactions like the arginine deiminase pathway, glycolysis plus several others. Same situation as when cave dwelling animals lose their sight and eventually their eyes through lack of use. A new book published by Austin Macauley Publishers titled From Chemistry to Life on Earth outlines abiogenesis in great detail with a solution to the evolution of the genetic code and the ribosome as well as the cell in general using 290 references, 50 illustrations and several information tables with a proposed molecular natural selection formula with a worked example for ATP.
0:16 that is it folks, we are getting Parasite Eve 3 (its a game about evil mitochondria) (yes, really). Jokes aside, this is a very, very interesting discovery.
I know this video probably won't be as successful as the usual astronomical ones, but holy crap is this potentially big. I wonder if there is a link between how these organisms produce ATP and why mitochondria exist to begin with. We know most early cells were probably extremophiles. Maybe as conditions on Earth became more and more tame, these early ways of producing ATP just weren't enough. So some procaryote somehow ended up inside an eucaryote. The eucaryote was more efficient at acquiring food, while the procaryote was more efficient at processing that food in its new rich environment.
The proto eukaryote didn't always have an endosymbiont to begin with. People commonly believe that an endosymbiosis is a prerequisite to eukaryogenesis, but that's likely not necessarily the case.
A complete mystery is an opportunity for another video. I love that approach to life. Also very much looking forward to more information on mitochondria, they are fascinating.
I hope you'll talk a bit about mitochondria biogenesis, as well as mitochondria transplants. I'm curious how easily it would be to transplant mitochondria into cells.
Ah yes, the favorite of western USA waterways. Giardia. Thought I recognized that picture! If the organism is odd, the incidence of its effects on hosts is just as weird. Some are asymptomatic, while others get terribly ill. Giardia is a well known but very enigmatic critter! There are also a lot of humans who carry it as a constant companion, most without any noticeable ill effect. Where are today's Dickson Despommiers?
This is so cool, given that life started several times on Earth, on different locations and occasions and managed to merge together giving us cellular organelles... I wish that more of this merging happened and that life was more diverse on this planet.
Something I don't understand. If earth and it's environment is so conducive for life....how come we don't see "new" life springing up all through history? A thousand times, a million times? Why did it start and then no "new" life came up after that.
Glycolysis. Single called organisms can sometimes get “ enough” atp production anaerobically though glycolysis ( fermentation) which occurs outside mitochondria. Yeast are eukaryotic and do it in absence of O2 in fermentation.
Saying that mitochondria are generally crucial for eukaryotes, but ignoring that protozoa are eukaryotes, and just mentioning another example of eukaryotes not needing mitochondria (protozoa typically have either mitochondria, or chloroplasts, or some even both, despite also either one not being fully functional or doing something else completely. Protozoa are a mix of everything that doesn´t stick anywhere else on the tree of life). Plus, many beings manage to make energy without needing oxygen (at least directly/free) through anaerobic pathways, using biochemical processes like alcoholic fermentation. Even our cells, when oxygen is low, do it, producing lactic acid, etc...
Yeah! There's been quite a miscommunication on cellular biology in schools. Not many people even knew that oxygen isn't even an absolute necessity for most life outside kingdom animalia, and that it's even toxic to some.
Is there any forum, any means of communicating with you to discuss a physics Concept that I do not believe has been Explored Sufficiently, is Foundationally Critical?
The hypothesis that archea prokaryotic cell that have circular DNA jumping in to linear chromosome which requires centerioles /centromere to allow the eukaryotic chromosome to independently recombine and segregate. It’s a big step and required multiple evolutionary steps which all have been missing in our knowledge of single cell organisms. So far we should not forget the only entity that has linear DNA is prokaryote, but they are viruses
So mitochondria - need for energy? I ask because termites would need quite a bit of energy to break down cellulose. No mitochondria would need to acquire chemical energies, in which case anaerobic environments do have a few options.
There are some species of eukaryote that _do_ lack mitochondria, but still have remnants or some semblance of it - either leftover mitochondrial genes in the nucleus, or a highly devolved mitochondrion which lacks its own DNA and ribosomes.
