Very clear presentation. I can think of a few natural mitigating factors that could slow warming rate (not stop warming). But we have to adapt. Try to prevent 'runaway global warming' if we can. 3.1 billion people in the planet when I was born (1961). 8 billion now. And we're all big materialists now.
Great study. Thanks for keeping eyes open! Big chunks at once, or a lot of little ones. No one can deny it's accelerated. Scientists know it, politics deny it.
👍 Ponder what is to come. The Arctic melt is about to accelerate as the Door stop to Thwaites is about to be pulled. This is short term Bad for man, long term good for the planet.
Nice presentation, but it would be nice if Jason could consult the work of Jim Massa about Deep Ocean Heat. The oceans have absorbed 93% of all heat in the last 4 decades. When I first knew of him in January 2020, there was 200 ZJ of heat. In 6 months, it increased to 226 ZJ, then it started rising. And it wasn't due to aerosols. Leon Simons and James Hanson can't explain their charts and the rise from 2010, so they blocked me instead of answering our questions. There is now over 500 ZJ. Thermodynamics are causing our problems today. A half of a degree rise this century? It will only be a couple of years at our present rate.
Considering these volunteers are far better than our fascist state and corporations at informing community, good to encourage more than give constructive criticism IMO. Love both their work and yes, the now deep sea heating has reached alarming rates, it should be included.
@rd264 how did America become such a horrible place for good people? Trump will attack any American against his goal of removing everyone's freedom but his own. Someone who will burn America to the ground just to rule over the ashes
Followed. Non-specialist here. As I understand it, the main point is that chaotic weather processes result in a faster ice loss on each ice sheet than in current CMIP6 models. What I thought I might hear about as 'long term variations' was the Greenland ice sheet tipping point and effect of warmer air as the surface altitude decreases.
@grindupBakerI think the AMOC heats the North Atlantic all year. If it collapses the climate equator moves south making the north even colder… bad for Scandinavia. Here are some references I (unfortunately) only half understand. Search for: Extreme cold events in Europe under a reduced AMOC Virna L Meccia1,∗, Claudia Simolo1, Katinka Bellomo2,3 and Susanna Corti1 Open Letter by Climate Scientists to the Nordic Council of Ministers Reykjavik, October 2024 Also this: ua-cam.com/video/ZHNNW8c_FaA/v-deo.htmlsi=f2FCQ9bJ8WYfS_7i
The vast majority of people have neither the time nor the intellectual curiosity to sit down and absorb this kind of knowledge. And part of this vast majority is virtually all politicians. The vast majority is preoccupied with themselves now and tomorrow, not the rest of the world in the next ten, twenty, thirty years. It's a shame climate change is so slow. Even if it was 10x faster, I doubt the majority would wake up to the approaching cliff up ahead.
Thanks Jason, really well explained. Perhaps we need a dozen volcanos to erupt for some natural masking. But as you say, the unintended consequences, which are happening anyway. "Yea, here we go".
At the end of your talk you said that the observed sea level rise contribution was higher than model projections. Are observations within the margin of error of the model projections?
The real problem is: our climate models worst case scenarios are exceeded. Like temperature rise is above worst case scenario. Or same has been the case for emissions. So real data shows that models underestimate the reality. IPCC process is part of this problem, but also many scientists just does not want to see that reality is as bad as it is. Even when their own dara shows worse results itis often downplayed in piblications and for the public. Also hardly anyone wants to hear how bad the situation really is.
The trend in Earth Energy Imbalance (EEI) has definitely been upward during the last 21 years, so from that point of view, ice melt will increase. Also, heat transfer from the tropics toward the poles will become more efficient as the tropics get warmer. Thus, from that point of view, one can expect that in the 2030s, only about 7/8 of EEI will go into making the ocean get warmer. Another way of saying the same thing is that the tropical portions of the ocean can only get so warm before the rate of ice melt greatly increases.
The vast majority of the Sun's rays strikes in equatorial and near equatorial regions, between 30 degrees north and south latitude, and yes, as the upper 800 meters of ocean in and near the tropics gets closer to equilibrium, vertical transport of heat downward becomes a less effective means of transporting newly added heat. However, horizontal tranport of heat northward or southward improves for a couple of main reasons. 1. Sea water experiences more density decrease per degree Celsius at higher temperature, disproportionally adding to the amount of buoyancy in the top 800 meters of tropical and near tropical ocean, which in turn increases the tendency to move poleward to overtop nearby cooler water at the surface. 2. Saturated air carries more additional latent heat per degree Celsius at higher temperature, adding disportionally to the amount of latent heat transported poleward when tropical or near tropical air moves poleward. Thus, whether the heat tranport is from sensible heat being transported poleward by ocean water or from latent heat being transported poleward by saturated air, poleward heat transport is improved at higher temperature, making the climate change process of tropicalization faster. The regions near the poles are where the sea level ice and near sea level ice are found. As the process of tropicalization progresses faster than would be expected from an approximation of a constant change in the amount of sea water buoyancy and saturated air latent heat per degree Celsius, the rate of ice melt also increases faster than would be expected from that same approximation.
