Top 3 MOST Popular Nuclear Reactor Types Worldwide
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- Опубліковано 25 чер 2024
- Out of the 440 Nuclear power reactors operating world wide, there are three designs that are most popular. The PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor), BWR (Boiling Water Reactor) and the CANDU (Canadian Deuterium Nuclear Reactor). In this video, I'll be deep diving into the basic features of these reactors and explaining both their differences and similarities. What sets them apart and where can you find them across the world?
⏰TIMESTAMPS
00:00 - 440 Reactors, 10% of the worlds electricity
01:03 - Nuclear Power Reactor Simplified
01:51 - Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
02:12 - PWR Reactor Core Explained
02:34 - PWR Reactor fuel Assemblies
03:07 - Natural vs Enriched uranium
03:36 - Fueling a PWR
03:53 - Why is a PWR reactor pressurized?
04:37 - Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
04:43 - BWR Reactor Core Explained
05:15 - Why BWR Reactors don't use Steam Generators
05:58 - Fueling a BWR Reactor
06:55 - Canadian Deuterium Nuclear Reactor (CANDU/PWHR)
07:07 - CANDU Reactor Vessel (Calandria)
07:43 - Fueling a CANDU Reactor
09:06 - PWR versus PWHR/CANDU
09:29 - Conclusion
🙋🏾♂️WHO AM I:
I'm Osama, I have a background in Nuclear Engineering and work in Toronto, On my channel I help demystify nuclear technologies by simplifying them
📨GET IN TOUCH (Want to collab?)
EMAIL: 📩 osama.baig@ontariotechu.net
INSTAGRAM: 📷 @usimama
GRAB A COFFEE WITH ME
☕ I love meeting up with people in real life (and Virtually). So here's a standing offer - if you fancy taking a trip to Toronto (Canada) and want to chat, I'll buy you a coffee, no questions asked. I'm generally available most weekday evenings after 7pm.
Drop me an email ( 📩osama.baig@ontariotechu.net) and include [Coffee] in the subject line, and we can work something out.
🔗SOURCES:
1) [www.nrc.gov/reactors/pwrs.html](www.nrc.gov/reactors/pwrs.html)
2) [world-nuclear.org/information... PWR fuel assembly stands,weighs about half a tonne]
3) [world-nuclear.org/nuclear-ess...]
4) [world-nuclear.org/information...]
5) [www.nei.org/resources/statist...]
6) [www.opg.com/stories/darlingto....]
📽️VIDEO SOURCES
1) • BWR Refuling Machine C...
2) • How does the APR-1400 ...
3) • Nuclear Power - How it...
4) • The Science of Refuelling
5) • How Uranium Is Made Pa...
6) • Darlington Relicencing...
7) • Introducing the new In...
8) • Boiling Water Reactor(...
9) • Fort Calhoun Station C...
10) • Inside a Comanche Peak...
11) • Enriched uranium: expl...
12) • Recycling Nuclear Fuels
🚧 Disclaimer: views, thoughts, and opinions expressed in the video belong solely to Osama, and not necessarily to Osama's employer, organization, committee or other group or individual. - Наука та технологія
Great video! Simple, but informative! Thanks for the video
Thank you for your content !!
Excellent summarization! Keep up the great work
Appreciate the support Scott! Thanks
Great video, Osama! Thanks for sharing.
Its my absolute pleasure Shadi! Happy you enjoyed the video
Very good, brief but sufficient to make the distinction between types.
Nice work on this video!
Love this video, i learned a lot with this
Great information. Thanks for educating me
What a great video, Candu all the way!
Thanks so much for checking out the video Joel!
Very well explained.
Thanks Harry! Appreciate it!
Truly fantastic video
Thanks so much gimpscalawag!
Great video super helpful!
Glad you think so Daniel! Appreciate you watching it
This was really an excellent video. 👍
Glad you think so! Thanks!
I will cite you in my seminary work concerning nuclear reactors types. Thanks a lot for such clip.