"[A]nd this was confirmed through Gene sequencing where not a single mitochondrial protein was discovered inside the cell." Gene sequencing does not discover protein.
Anything called "Mitochondria," has to be strange! Sounds like an ingredient put into a lot of my "processed foods! Is Anton just making this stuff up?
They make atp the same way prokaryotic cells do…. They have those genes in their own genome. CRISPR was a bacterial immune system component before it was used in gene editing. My assumption: these cells tried to protect themselves against the “mitochondrial” cell by doing a crispr and taking reverse compliment. It just so happened to be that this particular compliment was incorporated in such a way as to make a new protein coding gene that was functional. Now cell has become death.
the reason [skoliomonas litria] does not have mitochondria is due to its adaptation to an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment. in such environments, mitochondria are not necessary for energy production. instead, skoliomonas litria likely relies on alternative biochemical pathways to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell. this adaptation allows it to thrive in conditions where oxygen is limited or absent.
Please start the Mitochondria video with "Mitochondria is the Powerhouse of the Cell" just to get it out of the way. An entire generation grew up with that drilled into our brains!
@7:30 Could these organisms be former parasites who've lost their mitochondria before becoming free living once again? Or did they evolve from anaerobic eukaryotes who've adapted somehow to aerobic conditions??
Imagine receiving texts or calls from scammers trying to sell you eukaryotic oil for longevity
Wouldn’t put it past them 😂
Don't give them ideas. 😅
xD
Do you have some? Asking for a friend? 😅
@@CanadianStargazer Yep - there’s idiots / crooks that sell resveratrol and NAD precursors to improve longevity and health and eating an orange is more effective
The answer is in the name of where the organism was found: a soda lake. They get energy from chugging mt dew!
So electrolytes can power plants? /s
But how do they reproduce?
@@cyrilioWith enough Brawndo they can!
@@cyrilioWell they don't drink water that's for toilets.
Brawndo. It's got what cells crave!
MITOCHONDRIA IS *NOT* THE POWERHOUSE OF THE METAMONAD CELL
What's your source 😊
We covered mitochondria in my biology class at the exact same time i was playing the original Parasite Eve and it was a wonderful coincidence.
@@borninvincible It’s the powerhouse of the cell. No sources needed.
@@borninvincibleSpot-on! An independently verifiable non-selfserving source is required for a claim to have credibility.
👋 👶🌏😊❤️📡 Thank you Anton.🤗🔊📡...
Sad to hear that mitochrondria lost her job 😔
Mitochondria Eve?
Mitochondria is the plural. Mitochondrion is the singular.
@@douglaswilkinson5700 I didn't know that. I appreciate the info.
Or his... Did you just assume mitochondria's gender 💅?
i will never forgive cracker barrel
Loss of function is easy to explain. Especially for parasites. They evolved from organisms that had the full set of organelles that shed the need for some of them borrowing the host's processes instead.
It's not a parasite though.
True.
@@FairyRatcould be for an organism we havent encountered the parastic interaction with
Could have been a parasite at some point in its past, evolved in someway to not need the host anymore and is no longer a parasite.
@@adamdaniels4797 true!
It seems this study missed something. What is the metabolism of this organism with no ATP? But it is extremely interesting.
This organism uses ATP. The advantage mitochondria give eukaryotes is their efficient generation of ATP through conversion of O2+sugar to CO2. Eukaryotic cells can rely on fermentation to generate additional ATP, without mitochondria, but doing so yields less energy per unit of food (e.g. muscle "burn" during difficult exercise is caused by cells desperately making extra ATP via fermentation)
To me, your thought process is a good one :) It is tempting to conclude that these organisms could "afford" to lose their mitochondria because of their parasitic lifestyle; that is, absorbing nutrients and energy from the host while generating less of its own.
Glycolysis already generates ATP and it occurs in the host cell; what mitochondria do is generate more energy out of what is essentially the byproduct of glycolysis - which is pyruvate.