Carrying on in the same theme, overall temperature increase within the Arctic Circle has been 4 times that of the world overall. The +6 degree sea surface temperature contour has during the Northern Hemisphere Summer thus sometimes advanced to the north of the Svalbard Archipelago. For a few days in the Summer of 2024, the island of Northeastland in that archipelago was about 3/4 surrounded by the +6 degree Celsius sea surface temperature contour. The result was that the snow cover on half of the island's glacial cover completely melted away, exposing a substantial part of the glacial cover to sunlight. From a scientific perspective, it might be valuable to understand why the location of the +6 degree sea surface temperature contour is mathematically important to preservation of near sea level year round glacial cover. To begin with, snow cover is "metastable" on up to a temperture of +0.01 degrees Celsius, which is the "triple point temperature" of water. The vapor pressure of water at that temperature is 611.7 pascals. If air has that amount of vapor pressure, precipitation is just as happy to fall in the form of snow as in the form of rain. As an approximation of the melting abilty of the vapor pressure of water in the air then, one must subtract 611.7 pascals from the actual vapor pressure. Imagine in the near future that due to global warming some small glacier-covered island gets fully surrounded by the +6 degree sea surface contour. Dewpoint as measured by some weather observation station 50 or so meters above sea level might be +5 1/2 or +6 1/2 degrees Celsius, translating to 903.3 or 968.0 pascals respectively. Subtracting the 611.7 pascal number, that gives a melting score of 291.6 pascals or 356.3 pascals respectively. With that high of a dewpoint temperature, rain instead of snow might be expected to fall on a hilltop as high as a kilometer above sea level. A higher dewpoint temperature is associated with higher rainfall temperature at any given altitude, and therefore more glacier melting power at any given altitude, as long as the temperature of the rain at that altitude is greater than +0.01 degrees Celsius. Every pascal of vapor pressure over that 611.7 number is also associated with more potential rainfall. A further world temperature increase of 1/4 degree Celsius, keeping in mind the 4x multiplier effect on temperature within the Arctic Circle, would tend to change the furthest Summer advance of the +6 degree sea surface temperature contour poleward into the furthest advance of the +7 degree Celsius temperature contour. Melting altitude would increase further, rainfall would increase further, and the temperature of the raindrops falling atop the glaciers would increase further. Also, the number of days per Summer would increase at many Arctic Ocean locations of sea surface temperature of +6 degrees Celsius or higher. Short version: Glaciologists complain all the time that the computer models that are made available to them keep substantially underestimating trends in glacier melt. In summary, for a number of reasons explained above in this discussion chain, every 1/4 degree Celsius of world temperature increase makes a real difference in how fast leftover glaciers from the time of the Ice Age will melt away. The glaciologists and their observations are right, and the computer models are wrong. Although possibly not already "baked in" by the current Northern Hemisphere CO2 sea level dry air partial pressure of 43 pascals now in the year 2024, expected further increases in atmospheric CO2 thus make a 4-meter or greater rise in sea level in the next 100 years a strong possibility. The associated pace of glacial melt also would greatly change weather patterns in many parts of the world in the next 100 years.
You are right to point out the rebound effect on land masses from which the ice load is reduced; this isn’t a simple Northern hemisphere vs Southern hemisphere effect though; the UK for example has land rising in the northwest and falling in the southeast- still ongoing after the last ice age. This effect will determine the local effects of global sea level rise. We are way off the pace in responding to the realities of climate change
18:30 according to Jason, I'm a "legend"! :o) I felt the presentation ended abruptly, unfortunately. As a follow up, I hope Jason can explain in detail how models work; who develop them and how they are developed against the real world data that Jason, Hubbard et al., collect in the field. That would make an interesting presentation too: "The day in the life of a climate modeller" or summat like that!
Solar cycle 25 and the polar vortex and insane proton flux fuelled solar winds and storms are going to contribute to the glare melting which we just cannot measure yet. Fun times! Let's hope the world takes notice and get some realistic expectations for climate migration quickly!
I'm pretty sure a fair share of current South to North migration in both Latin America and Africa, are caused because of land degradation intensified by climate change plus population surplus. Pop Surplus is relative of course, as harvests become unsure, less mouths can be fed and folks go on the move, first to the cities then on to the North. I've read several stories witnessing of grandfather's fields drying out and losing topsoil. It'll become increasingly dramatic as changes escalate. We'll be hearing more of this!
I can see two possible answers to your question, and have no expertise in this area myself and don't have access to the paper. Firstly, as I understand it full Greenland collapse is estimated from paleo evidence from the Eemian, and I recall a range quoted 0.8 to 3.0 °C. You would get some mass loss below wherever that point is, but it only becomes self-sustaining at something like 2 °C. Secondly, I'll have to rewatch, but I thought the y-axis might be local temperatures rather than global mean surface temperatures.
The observation here is that phasing out pollution based sulfates causing asthma for young Jill, and Jack we have lost the battle for climate control. Planet stability was better off with dirty energy than with so called clean energy.
cleaner air is good..but it could be argued less soot, ash , smoke from coal burning means the Suns rays cut through with more intensity. The main heat trap now is moisture
Satellite data from 1979 onwards (ERSSTv3b) shows the Southern Ocean has cooled by upto 0.2°C per decade and Antarctica has also been cooling by an impressive 0.7°C per decade, with the east of the continent cooling substantial and statistically significantly by 2.8°C since 1980 (reanalysed ERA5 satellite dataset).
All this ice melt and sea level rise DOES NOT contribute to more water vis a vis the Colorado River and the subsequent filling of Lakes Powell and Lake Mead. This means that Las Vegas and the rest of the region i.e. Los Angeles, the valley, Phoenix etc., will experience extreme water deficits and a subsequent crash in real estate prices as people sell in panic and flee/migrate to the northern states and regions where the atmospheric rivers have also moved/shifted to.
This can take several thousand years to work out though. the British isles are still adjusting after the last deglaciation following the Last Glacial Maximum. Central Scotland is rising by about 2mm/year where I am in Cornwall is going down by 1mm/year, because it was beyond the ice-sheets and never glaciated.
@@mawkernewek Isostatic Rebound Timing H results, here’s a summary of the timing and rates of isostatic rebound: Initial rapid rebound: Immediately after the ice sheets melt, the land begins to rebound quickly, with rates of up to several centimeters per year. This rapid rebound is due to the elastic response of the Earth’s crust to the removal of the heavy ice load. Slowing down: As time passes, the rebound rate slows down exponentially. This is because the asthenosphere, the Earth’s mantle beneath the crust, begins to flow more slowly, resisting the upward motion of the crust. Long-term rates: Over thousands of years, the rebound rate becomes much slower, typically measured in millimeters per year. For example: In the Hudson Bay region, it’s estimated that the land will take around 10,000 years to fully recover from the weight of the last ice age. In Fennoscandia (northern Europe), the rebound rate is around 1-2 cm/year, but slows down to around 0.5 mm/year over longer timescales. Regional variations: Isostatic rebound rates can vary significantly depending on the location and thickness of the former ice sheets. For example, areas with thicker ice sheets, like Hudson Bay, experience more rapid rebound, while areas with thinner ice sheets, like northern Europe, experience slower rebound. Holocene record: The study of Holocene strandlines (former shorelines) provides a continuous record of emergence over the past 8,000 years. At least 935 feet of recovery (isostatic rebound) has been recorded in this timeframe.
There is a portion of the northeastern Baltic Sea region that still rises by about a meter per century from the loss of ice cover thousands of years ago. If ice sheet loss has occurred especially recently, there is suspicion based on the ancient behavior of Lake Ontario to the south of of the Canadian province of Ontario that post glacial rebound can initially happen at a rate of about 10 meters per century, but eventually greatly slows down as geological equibrium gets close to being achieved. At some time during the next several centuries, mankind seems poised to verify and record in real time the post glacial rebound rates of Greenland and West Antarctica in response after the current ice sheet cover eventually melts away from those two regions.