Really appreciate that Zerochance! would love to read your seminary work : )
This is great framing. 👏And succinct. 🎯
Thanks Arijit, really appreciate that!
Production value 💯 nicely done. Would love some CANDUs in the US!
YESS! Grateful you had the chance to check out the video. It would be incredible to use CANDU's in the states to burn the existing spent fuel from PWR reactors
Agreed, really smart design and the ability to refuel online too
A video on THIS subject would be great! How CANDU reactors could help Made America energy independent, please!@@OsamaBaig
Super. Ty
Thanks for watching Cucurigu!
Osama you're awesome. Can you do a rundown of every type of Rx in operation and also in development? Thanks!
Nothing beats the good old RBMK
Great video summation! How about a follow up video on the CANDU Monark 1000 and how it compares to the existing fleet... I believe these are the ones being pitched for energy expansion at Bruce...
Very nice, thank you, verbal, no music.
Appreciate that thank you
Your presentation was clear as mud
okay lol thanks
Nice to see someone share the different types of reactors. I am still a kid, and I learned all of my knowlage of these things from UA-cam. And this one game on Roblox.
Edit: 6:32 The control rods can be made of boron or any solid neutron absorber.
Fantastic video. I think the only thing I would have liked to see added were some more details about why some features were used. For example, I am rather curious to why BWR use control blades rather than control rods, and why they are inserted from the bottom. Are there benefits to these? Or is it a way of accomodating for other aspects of the reactor?
I do also have two questions about the CANDU reactor that I have been trying to find an answer for, but have had no success.
The first regards a safety feature. CANDU reactors needs to have it's fuel assemblies lined up in just the right way to work, and if the reactor overheats the fuel channels start to sag breaking the alignment and slowing/stopping the reaction. Is this from thermal expansion of the tubes, a decline of the structural strength of the tubes at higher temperatures, or a combination of both?
The second thing that I am curious about is the positive void coefficient that CANDU reactors have. From the little I know about nuclear reactors, I don't see why CANDUs should even have them. I guess what I am asking is why is there a positive void coefficient? And to what degree does it exist? My general impression with the whole thing is that it's more of a trivia tidbit than an actual concern, but I have seen activist groups complain about it more and more and I don't know how to address it.
Spencer, great questions. 1) I'm not a BWR expert (If there is one reading this channel please comment) however BWR fuel assemblies are VERY different than PWR. These assemblies also have airgaps since actual boiling is taking place. My assumption for control blades to come out from the bottom as opposed to the top is due to the dryer and other sub-systems on top of the vessel. PWR/CANDU's use Steam generators, hence why it makes sense to have gravity assisted/spring loaded control rods come down from the top 2) My understanding is that if a CANDU reaches that condition, it goes through thermosyphoning or using natural circulation from temperature differential to cycle coolant. Another safety feature is using the moderator loop to cool down the system. 3) Reactivity void coefficient, attached is some literature and links - www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionD.htm#s
CANDU sounds like a Chinese shopping 🛍️ app🥹.
Haha I like the sound of it! Doesn't sound too cheesy to me lol
Well, we should definitely know one of the least used Reactor Models, and that’s the RBMK Reactor, which is the same type of reactor that Infamously Exploded in Chernobyl.
As someone who wants to become a nuclear engineer, I found this video very interesting and entertaining.
Thanks a lot Keegan, I really appreciate that!
personally I've always thought the Candu was far superior to any of the others.
It's far superior in safety
And simplicity/reliability...@@gabyspook6822
So the fuel assembly in a Candu never gets wet? Also does the control rods enter from the top or the sides?
From the top, which is yet another safety feature. The control rod assemblies are held up by electromagnets, so if the reactor loses power, the electromagnets cut off, gravity takes over, and the control rods drop, immediately SCRAMming the reactor.
@@LordZontarGravity, plus a spring to assist them. The spring will push it in super-fast, but if that fails, then gravity should take-over.