The O2 just happens to be the terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondrion's electron transport chain, which is what powers the vast majority of ATP production. The CO2 comes from the Citric Acid Cycle, after the pyruvate is processed and enters the cycle.
@@MadRob11 It is tempting to think that because it is true. There are Several ATP producing reactions which they can use but the amount of ATP they need is reduced so maintaining mitochondria slowly becomes unecessary.
@@MadRob11 i didn't know fermentation alone could generate the atp necessary to generate/sustain all the organelles. it's a weird eukaryote for sure!
In addition to classical fermentation we do in our cells, these organisms also can make hydrogen gas which makes it possible to oxidize some of the reducing equivalents. So the terminal electron acceptor of metabolism is actually protons. Protists are so cool.
As many of you have pointed out this is not as efficient as oxidative phosphorylation but perhaps because food is not really limiting its enough :)
Wonderful as always Anton. Thank you. 😊
These eukaryotes are parasitic and are in various stages of making the mitochondria reduntant by getting their ATP from other ATP forming reactions like the arginine deiminase pathway, glycolysis plus several others. Same situation as when cave dwelling animals lose their sight and eventually their eyes through lack of use.
A new book published by Austin Macauley Publishers titled From Chemistry to Life on Earth outlines abiogenesis in great detail with a solution to the evolution of the genetic code and the ribosome as well as the cell in general using 290 references, 50 illustrations and several information tables with a proposed molecular natural selection formula with a worked example for ATP.
0:16 that is it folks, we are getting Parasite Eve 3 (its a game about evil mitochondria) (yes, really).
Jokes aside, this is a very, very interesting discovery.
I’d like a remaster/remake of the first.. loved that game. Except for the inability to skip text..that got annoying after first couple play throughs
Tremendous stuff. So much still to discover & understand.
Great video Anton! 😊❤
I always thought a eukaryote was a grocery store without a bag boy 😏
😅
that's a good one
Very good. 😅
A most regrettable joke 😂😂😂
No dummy! It's a take out only fast food restaurant! (Every body knows that.) 🙄😂
They should measure its cell potential to see if it generates electricity using its cell wall
It's electric!
So it's absorbing energy directly through its host without a conversion process. Sounds more parasitic...
I know this video probably won't be as successful as the usual astronomical ones, but holy crap is this potentially big. I wonder if there is a link between how these organisms produce ATP and why mitochondria exist to begin with. We know most early cells were probably extremophiles. Maybe as conditions on Earth became more and more tame, these early ways of producing ATP just weren't enough. So some procaryote somehow ended up inside an eucaryote. The eucaryote was more efficient at acquiring food, while the procaryote was more efficient at processing that food in its new rich environment.
The proto eukaryote didn't always have an endosymbiont to begin with. People commonly believe that an endosymbiosis is a prerequisite to eukaryogenesis, but that's likely not necessarily the case.
@@Gelatinocyte2 I'd like to think mytochondria used to be a parasite, and its dismantling in modern parasites is some billion year irony.
A complete mystery is an opportunity for another video. I love that approach to life. Also very much looking forward to more information on mitochondria, they are fascinating.
Yo that thumbnail hits hard
It's aliens. Eat that Fermi!
They may even be using dark matter mitochondria, so we can't see them.
I hope you'll talk a bit about mitochondria biogenesis, as well as mitochondria transplants. I'm curious how easily it would be to transplant mitochondria into cells.
very interesting to have no remaining mitochondrial relics
Ah yes, the favorite of western USA waterways. Giardia. Thought I recognized that picture! If the organism is odd, the incidence of its effects on hosts is just as weird. Some are asymptomatic, while others get terribly ill. Giardia is a well known but very enigmatic critter! There are also a lot of humans who carry it as a constant companion, most without any noticeable ill effect. Where are today's Dickson Despommiers?
Oh god, took me ten years to recover from an infection with those things. They are horrendous.
Thank you, yet another amazing presentation Anton! Keep up this work on your excellent channel! Well done!