Global temperature does not melt ice. Local temperature might. Greenland's southern tip at the moment -11 C. If you measure the air temperature, there is a one-way valve. If the air is warm, it tends to rise up and has no good contact with the ice. If the air is cold, it sinks down and hits the ice. According to traditional climate theory, polar areas are high-pressure areas: very cold air is coming down from the top of toposphere. It was a bit surprise to me to see how often polar areas are cloudy even if high-pressure. Albedo is on the back of the clouds, surface albedo does not matter - so much. Are you sure, the glacier is the only thing causing gravity? Underground magma can not move because you can not see it moving? Local temperature is real, global temperature is just statistics.
@grindupBaker When the ice has left the continent, it is no more continental. Rather expartiate. Anyway, this way the melting can not proceed to the continent.
Land use is that other leg of climate change swept under the computational rug. It doesn’t help that every piece of landscape is now a carbon source. Not surprising because we’ve paved over or cleared natural it, with cities, and farms. And when you tear up biome and the vegetation that grows upon it, their water and temperature management and carbon cycles are all obliterated, modernity papers over the lost fertility with fossil fuels; every unit of land under cultivation is related to 10 cal of fossil fuels for every calorie brought to table. I don’t quite know if the climate models account for the amount of ecological damage a storm like Helene inflicted. 150 trillion liters of water dumped on landscape scoured away good deal of topsoil and vegetation. US South won’t be exchanging CO2 for oxygen anywhere the same rate for a little while. It is an ecological disaster these regions will not have a chance to really recover from.
@grindupBaker these days I am also wearing a little bit about the I want to say .3 / .4 Gt of plastics in the environment, where we’re beginning to realize that life has biochemistry to consume it. All that garbage floating everywhere represents a unique food source to be metabolized into CO2 and water. A little ironic because we use plastic be because it’s durable. That would change if it decayed like paper or wood or even a piece of fruit. It makes at least for a good scary story.
NOAA's Global Time Series Average Temperature Anomaly monthly data (1995-2004) for the Arctic region shows the peak anomaly occurred in January 2016 (+4.99°C), an El Niño year, and the trend is now downwards (-0.42°C per decade) as of June 2024. HadCRUT4 Arctic (70N - 90N) monthly surface air temperature anomalies record (1920-2021) shows the greatest number and magnitude of positive temperature anomalies occurred between 1930-49. All anomalies in excess of 5°C, including +7°C (referenced to 1961-1990) are from that period. No temperature anomalies from 2000-2019 exceeded 5°C. It shows no decade warmed faster than the 1930s and the current 'warming' finished in 2005. JRA55 SAT (2010-2020) shows most of the Canadian Arctic and Greenland cooling with parts of Canada cooling by 3°C and western Greenland cooling by 2.5°C in a decade. KNMI data (Twentieth Century Reanalysis V2c, 1851-2011, 68°N-80°N, 25°W-60°W, so Greenland) shows the most pronounced warming took place in the 1870s, and when comparing temperature anomalies, highest are in the 1930s and comparison of that period with recent temperature anomalies shows no net warming.
What I never understand about global warming presentations is the fact historical facts show it was warmer in the past than now, but somehow we are in a crisis. Greenland was farmed by the Vikings for hundreds of years, there are ancient vineyards 200 miles north of current growing ranges, the bubonic plague was able to move into Northern Europe and the mountains in Asia due to warmer temps. None of these things are close to being possible today so why is there so much drama? And no, the medieval warming was not local….its impossible for a “heat wave” to be in one small area for 700 years, it had to be global.
The paleo-climate had the time, thousands of years, to equilibrate. ie. the on-ground effects had plenty of time to catch-up to the limited CO2 forcing. Presently, as shown by the slide 4:25 that had the present/last inter-glacial/previous inter-glacial CO2 vs sea-level-rise, we have raised CO2 at break-neck speed and the warming/ice-loss/SLR are pressured to keep up. Therefore we eventually will reach our commitment (via forcing by CO2) of 4-8 degrees C and 6m-40m SLR. That much heat causes catastrophes untold. That much SLR causes human migration not by the millions, by the billions. Unless we bring the forcing (CO2) down. Subtext: This crisis is critical to the survival of at least half of all life on the planet, humans included. ps. This is not like the Viking or Medieval warming's. This would cause global agricultural collapse and wide-spread desertification, plus the flooding of every coastal region and river delta.
@ Hate to break it to you sweetie but the Greenland ice cores show it was much warmer in the past….but it was also much colder. Here is the part that crushes your argument….the rise in temp always preceded the rise in C02. C02 cannot be a greenhouse gas, it sits at the surface and cannot trap heat.
Without greenhouse effect, Earth temp would be 0 (zero) F or -18'C, from about +57F or +14C today. That's all due mainly to CO2 in the atmosphere. The other dominant greenhouse gas water vapor, changes with the weather and is not determining. CO2 concentration is. We've raised CO2 conctrnation with two thirds since onset of industrialization, to the level of the Pliocene, the last warmer era before the eon of Ice Ages, over 2,5 million years ago. Temps were 2 to 3 C higher, sea levels stood 20-40 meters (76 to 135 feet) up compared to today. We can expect climate to veer back to those temps in a very short period, decades, about the same time frame that it took to cool down to the little ice age. But difference in temp will be way bigger, making it extremely tough for our modern, worldwide, last minute delivery based economy. We no longer have horse powered agriculture or paper & coins based trade like back then, we are totally dependent on our modern technologies running uninterrupted - such vast changes in climate will make all that highly doubtful. You wouldn't have your own farm garden and orchard in the backyard, do you ?
@@RunQC You talking to me bro ? You try and take your Hummer to temps that T Rex had. Well not that much, but plus 2 is expected in 20-30 years. As agriculture is _very_ dependent on climate being stabile, count on your burgers and beer to triple in price around that. What you call propaganda is simply science. Earth would some 60F colder without carbon in the atmosphere, we've added two thirds of what was already there, and it's going to change your weather, whether your believe it or not. If you under 40, better move to some place where they know how to grow their own food, as Walmart will not be stocked at some point in A not too far future. Can also hang around and find that there indeed has been a lot of lies and propaganda - but not from the science side.