I think our engineers got healthily paranoid after NRX bit them in the ass.
Very well presented, it’s something I’ve though about all the was CANDU for me , we has a similar reactor in the UK SGHWR witch I believe is the one our CEGB wanted but we had invested In gas cooled reactors by then. But our government threw are nuclear research under a bus sadly by the 80’s
Have you read “Going Critical” by Walter Patterson, if not you should
Cool to know! France also had a heavy water moderated nuclear reactor similar to CANDU called "Brennilis". I haven't read that book, but absolutely will add that to my Goodreads list!
@@OsamaBaig Can you remember witch Scottish engineering company but the first reactor for Canada
Do you have a video that goes deeper into heavy water.
Not yet, but its one topic I REALLY want to explore!
do you have to voice that emission disclaimer at the top of the video to get you channel monetized?
Nope I don't think that's a condition
Another advantage of the Candu is that it can use a wide variety of fissile material.
Are there any Sodium Cooler Fast Breeder Reactors or any Gas Cooled Reactors operating in the word?
❤ nice video i ever saw for nuclear reactor . I am from india our Bwr and Pwr russian reactor performance is awesome 👌.
Thanks for sharing! Which powerplants have you worked at? I would love to check out those sites one day
Only 10% ?
Very good and informative video.
Yes we can do!
Thanks Teemu!
Could you make a video that would compare CANDU to RMBK reactors?
Sure, that would be a cool video concept to make!
What is the reason for the CANDU to have so many independent pressure vessels OTHER than the ability to fuel them while the reactor is running? Isnt it cheaper to just have one common pressure vessel for all fuel assemblies?
Which nuclear plant you are working?
Might be useful to mention the average construction time and efficiency of the plant.
It's funny that you talked about the PWR being a type of American reactor, but in these two examples of both the pressure vessel 2:14 and the fuel assembly 2:34 you showed the VVER which is basically a PWR but Soviet/Russian lol.
Its the same reactor
Good Video Osama! Have you ever seen the AECL-6436 report on the OCR variant of the CANDU? This reactor would be very viable today with it's high effiencency steam side. Also it would have had a positive moderator void coef. With some pencil sharpening this design could aproach supercritical steam conditions. Interseting!
So, in a loose sense, CANDU is what would have happened had RBMK not been so flawed....
Can u do deep dive on india's three stage nuclear program ? Its current status ? 700MWe PHWR reactor of BARC ??
How much uranium is there in a CANDU reactor fuel assembly?
Each rod is composed of multiple pellets, each about 1-1.3cm and 0.8-1.2cm in diameter. There are about 50 pellets end to end to make a rod, and on average about 30 rods arranged in a bundle, which you could hold in your hand. The bundles are 50cm long and about 10cm in diameter. About 12 bundles are loaded end-to-end in each channel, sometimes up to 18, depending on the model. For a large reactor, there are 480 channels, meaning most reactors would have just under 6,000 bundles in total.
Going back from here, that’s 6,000 bundles times about 30 rods per bundle times about 50 pellets per rod, and each pellet weighs about 10g. That’s 90,000kg of uranium, or 90 tons. Its generally accepted that 1 ton of uranium yields about 45,000,000 kWh after ranking losses. As such, 90 tons would yield 4,050,000,000 kWh, or just over 4 TWh. To put that in perspective, the average human power demand for all of humanity is around 12TW, so if a CANDU reactor were to power up some massive hypothetical battery from nothing, that battery would be able to power the ENTIRE WORLD for 20 minutes from 1 fuel load, from 1 unit of a CANDU reactor. Most large stations like Bruce and Darlington have 4 units. Not to mention the fact that it can be refueled while still generating at near full power.