All the knowledge about mitochondria’s can be compiled into a single statement: *The Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell*
Mitochondria *are* the powerhouse of the cell. (The singular is "mitochrondrion.")
@@douglaswilkinson5700 very fancy
@@BGTech1 You should thank me for taking the time to correct the mistake.
What is a powerhouse?
@@carmenmccauley585 Obviously it’s the thing that the mitochondria is
Life finds a way
The thing that amazed me so much was the fact that they hadn't noticed this earlier.
Now apply that to literally every bit of conversational western knowledge 😂
We find hundereds of new species every year. The more you look the more you find.
imo they did they're just ready to release it to he public now as with many things
@KnicksNYanks84 I'm curious, do you mean that in terms of "having dotted their i's and crossed their t's first" or some kind of conspiracy theory?
@@johnassal5838 yes to reconfirm their findings
MightNOT-ochondria
good one
Great video and big smile at the end as always!!
They had horizontal gene transfer from bacteria that lets them do iron-sulfur assembly without mitochondria
I refreshed my sub page and saw the thumbnail changed from smiling to serious.
I guess this is pretty heavy stuff!
Funny you mention termites, I'm currently catching a bunch as a nuptial flight just started 😂
Very cool wow and thank you anton!
This may turn out to be a very important new field of study.
Very interesting video, but I have to express doubts about cells that have a million mitochondria. I probably missunderstood what you were saying.
Great vid Anton!! Incredibly interesting!!
This is so cool, given that life started several times on Earth, on different locations and occasions and managed to merge together giving us cellular organelles... I wish that more of this merging happened and that life was more diverse on this planet.
Probably a good sign that the universe is filled with an infinite number of life forms of which we don't even know how to detect them.
Wat
@@beau691 Psychedelics aren't play things, kids.
Splendidly odd, thanks.
It's a zenomorph. Handle with care.
It's nice to see that there may exist not only one solution to a crucial feature.
Can you imagine future modified humans that no longer need oxygen to survive
This new species thing will NEVER stop ❤
How do we get that orange shirt? I don’t see it in the store. - never mind. Found it
The evolution of your channel has been fun to watch. I do miss that “what da math” intro tho! 😂
I wonder what would happen if a couple mitochondria were introduced to these cells
Hey Anton!
Something I don't understand. If earth and it's environment is so conducive for life....how come we don't see "new" life springing up all through history? A thousand times, a million times? Why did it start and then no "new" life came up after that.
Glycolysis. Single called organisms can sometimes get “ enough” atp production anaerobically though glycolysis ( fermentation) which occurs outside mitochondria. Yeast are eukaryotic and do it in absence of O2 in fermentation.
Saying that mitochondria are generally crucial for eukaryotes, but ignoring that protozoa are eukaryotes, and just mentioning another example of eukaryotes not needing mitochondria (protozoa typically have either mitochondria, or chloroplasts, or some even both, despite also either one not being fully functional or doing something else completely. Protozoa are a mix of everything that doesn´t stick anywhere else on the tree of life). Plus, many beings manage to make energy without needing oxygen (at least directly/free) through anaerobic pathways, using biochemical processes like alcoholic fermentation. Even our cells, when oxygen is low, do it, producing lactic acid, etc...
Yeah! There's been quite a miscommunication on cellular biology in schools. Not many people even knew that oxygen isn't even an absolute necessity for most life outside kingdom animalia, and that it's even toxic to some.
I wonder what the possibility is that some of these organisms are not from the LUCA family but a remnant of a whole different FUCA branch
The power of this organism is irrepressible!
Not an animal, not a plant, not a fung_us_. To be precise. Thanks for your good videos!
Not among us
Thank you Anton!!!
Fascinating!
Nailed that thumbnail Anton 😁 That grin is always a winner
That they can compete with mitochondrial life and survive is impressive...
Fascinating, thanks 👍❤
A handfull of Mitochondria in a cell!? Wow, they can really pack them in there.
I always learn so much here
Hello Anton. This is wonderful person.