You know the polar centers move. It has taken a million years, but the northern polar center is north of Greenland. As the polar region moves over water the planet will warm. Which we were only 8*C from snowball earth last glaciation. As the northern polar center moves over the Arctic ocean next glaciation won't be as cold. Which inter-glacials or interstadials only last so long and we are towards the end of the current one. We see a spike in CO2 at the end of every interstadial. That's not CO2 lag. That's CO2 super cooling. Insulation works both ways to keep stuff hot and to keep stuff cold. CO2 makes a better coolant than insulation. Perhaps do your own research. The new study makes clear that the deep ice at Camp Century -- some 75 miles inland from the coast and only 800 miles from the North Pole -- entirely melted at least once within the last million years and was covered with vegetation, including moss and perhaps trees. The new research, supported by the National Science Foundation, lines up with data from two other ice cores from the center of Greenland, collected in 1990s. Which shows the reason the planet has gotten so cold is the polar centers being over land. This is shown in Antarctica too. That the polar center there has been moving to one side of the continent. Which is why it now rains one side of Antarctica. And the cold water corals have flourished there. The climate is always changing. Egypt was once a bread basket. And let's not forget the Antarctic and Arctic are the biggest deserts on the planet. Satellite data have recently revealed that between 2002 and 2019, the mesosphere and lower thermosphere cooled by 3.1 degrees F (1.7 degrees C ). Mlynczak estimates that the doubling of CO2 levels thought likely by later this century will cause a cooling in these zones of around 13.5 degrees F (7.5 degrees C), which is between two and three times faster than the average warming expected at ground level. Imagine the ice melting and ending up in the Sahara. Less fossil fuels actually means a hotter planet. IPCC even recognized cutting SO2 would raise the temps. As in the 70's we were seeing global dimming. Now we have global brightening adding to global warming making every thing under the sun hotter.
"northern polar center" what is that? You mean the geographic north pole? "As the polar region moves over water the planet will warm." what would be the mechanism? "We see a spike in CO2 at the end of every interstadial." Where does it come from? " CO2 makes a better coolant than insulation." under what conditions? Afterall, Venus is quite hot. "entirely melted at least once within the last million years and was covered with vegetation" That was understood for several decades now (Gris). You probably refer to publication in 2021 (DOI:10.1073/pnas.2021442118). "Which shows the reason the planet has gotten so cold is the polar centers being over land. " Explain, how do the ice cores show that? "the mesosphere and lower thermosphere cooled by 3.1 degrees F (1.7 degrees C )" Yes, as predicted by the climate models. Which btw is evidence against the usual claim of "it is the sun". "Less fossil fuels actually means a hotter planet." And you think that because you see the cooling effect of CO2 in the upper atmosphere? I am sorry, but I got the impression you do not quite understand what you were writing about.
A better geological time frame to look at, from an point of view of partial dry air pressure of CO2 at sea level is toward the end of the Langhian Age, around the year 14,000,000 BCE. Partial pressures are most often expressed in units called "pascals", representing 1 newton per square meter of pressure. Even 1 pascal can make a difference with CO2. Around the year 1500 CE some 500 years ago, the partial pressure for CO2 was about 28 1/2 pascals. Greenland was mostly frozen over in year round ice then. During a time known as the Eemian, around the year 130,000 BCE, the value for CO2 was about 29 1/2 pascals, about 1 pascal higher. Combined with ideal astronomical conditions, that extra pascal allowed Greenland's year round ice cover to temporarily almost melt completely away. Now in the year 2024, the value is about 43 pascals. Ideal astronomical conditions are no longer needed to melt Greenland. Interestingly, 43 pascals was the approximate value near the end of the Langhian Age around the year 14,000,000 BCE. During the Langhian Age, both West Antarctica and Greenland had near zero year round ice cover. Keeping in mind that 1 extra pascal of CO2 can make a real difference, now in the 2020s CO2 has been increasing by a little over 1/4 pascal per year. Around January 2028, one can expect CO2 to rise to the 44 pascal mark. Year round ice on Greenland and West Antarctica can no longer, starting then, survive for a geologically lengthy time frame. Geologists often say, "The past is the key to the future." A new hotter climate equilibrium, once forced, will take time to re-establish, 600 years or so. People therefore should look to the Langhian Age to get a reasonable idea what Earth's climate will be in the 27th Century.
As recommended reading, see figure 3 in "Global Mean and Relative Sea-Level Changes over the 66 Myr: Implications for Earth Eocene Ice Sheets", in the scientific journal of the "Earth Science Systems Society", volume 3 - 2023. Peak sea level during the Langhian Age was about 50 meters above modern sea level, and can be thought of as an approximate worst case scenario for Langhian concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Of course, if mankind goes beyond Langhian Age amounts of CO2, worst case sea level rise becomes even higher.
Journal article title correction: The part of the title above that reads "Over the 66 Myr" should instead be "Over the Past 66 Myr". Also, there was an omission of a formal date of publication, which was 17 January 2024.
Great presentation. Hope it goes well for you today.
Great work and video. Thank you for making this public and free. 💚
Yay. Achievement unlocked! 🏆😅
Thank you so much for everything and good luck with your presentation. 😊
I understand that this was a rehearsal for a timed talk, but I'd love to see a longer version here.
Incredible, definitely in my top 3 Sea Ice/climate videos of all time 😃
Good Luck with your presentation. Best wishes: M
Very clear presentation.
I can think of a few natural mitigating factors that could slow warming rate (not stop warming).
But we have to adapt. Try to prevent 'runaway global warming' if we can.
3.1 billion people in the planet when I was born (1961). 8 billion now. And we're all big materialists now.
and whats Plan B?
@@rd264 Plan B?
We'll be back in a million years or two, to mess everything up again.
Great study. Thanks for keeping eyes open! Big chunks at once, or a lot of little ones. No one can deny it's accelerated. Scientists know it, politics deny it.
👍 Ponder what is to come. The Arctic melt is about to accelerate as the Door stop to Thwaites is about to be pulled. This is short term Bad for man, long term good for the planet.
Jungle Planet 🦚
Save the planet by burning fossil fuels. Save humans by shut the fossil fuel industry. Humans need cooperation to survive, 👋 its been fun
Brilliant. Thank you Jason.