So it takes 90 tons to fill a unit and get 4TWh of energy. How much energy do you get from the equivalent weight of coal you ask? Easy. Anthracite, the highest grade of coal, produces about 2MWh per ton, after rankine loss. That is 0.002GWh or 0.000002TWh. Let’s be generous and give them an extra 10 tons to make it 100 tons. That would produce 0.2GWh , or enough energy to power the world for (checks notes) wow, 0.1 seconds. In the literal blink of an eye and boom 100 tons of coal evaporated to make way for the world’s electricity needs. Meanwhile, our single unit nuclear reactor has used up all of a hundredth of a percent of its available fuel to make up the world’s power needs.
Excuse me if pwr is pressurized water reactor and bwr is boiling water reactor whats an rbmk?
RbMK - isna tyle for itself. Its similat to candu using channels with fuel. But uses graphite to moderate. IT this, RbMK is similar to hanford B reactor used in Manhattan project
RBMK crying in the corner
Haha yes it is
do all types of reactors in India apply nuclear fission
is it compulsory to use nuclear fission
phwr and bwr and pwr includes nuclear fission
All nuclear power reactors worldwide use fission. Yes, these are all fission reactor designs, though they are not the only designs (there are others like gas, pebble bed, RBMK, and so on).
Nuclear fusion is entirely different.
There is also a RBMK Reactor type
Rbmk is perfect
Indeed there is, that deserves its own video!
Uranium-238, as you said, is fertile, so in the fission process it will be transformed into Plutonium-239 right? Which is fissile, and with that it also becomes reactor fuel, I've seen some people and nuclear engineers saying that according to the fuel is depleted, the reactor becomes stronger, up to a certain point, you will see that it is because of this, the uranium-238 is transformed into plutonium-239 which ends up being the reactor's fuel as well, and by increasing the fuel through the transformation of fertile material into fissile material the power increases.
I have never heard of power being increased due to plutonium production. It affects fission products, yes, but on a massive scale the reaction and power is bullshit.
So some nuclear power plants do not need enriched uranium? they could use uranium that never goes through conversion and enrichment?
Yes. СANDU and some uranium-graphite reactors can operate on natural uranium.
much lower background music pls!
Thank bro
What about radioactive waste?
the 5,000,000 lb. radioactive gorilla in our backyards.
Bro we can utilize it for electricity generation 🤔
If you really think Coal and Fossil fuels done produce toxic wasted then you are dukber than MAGAts.
@@_DZ_UR_
Can not.
Bro's video has so many cuts
Lol blame my editor haha
PWHR and BWR is used in india
Four big guys
Yes Ghoost, three for now! Which ones the last one?
Great explanation. I've always been leery of reactors that run at high pressure, it just makes everything harder and can be a safety problem. I see liquid fuel as a possible better system because it's not really pressurized and liquids can be chemically treated to remove impurities. They also can be designed without the need for vast quantities of water cooling so can be put almost anywhere. The research at oak Ridge demonstrated the feasibility of this approach and should have been pursued, we have lost decades by perpetuating the high pressure designs that are very expensive to build and raise serious safety issues. Small factory built reactors are probably a lot better than the giant one of a kind reactors we seem enamored of.
What about Fast Breeder Reactors?
They're friggin awesome that's what
$$$$$$$$ endless money pit, unproductive, with no advantages over existing reactors and many unique problems that are even more serious than existing reactors. They have been attempted but never successfully for commercial production. That dog won't hunt.
@@jackfanning7952
Their only problem is cost, and that can be solved (possibly), they have no other problems except sodium.
@@nedward.7442 I can tell you are a nukie. Your mouth is open so you are lying.
I want candu in Poland ,but Polish goverment doesn't consider it☹
That's too bad. They could have teamed up with Romania to creat a Eastern European reactor vendor for the local needs of the whole region.
The curse of being Canadian. Everyone looks at the neighbours and assumes their stuff is better. :(
The polish government knows a sow's ear is not a silk purse.
RBMK
Oh yeah, definitely got to cover those in another video!
I hate auto cue. Just a continuous babel.
