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@@nazimaakhter5556 Vertical social mobility and horizontal social mobility are two concepts that describe different patterns of movement within the social hierarchy: 1. **Vertical Social Mobility**: - **Definition**: Vertical social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups up or down from one social status to another. This change typically involves a change in socioeconomic status, occupation, or social class. - **Types**: - **Upward Mobility**: Moving from a lower social position to a higher one, such as from working-class to middle-class status due to education or career advancement. - **Downward Mobility**: Moving from a higher social position to a lower one, often due to economic setbacks, job loss, or other factors. 2. **Horizontal Social Mobility**: - **Definition**: Horizontal social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one social position to another within the same social stratum. It involves changing jobs or roles without necessarily changing one's overall social standing. - **Example**: Switching from one profession to another that has similar prestige and socioeconomic status, such as moving from being a teacher to a nurse, or from one skilled trade to another.

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