Nice presentation, but it would be nice if Jason could consult the work of Jim Massa about Deep Ocean Heat. The oceans have absorbed 93% of all heat in the last 4 decades. When I first knew of him in January 2020, there was 200 ZJ of heat. In 6 months, it increased to 226 ZJ, then it started rising. And it wasn't due to aerosols. Leon Simons and James Hanson can't explain their charts and the rise from 2010, so they blocked me instead of answering our questions. There is now over 500 ZJ. Thermodynamics are causing our problems today. A half of a degree rise this century? It will only be a couple of years at our present rate.
Considering these volunteers are far better than our fascist state and corporations at informing community, good to encourage more than give constructive criticism IMO. Love both their work and yes, the now deep sea heating has reached alarming rates, it should be included.
@@nottenvironmental6208 Trump said the other day that he will fix climate sciencetists who complain about this on Day One by Executive Order.
@rd264 how did America become such a horrible place for good people? Trump will attack any American against his goal of removing everyone's freedom but his own. Someone who will burn America to the ground just to rule over the ashes
9:45 Good reappraisal/clarification to "enhances".
Thank you for this video.
Good luck today!
Much obliged for this update.
Followed. Non-specialist here. As I understand it, the main point is that chaotic weather processes result in a faster ice loss on each ice sheet than in current CMIP6 models. What I thought I might hear about as 'long term variations' was the Greenland ice sheet tipping point and effect of warmer air as the surface altitude decreases.
Lynn the legend here. Thanks for the presentation. Whew.
Do we understand how amoc slowdown/collapse will affect Greenland ice loss?
Exactly my question also.
@grindupBakerI think the AMOC heats the North Atlantic all year. If it collapses the climate equator moves south making the north even colder… bad for Scandinavia.
Here are some references I (unfortunately) only half understand.
Search for:
Extreme cold events in Europe under a reduced AMOC
Virna L Meccia1,∗, Claudia Simolo1, Katinka Bellomo2,3 and Susanna Corti1
Open Letter by Climate Scientists
to the Nordic Council of Ministers
Reykjavik, October 2024
Also this:
ua-cam.com/video/ZHNNW8c_FaA/v-deo.htmlsi=f2FCQ9bJ8WYfS_7i
The vast majority of people have neither the time nor the intellectual curiosity to sit down and absorb this kind of knowledge. And part of this vast majority is virtually all politicians. The vast majority is preoccupied with themselves now and tomorrow, not the rest of the world in the next ten, twenty, thirty years. It's a shame climate change is so slow. Even if it was 10x faster, I doubt the majority would wake up to the approaching cliff up ahead.
Thanks Jason, really well explained. Perhaps we need a dozen volcanos to erupt for some natural masking. But as you say, the unintended consequences, which are happening anyway. "Yea, here we go".
yeah great. all that lava.
At the end of your talk you said that the observed sea level rise contribution was higher than model projections. Are observations within the margin of error of the model projections?
The real problem is: our climate models worst case scenarios are exceeded. Like temperature rise is above worst case scenario. Or same has been the case for emissions. So real data shows that models underestimate the reality.
IPCC process is part of this problem, but also many scientists just does not want to see that reality is as bad as it is. Even when their own dara shows worse results itis often downplayed in piblications and for the public.
Also hardly anyone wants to hear how bad the situation really is.
The trend in Earth Energy Imbalance (EEI) has definitely been upward during the last 21 years, so from that point of view, ice melt will increase.
Also, heat transfer from the tropics toward the poles will become more efficient as the tropics get warmer. Thus, from that point of view, one can expect that in the 2030s, only about 7/8 of EEI will go into making the ocean get warmer. Another way of saying the same thing is that the tropical portions of the ocean can only get so warm before the rate of ice melt greatly increases.
Define 'more efficient' ?
@@DrSmooth2000 , more efficient meaning an increasing percentage of EEI applying to the melting of ice.
@@wendydelisse9778 so EEI finds the ocean closer to Equilibrium and thus less 'receptive' or useful and thus goes into the ice?
The vast majority of the Sun's rays strikes in equatorial and near equatorial regions, between 30 degrees north and south latitude, and yes, as the upper 800 meters of ocean in and near the tropics gets closer to equilibrium, vertical transport of heat downward becomes a less effective means of transporting newly added heat.
However, horizontal tranport of heat northward or southward improves for a couple of main reasons.
1. Sea water experiences more density decrease per degree Celsius at higher temperature, disproportionally adding to the amount of buoyancy in the top 800 meters of tropical and near tropical ocean, which in turn increases the tendency to move poleward to overtop nearby cooler water at the surface.
2. Saturated air carries more additional latent heat per degree Celsius at higher temperature, adding disportionally to the amount of latent heat transported poleward when tropical or near tropical air moves poleward.
Thus, whether the heat tranport is from sensible heat being transported poleward by ocean water or from latent heat being transported poleward by saturated air, poleward heat transport is improved at higher temperature, making the climate change process of tropicalization faster.
The regions near the poles are where the sea level ice and near sea level ice are found. As the process of tropicalization progresses faster than would be expected from an approximation of a constant change in the amount of sea water buoyancy and saturated air latent heat per degree Celsius, the rate of ice melt also increases faster than would be expected from that same approximation.
Carrying on in the same theme, overall temperature increase within the Arctic Circle has been 4 times that of the world overall.
The +6 degree sea surface temperature contour has during the Northern Hemisphere Summer thus sometimes advanced to the north of the Svalbard Archipelago. For a few days in the Summer of 2024, the island of Northeastland in that archipelago was about 3/4 surrounded by the +6 degree Celsius sea surface temperature contour. The result was that the snow cover on half of the island's glacial cover completely melted away, exposing a substantial part of the glacial cover to sunlight.
From a scientific perspective, it might be valuable to understand why the location of the +6 degree sea surface temperature contour is mathematically important to preservation of near sea level year round glacial cover.
To begin with, snow cover is "metastable" on up to a temperture of +0.01 degrees Celsius, which is the "triple point temperature" of water. The vapor pressure of water at that temperature is 611.7 pascals. If air has that amount of vapor pressure, precipitation is just as happy to fall in the form of snow as in the form of rain. As an approximation of the melting abilty of the vapor pressure of water in the air then, one must subtract 611.7 pascals from the actual vapor pressure.