Thanks Anton
Is there any forum, any means of communicating with you to discuss a physics Concept that I do not believe has been Explored Sufficiently, is Foundationally Critical?
Every time I see the Robinhood add,I gotta say they have the big interest...but it's a scam because the charge more of a fee to take the money back.
Mitochondria is the one defacto evidense that all life comes from the same place, we are all connected.
Creepy Smile Anton
In biology there's a saying. It's a lot easier to lose a trait than to gain a trait.
The hypothesis that archea prokaryotic cell that have circular DNA jumping in to linear chromosome which requires centerioles /centromere to allow the eukaryotic chromosome to independently recombine and segregate. It’s a big step and required multiple evolutionary steps which all have been missing in our knowledge of single cell organisms. So far we should not forget the only entity that has linear DNA is prokaryote, but they are viruses
Some archaea have linear chromosomes.
Weird. Are bacteria magically not an organism?
No. Weird bacteria are magically organisms. 😅
Thanks!
Poor theists, another 'in between' step discovered even if not chronologically.
Poor Dutch lion!
Fascinating
So mitochondria - need for energy? I ask because termites would need quite a bit of energy to break down cellulose. No mitochondria would need to acquire chemical energies, in which case anaerobic environments do have a few options.
Anton, can we get the Foil edition Wonder Person shirt on the premium shirts?
5:35 Shadow biome!
Metamonad is the name of my new prog metal band
Thanks
Such a gigachad, he is the powerhouse!
I used to think that Giardia sp. also lacks mitocondria. Maybe my informatiom was outdated.
There are some species of eukaryote that _do_ lack mitochondria, but still have remnants or some semblance of it - either leftover mitochondrial genes in the nucleus, or a highly devolved mitochondrion which lacks its own DNA and ribosomes.
"[A]nd this was confirmed through Gene sequencing where not a single mitochondrial protein was discovered inside the cell." Gene sequencing does not discover protein.
I'm wondering if early eukaryotic nuclear membranes evolved as a barrier against the new mitochondrial "invaders"
Clearly they are responsible for helping humans buid the pyramids. 🧐
Anything called "Mitochondria," has to be strange! Sounds like an ingredient put into a lot of my "processed foods! Is Anton just making this stuff up?
best smile in the world
It outputs hydrogen? Interesting.
Why does it NOT make sense though?
Maybe it’s not from this world?
👽👍
They make atp the same way prokaryotic cells do…. They have those genes in their own genome. CRISPR was a bacterial immune system component before it was used in gene editing. My assumption: these cells tried to protect themselves against the “mitochondrial” cell by doing a crispr and taking reverse compliment. It just so happened to be that this particular compliment was incorporated in such a way as to make a new protein coding gene that was functional. Now cell has become death.
So where does this thing live?
the reason [skoliomonas litria] does not have mitochondria is due to its adaptation to an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment. in such environments, mitochondria are not necessary for energy production. instead, skoliomonas litria likely relies on alternative biochemical pathways to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell. this adaptation allows it to thrive in conditions where oxygen is limited or absent.
The possibilities...
70% meme, 30% all other comments
Chinchilla
🤘😁
Please start the Mitochondria video with "Mitochondria is the Powerhouse of the Cell" just to get it out of the way. An entire generation grew up with that drilled into our brains!
Interesting discovery. Thanks Anton. Mutation or evolution?
They're the same thing, but evolution generally describes a span of time, whereas mutation is an occurrence on a particular point in time.
Hey Anton! You're a Unikont.
Happiest thumbnail ever?
Giardia has been known to have no mitochondria for quite many years…. This is interesting but not new
@7:30
Could these organisms be former parasites who've lost their mitochondria before becoming free living once again?
Or did they evolve from anaerobic eukaryotes who've adapted somehow to aerobic conditions??
Did I hear right? The study hasn't even been published yet?
The metanomads will come to kick you in the metagonads!
Oh I've gotten this all mixed. Don't know what to do.
Hints of the existence of a 'dark biosphere'?
I've done that.