Vean el CAREM 25 de argentina 👍✌️✌️😃..
Carem is a pretty cool reactor type! I'd love to do a video on it maybe an SMR concept top breakdown!
The grid is extremely expensive.
If you are replacing all fossil fuels with nuclear electricity, then you need a bigger capacity national electrical grid.
Nobody talks about how insanely expensive the grid was to build and maintain.
And a grid 5 times bigger ??? Hello 👋 hello anyone home, hello 👋
Even though it makes no carbon emissions, doesn’t the waste take up space?
you are underestimating the scale of our planet
@@jcsuperkoks am I? Don’t they fill huge underground spaces with nuclear waste? Not to mention the massive damage they do if something goes wrong.
to run out of space for nuclear waste we would have to power our whole planet for thousands of years without discovering new ways of properly disposing of nuclear waste. the only truly concerning part is "what if something goes wrong", contaminated grounds waters would not be very optimal for the reputation of nuclear power
@@jcsuperkoks I heard of alternative to uranium but I can’t find that information anywhere. I remember it would be expensive to retrofit existing plants and it will not produce for weapons.
@@jonhenningthe ironic thing is that with coal powerplants they release radioactive carbon isotopes in the air
comparing all methods of prpducing electricity, nuclear is incredibly safe
3.6 rotogens not terrible not great
Dytlov
Aguante el CANDU de argentina ATUCHA .....🇦🇷🇦🇷🇦🇷😃😃😃✌️✌️✌️...the. Best nuclear reactor of WORLD ✌️✌️👍👍... El Messi de los reactores 😌😌😀👍🇦🇷 Argentina/Canadá/Germany ✌️
Love to see your passion Ariel, CANDU is definitely an exceptional reactor. Would love to come to Argentina and visit those reactors!
Why CANT we do CANDUs in the US?
Ahaaaa amirite?
no I won't leave I don't think I will
No one wants to throw good money after bad. Nuclear energy has committed suicide with its lies and bumbling. There are cheaper, less risky and safer ways to produce energy.
@@jackfanning7952 Mr fanning you're just a silly nilly.
Nuke power is the way to go.
See my playlist about today's nuclear technologies.
So, we have had 3 accidents involving nuclear power in the past 45 years from some 400 power plants around the world.
Now, I think everyone knows the total disaster of Chernobyl so no point in going over that.
So we are left with the accidents of TMI and Japan. Do I believe that these 2 events killed thousands of people, I do not. Since there is danger and risk in all things, it does look like with the exception of Chernobyl the risk is to some degree low.
That takes us to waste. Is spent fuel dangerous? Well I guess it is if people would eat or it store it their house. So let’s say the danger of spent fuel has been greatly exaggerated. What about the building, the pipes, heat exchangers, vessel? Well those parts would have somewhat short half lives so the danger would also be somewhat short lived.
So, were the events of TMI and Fukushima huge disasters? You bet they were. The TMI reactor was almost brand new. Billions lost and passed on to rate payers. Japan, 6 reactors at the site with 3 having destroyed cores. Many billons lost.
I suspect new reactor designs are much better. But, how did the designers not think about a major earth quake not taking out the backup power? A clean shut down and 3 cores still melted.
Now we have boiling water reactors. Why would I want to deal with turbines, outside of the containment building becoming radio active? How do we service a turbine that has had water through it that was run right over the fuel in the core?
For the time bring nuclear power in the United States is dead. It is also now dead in Germany. The future of nuclear power in now in hands of China and it will be up to them to solve problems and move the world forward. As for fusion, that is a dream which will not generate the energy to power even 1 light bulb in the next 100 years. I say it will never generate power but, it will be one cool research program to work on.
When is the next 911 going to be there Osama? Where are the wmds that were in Iraq?
He's not telling
NUCLEAR... OSAMA... PANIC
Lol why are you panicking?
RBMK i3000 s the best 👌 👍 😍 🥰 ☺️ and still above those in usa.
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