Imagine in the near future that due to global warming some small glacier-covered island gets fully surrounded by the +6 degree sea surface contour. Dewpoint as measured by some weather observation station 50 or so meters above sea level might be +5 1/2 or +6 1/2 degrees Celsius, translating to 903.3 or 968.0 pascals respectively. Subtracting the 611.7 pascal number, that gives a melting score of 291.6 pascals or 356.3 pascals respectively. With that high of a dewpoint temperature, rain instead of snow might be expected to fall on a hilltop as high as a kilometer above sea level. A higher dewpoint temperature is associated with higher rainfall temperature at any given altitude, and therefore more glacier melting power at any given altitude, as long as the temperature of the rain at that altitude is greater than +0.01 degrees Celsius. Every pascal of vapor pressure over that 611.7 number is also associated with more potential rainfall.
A further world temperature increase of 1/4 degree Celsius, keeping in mind the 4x multiplier effect on temperature within the Arctic Circle, would tend to change the furthest Summer advance of the +6 degree sea surface temperature contour poleward into the furthest advance of the +7 degree Celsius temperature contour. Melting altitude would increase further, rainfall would increase further, and the temperature of the raindrops falling atop the glaciers would increase further. Also, the number of days per Summer would increase at many Arctic Ocean locations of sea surface temperature of +6 degrees Celsius or higher.
Short version: Glaciologists complain all the time that the computer models that are made available to them keep substantially underestimating trends in glacier melt.
In summary, for a number of reasons explained above in this discussion chain, every 1/4 degree Celsius of world temperature increase makes a real difference in how fast leftover glaciers from the time of the Ice Age will melt away. The glaciologists and their observations are right, and the computer models are wrong.
Although possibly not already "baked in" by the current Northern Hemisphere CO2 sea level dry air partial pressure of 43 pascals now in the year 2024, expected further increases in atmospheric CO2 thus make a 4-meter or greater rise in sea level in the next 100 years a strong possibility. The associated pace of glacial melt also would greatly change weather patterns in many parts of the world in the next 100 years.
You are right to point out the rebound effect on land masses from which the ice load is reduced; this isn’t a simple Northern hemisphere vs Southern hemisphere effect though; the UK for example has land rising in the northwest and falling in the southeast- still ongoing after the last ice age. This effect will determine the local effects of global sea level rise. We are way off the pace in responding to the realities of climate change
Thankyou
Thanks.
You're a Legend J
Has another Vertical Atmospheric River Rapid been recorded anywhere? Has it occurred more than once in Greenland?
Thanks for posting your work. 🤞 for that geoengineering option to improve...
18:30 according to Jason, I'm a "legend"! :o)
I felt the presentation ended abruptly, unfortunately.
As a follow up, I hope Jason can explain in detail how models work; who develop them and how they are developed against the real world data that Jason, Hubbard et al., collect in the field.
That would make an interesting presentation too: "The day in the life of a climate modeller" or summat like that!
@grindupBaker
Thank you for your excellent reply.
I hope to come back to you at the weekend or soon after for more information.
excellent!
I hope they also were included in the warning letter to the Nordic nations from several thousand scientists re the AMOC overturning.
Thanks Jason
Solar cycle 25 and the polar vortex and insane proton flux fuelled solar winds and storms are going to contribute to the glare melting which we just cannot measure yet. Fun times! Let's hope the world takes notice and get some realistic expectations for climate migration quickly!
I'm pretty sure a fair share of current South to North migration in both Latin America and Africa, are caused because of land degradation intensified by climate change plus population surplus.
Pop Surplus is relative of course, as harvests become unsure, less mouths can be fed and folks go on the move, first to the cities then on to the North. I've read several stories witnessing of grandfather's fields drying out and losing topsoil. It'll become increasingly dramatic as changes escalate. We'll be hearing more of this!
I guess the graph looks even worse past 2100 , what a future .
Human action will be radically different by 2050 though -one way or another.
Very interesting
Why do you put the viability threshold at +2C when the ice was already melting steadily at +1C?
I can see two possible answers to your question, and have no expertise in this area myself and don't have access to the paper. Firstly, as I understand it full Greenland collapse is estimated from paleo evidence from the Eemian, and I recall a range quoted 0.8 to 3.0 °C. You would get some mass loss below wherever that point is, but it only becomes self-sustaining at something like 2 °C. Secondly, I'll have to rewatch, but I thought the y-axis might be local temperatures rather than global mean surface temperatures.
'The Next President'
a 47 years old song from
Freddie mcCoy dit Ahmed Sofi
The observation here is that phasing out pollution based sulfates causing asthma for young Jill, and Jack we have lost the battle for climate control. Planet stability was better off with dirty energy than with so called clean energy.
Yeah, right!😂🤪
Humans and uncounted other animals are all better off clean air and +.10C
cleaner air is good..but it could be argued less soot, ash , smoke from coal burning means the Suns rays cut through with more intensity. The main heat trap now is moisture
@@vincentl.9469 eh... little extra sun never killed nobody
wow. that is so smart. you are smart. wow.
Satellite data from 1979 onwards (ERSSTv3b) shows the Southern Ocean has cooled by upto 0.2°C per decade and Antarctica has also been cooling by an impressive 0.7°C per decade, with the east of the continent cooling substantial and statistically significantly by 2.8°C since 1980 (reanalysed ERA5 satellite dataset).
All this ice melt and sea level rise DOES NOT contribute to more water vis a vis the Colorado River and the subsequent filling of Lakes Powell and Lake Mead. This means that Las Vegas and the rest of the region i.e. Los Angeles, the valley, Phoenix etc., will experience extreme water deficits and a subsequent crash in real estate prices as people sell in panic and flee/migrate to the northern states and regions where the atmospheric rivers have also moved/shifted to.
When glaciers and ice sheets melt, the land below them rises.
This can take several thousand years to work out though. the British isles are still adjusting after the last deglaciation following the Last Glacial Maximum. Central Scotland is rising by about 2mm/year where I am in Cornwall is going down by 1mm/year, because it was beyond the ice-sheets and never glaciated.
@@mawkernewek Isostatic Rebound Timing
H results, here’s a summary of the timing and rates of isostatic rebound:
Initial rapid rebound: Immediately after the ice sheets melt, the land begins to rebound quickly, with rates of up to several centimeters per year. This rapid rebound is due to the elastic response of the Earth’s crust to the removal of the heavy ice load.
Slowing down: As time passes, the rebound rate slows down exponentially. This is because the asthenosphere, the Earth’s mantle beneath the crust, begins to flow more slowly, resisting the upward motion of the crust.
Long-term rates: Over thousands of years, the rebound rate becomes much slower, typically measured in millimeters per year. For example:
In the Hudson Bay region, it’s estimated that the land will take around 10,000 years to fully recover from the weight of the last ice age.
In Fennoscandia (northern Europe), the rebound rate is around 1-2 cm/year, but slows down to around 0.5 mm/year over longer timescales.
Regional variations: Isostatic rebound rates can vary significantly depending on the location and thickness of the former ice sheets. For example, areas with thicker ice sheets, like Hudson Bay, experience more rapid rebound, while areas with thinner ice sheets, like northern Europe, experience slower rebound.
Holocene record: The study of Holocene strandlines (former shorelines) provides a continuous record of emergence over the past 8,000 years. At least 935 feet of recovery (isostatic rebound) has been recorded in this timeframe.
Minute amount comparatively.
There is a portion of the northeastern Baltic Sea region that still rises by about a meter per century from the loss of ice cover thousands of years ago.
If ice sheet loss has occurred especially recently, there is suspicion based on the ancient behavior of Lake Ontario to the south of of the Canadian province of Ontario that post glacial rebound can initially happen at a rate of about 10 meters per century, but eventually greatly slows down as geological equibrium gets close to being achieved.
At some time during the next several centuries, mankind seems poised to verify and record in real time the post glacial rebound rates of Greenland and West Antarctica in response after the current ice sheet cover eventually melts away from those two regions.
Gotta lotta screenshots watched to the end... lol 🍺
Global temperature does not melt ice. Local temperature might. Greenland's southern tip at the moment -11 C.
If you measure the air temperature, there is a one-way valve. If the air is warm, it tends to rise up and has no good contact with the ice. If the air is cold, it sinks down and hits the ice. According to traditional climate theory, polar areas are high-pressure areas: very cold air is coming down from the top of toposphere. It was a bit surprise to me to see how often polar areas are cloudy even if high-pressure. Albedo is on the back of the clouds, surface albedo does not matter - so much.
Are you sure, the glacier is the only thing causing gravity? Underground magma can not move because you can not see it moving?
Local temperature is real, global temperature is just statistics.
@grindupBaker How can you make the ocean meet continental ice?
@grindupBaker When the ice has left the continent, it is no more continental. Rather expartiate. Anyway, this way the melting can not proceed to the continent.
Land use is that other leg of climate change swept under the computational rug. It doesn’t help that every piece of landscape is now a carbon source. Not surprising because we’ve paved over or cleared natural it, with cities, and farms. And when you tear up biome and the vegetation that grows upon it, their water and temperature management and carbon cycles are all obliterated, modernity papers over the lost fertility with fossil fuels; every unit of land under cultivation is related to 10 cal of fossil fuels for every calorie brought to table.
I don’t quite know if the climate models account for the amount of ecological damage a storm like Helene inflicted. 150 trillion liters of water dumped on landscape scoured away good deal of topsoil and vegetation. US South won’t be exchanging CO2 for oxygen anywhere the same rate for a little while.
It is an ecological disaster these regions will not have a chance to really recover from.
@grindupBaker these days I am also wearing a little bit about the I want to say .3 / .4 Gt of plastics in the environment, where we’re beginning to realize that life has biochemistry to consume it. All that garbage floating everywhere represents a unique food source to be metabolized into CO2 and water. A little ironic because we use plastic be because it’s durable. That would change if it decayed like paper or wood or even a piece of fruit. It makes at least for a good scary story.
NOAA's Global Time Series Average Temperature Anomaly monthly data (1995-2004) for the Arctic region shows the peak anomaly occurred in January 2016 (+4.99°C), an El Niño year, and the trend is now downwards (-0.42°C per decade) as of June 2024.
HadCRUT4 Arctic (70N - 90N) monthly surface air temperature anomalies record (1920-2021) shows the greatest number and magnitude of positive temperature anomalies occurred between 1930-49. All anomalies in excess of 5°C, including +7°C (referenced to 1961-1990) are from that period. No temperature anomalies from 2000-2019 exceeded 5°C. It shows no decade warmed faster than the 1930s and the current 'warming' finished in 2005.
JRA55 SAT (2010-2020) shows most of the Canadian Arctic and Greenland cooling with parts of Canada cooling by 3°C and western Greenland cooling by 2.5°C in a decade.
KNMI data (Twentieth Century Reanalysis V2c, 1851-2011, 68°N-80°N, 25°W-60°W, so Greenland) shows the most pronounced warming took place in the 1870s, and when comparing temperature anomalies, highest are in the 1930s and comparison of that period with recent temperature anomalies shows no net warming.
old data. please use latest data.
What I never understand about global warming presentations is the fact historical facts show it was warmer in the past than now, but somehow we are in a crisis. Greenland was farmed by the Vikings for hundreds of years, there are ancient vineyards 200 miles north of current growing ranges, the bubonic plague was able to move into Northern Europe and the mountains in Asia due to warmer temps. None of these things are close to being possible today so why is there so much drama? And no, the medieval warming was not local….its impossible for a “heat wave” to be in one small area for 700 years, it had to be global.
The paleo-climate had the time, thousands of years, to equilibrate. ie. the on-ground effects had plenty of time to catch-up to the limited CO2 forcing.
Presently, as shown by the slide 4:25 that had the present/last inter-glacial/previous inter-glacial CO2 vs sea-level-rise, we have raised CO2 at break-neck speed and the warming/ice-loss/SLR are pressured to keep up. Therefore we eventually will reach our commitment (via forcing by CO2) of 4-8 degrees C and 6m-40m SLR.
That much heat causes catastrophes untold. That much SLR causes human migration not by the millions, by the billions.
Unless we bring the forcing (CO2) down.
Subtext: This crisis is critical to the survival of at least half of all life on the planet, humans included.
ps. This is not like the Viking or Medieval warming's. This would cause global agricultural collapse and wide-spread desertification, plus the flooding of every coastal region and river delta.
@ Hate to break it to you sweetie but the Greenland ice cores show it was much warmer in the past….but it was also much colder. Here is the part that crushes your argument….the rise in temp always preceded the rise in C02. C02 cannot be a greenhouse gas, it sits at the surface and cannot trap heat.
Without greenhouse effect, Earth temp would be 0 (zero) F or -18'C, from about +57F or +14C today. That's all due mainly to CO2 in the atmosphere. The other dominant greenhouse gas water vapor, changes with the weather and is not determining. CO2 concentration is.
We've raised CO2 conctrnation with two thirds since onset of industrialization, to the level of the Pliocene, the last warmer era before the eon of Ice Ages, over 2,5 million years ago. Temps were 2 to 3 C higher, sea levels stood 20-40 meters (76 to 135 feet) up compared to today.
We can expect climate to veer back to those temps in a very short period, decades, about the same time frame that it took to cool down to the little ice age.
But difference in temp will be way bigger, making it extremely tough for our modern, worldwide, last minute delivery based economy. We no longer have horse powered agriculture or paper & coins based trade like back then, we are totally dependent on our modern technologies running uninterrupted - such vast changes in climate will make all that highly doubtful.
You wouldn't have your own farm garden and orchard in the backyard, do you ?
@ I’m laughing out loud at your post. It was warmer in the past before humans, everything you said is propaganda.
@@RunQC You talking to me bro ? You try and take your Hummer to temps that T Rex had. Well not that much, but plus 2 is expected in 20-30 years. As agriculture is _very_ dependent on climate being stabile, count on your burgers and beer to triple in price around that. What you call propaganda is simply science. Earth would some 60F colder without carbon in the atmosphere, we've added two thirds of what was already there, and it's going to change your weather, whether your believe it or not. If you under 40, better move to some place where they know how to grow their own food, as Walmart will not be stocked at some point in A not too far future. Can also hang around and find that there indeed has been a lot of lies and propaganda - but not from the science side.
Earth's increasing axial tilt is thawing frozen CO2 at the poles not you or CO2.
You know the polar centers move. It has taken a million years, but the northern polar center is north of Greenland. As the polar region moves over water the planet will warm. Which we were only 8*C from snowball earth last glaciation. As the northern polar center moves over the Arctic ocean next glaciation won't be as cold. Which inter-glacials or interstadials only last so long and we are towards the end of the current one. We see a spike in CO2 at the end of every interstadial. That's not CO2 lag. That's CO2 super cooling. Insulation works both ways to keep stuff hot and to keep stuff cold. CO2 makes a better coolant than insulation. Perhaps do your own research. The new study makes clear that the deep ice at Camp Century -- some 75 miles inland from the coast and only 800 miles from the North Pole -- entirely melted at least once within the last million years and was covered with vegetation, including moss and perhaps trees. The new research, supported by the National Science Foundation, lines up with data from two other ice cores from the center of Greenland, collected in 1990s. Which shows the reason the planet has gotten so cold is the polar centers being over land. This is shown in Antarctica too. That the polar center there has been moving to one side of the continent. Which is why it now rains one side of Antarctica. And the cold water corals have flourished there. The climate is always changing. Egypt was once a bread basket. And let's not forget the Antarctic and Arctic are the biggest deserts on the planet. Satellite data have recently revealed that between 2002 and 2019, the mesosphere and lower thermosphere cooled by 3.1 degrees F (1.7 degrees C ). Mlynczak estimates that the doubling of CO2 levels thought likely by later this century will cause a cooling in these zones of around 13.5 degrees F (7.5 degrees C), which is between two and three times faster than the average warming expected at ground level. Imagine the ice melting and ending up in the Sahara. Less fossil fuels actually means a hotter planet. IPCC even recognized cutting SO2 would raise the temps. As in the 70's we were seeing global dimming. Now we have global brightening adding to global warming making every thing under the sun hotter.
"northern polar center"
what is that? You mean the geographic north pole?
"As the polar region moves over water the planet will warm."
what would be the mechanism?
"We see a spike in CO2 at the end of every interstadial."
Where does it come from?
" CO2 makes a better coolant than insulation."
under what conditions? Afterall, Venus is quite hot.
"entirely melted at least once within the last million years and was covered with vegetation"
That was understood for several decades now (Gris). You probably refer to publication in 2021 (DOI:10.1073/pnas.2021442118).
"Which shows the reason the planet has gotten so cold is the polar centers being over land. "
Explain, how do the ice cores show that?
"the mesosphere and lower thermosphere cooled by 3.1 degrees F (1.7 degrees C )"
Yes, as predicted by the climate models. Which btw is evidence against the usual claim of "it is the sun".
"Less fossil fuels actually means a hotter planet."
And you think that because you see the cooling effect of CO2 in the upper atmosphere?
I am sorry, but I got the impression you do not quite understand what you were writing about.
A better geological time frame to look at, from an point of view of partial dry air pressure of CO2 at sea level is toward the end of the Langhian Age, around the year 14,000,000 BCE. Partial pressures are most often expressed in units called "pascals", representing 1 newton per square meter of pressure.
Even 1 pascal can make a difference with CO2. Around the year 1500 CE some 500 years ago, the partial pressure for CO2 was about 28 1/2 pascals. Greenland was mostly frozen over in year round ice then. During a time known as the Eemian, around the year 130,000 BCE, the value for CO2 was about 29 1/2 pascals, about 1 pascal higher. Combined with ideal astronomical conditions, that extra pascal allowed Greenland's year round ice cover to temporarily almost melt completely away.
Now in the year 2024, the value is about 43 pascals. Ideal astronomical conditions are no longer needed to melt Greenland. Interestingly, 43 pascals was the approximate value near the end of the Langhian Age around the year 14,000,000 BCE. During the Langhian Age, both West Antarctica and Greenland had near zero year round ice cover.
Keeping in mind that 1 extra pascal of CO2 can make a real difference, now in the 2020s CO2 has been increasing by a little over 1/4 pascal per year. Around January 2028, one can expect CO2 to rise to the 44 pascal mark. Year round ice on Greenland and West Antarctica can no longer, starting then, survive for a geologically lengthy time frame.
Geologists often say, "The past is the key to the future." A new hotter climate equilibrium, once forced, will take time to re-establish, 600 years or so. People therefore should look to the Langhian Age to get a reasonable idea what Earth's climate will be in the 27th Century.
As recommended reading, see figure 3 in "Global Mean and Relative Sea-Level Changes over the 66 Myr: Implications for Earth Eocene Ice Sheets", in the scientific journal of the "Earth Science Systems Society", volume 3 - 2023.
Peak sea level during the Langhian Age was about 50 meters above modern sea level, and can be thought of as an approximate worst case scenario for Langhian concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Of course, if mankind goes beyond Langhian Age amounts of CO2, worst case sea level rise becomes even higher.
Journal article title correction: The part of the title above that reads "Over the 66 Myr" should instead be "Over the Past 66 Myr".
Also, there was an omission of a formal date of publication, which was 17 January 2024.
Does the axle of rotation squeak?
More scaremongering.
Thanks.