Відео

Thank you very much for your kind words. Apologies, but I am a little lost with some of your explanations. Probably because you understand the subject matter far better than I do. For this section: 'This is why we say eat (< eat) and not eat today. This is why we more often say than す. This is why we say くる and not く. This is why we say it is possible and not there. This is why we say good (<good) and not good as the adjective for "good". This is why we say should and not should.' ^ Are you saying because the Rentaikei and Shushikei form became interchangeable in the Middle Japanese, that is why verbs like 食ぶ became 食ぶる? I am struggling with this explanation. Would you mind dumbing it down for me a little bit? Thank you for the information as well on なふ! I don't fully understand the full implications, but it is very interesting.

@@tonythesopranos5310 So in Old Japanese, you would say this: 人 家より出づ (The/a person emerges from the house.) 家より出づる人あり (There is a person who emerges from the house) Notice how at the end of the sentence, it takes the form 出づ and when modifying a noun it takes the form 出づる. This is what it means for the 終止形 to be 出づ (idzu) and the 連体形 to be 出づる (idzuru). When a 係り結び particle is in the sentence, the verb at the end of the sentence has to agree with it. The ぞ particle agrees with the 連体形 (or we say the 連体形 is the 結び of ぞ): 家より人ぞ出づる (A person emerges from the house. (emphatic)) Eventually, Japanese would evolve as follows: 家より人が出づる (idzuru) 家から人が出でる (ideru) 家から人が出る (deru) The 終止形 form 出づ is no longer used. The subject が particle becomes prevalent. 出づる shifts conjugation class to 出でる. 出でる loses its initial i- sound and becomes modern 出る. This is just one example to illustrate it. Hopefully some things are more clear. The examples are contrived, so just take them as demonstrations of the grammar.

@@nickpatella1525 Oh wow that is so interesting. I get it now. 食ぶ was the 終止形 and 食ぶる was the 連体形. Do you know why the ぶ became a べ sound? As in 食べる？ Or is that just a random sound change? I still don't fully understand 係り結び but I will go away and do some reading on them. Thank you!

@@tonythesopranos5310 So I think the easiest way to understand it is that verbs have conjugation classes, and one form of shift a verb can undergo is to all-together change its conjugation class. 食ぶ/食ぶる is a "nidan" verb, but 食べる is an "ichidan" verb, so the verb switched its conjugation paradigm from "nidan" to "ichidan". This isn't a phonetic shift but a category shift. The reason the -e vowel appeared is because like how ichidan has -iru and -eru verbs, nidan had verbs that took -i and verbs that took -e when conjugated into the 連用形 and 未然形 forms: 食ぶ→食べ (連用形/未然形) 滅ぶ→滅び (連用形/未然形) Thus if you keep the vowel category of the verb the same, i.e. keep its 連用形 and 未然形 the same, but change its conjugation from nidan to ichidan, you get 食べる and 滅びる. There is only one nidan verb that survives in modern Japanese, which is うる in the compounds ありうる、しうる、できうる、おこりうる, etc. In colloquial Japanese, people say ありうる as ありえる instead, which annoys grammarians, but that's just another example of the shift. Sometimes you will see people describe this shift as る having attached to the 連用形, but that's just saying the same thing from a different perspective. This is actually a large shift that happened, and most of the ichidan verbs today used to be nidan verbs. There are Western dialects which didn't fully undergo the shift and still retain many nidan verbs today. In English materials, ichidan is called "monograde" and nidan is called "bigrade". Whether the verb belongs to the i vowel category or the e vowel category is expressed by the words "upper" and "lower", or "kami" and "shimo" in Japanese. So "shimo ichidan" would be "lower monograde" in English.

@@nickpatella1525 really fascinating thank you! Any recommendations of books where you got this sort of knowledge?

@@syystomu Oooh, I had not thought of that. But that makes sense now, 'do' is an auxiliary I think?

@@syystomu interesting theory!

This Tae Kim, he ain't go respect for dish thing of ours

Thank you :)

Oh wow thank you that is really interesting. It seems then like ぬ was often being used in effectively the 終止形 position for quite a while? It makes sense then that the two forms began to become interchangeable. Thanks for the idea, that is great thank you. I had wondered where み went, as it only seems to show up in incredibly incredibly old words. A video on the origins/uses of お・み・ご would be fun to do.

どうもありがとう

@@SM-ok3sz linguistic history, heeellll yeeeee

There is a strange echo at the 10minute mark, but it's short.

I am very impressed that this is 'easy' listening! I've just heard the echo, how strange. I went back and listened to it in my video software and it is fine, so absolutley no idea what has happened there. Let's just pretend it was intentional for that 15 seconds.

@@pauladriaanse ooh that's a good idea thank you

@@Killer_Space_2726-GCP hi! Yes I am very sorry, my microphone isn't great at all. I'm going to switch how I record for the next set of videos, and hopefully that will help. I'm glad the subtitles are useful though, thank you for your patience

@tonythesopranos5310 I like what you do, and will support how I can! Even if it's (unasked for) audio advice!

@@Killer_Space_2726-GCP thanks so much!

@@donconore thank you for your kind comment. Sorry, I've to record my audio on my very crappy laptop mic. 🎤I try messing around with it in audacity but yes, it's not great. That's why I use captions too 😅😢

Thank you Cooploswki! It is very sad Cure Dolly is gone, I owe a great deal of my understanding to her lessons.

I've seen everything from Cure Dolly and I can't remember that one. Thanks for mentioning it. I'll go search for it now.

No wonder, it's almost six years ago: ua-cam.com/video/GB8fWjQuz9A/v-deo.html

Thank you for your kind comment Abbendys!

Sorry I might have to try to explain this in a bit of a longwinded way, but please bear with me. So this dictionary website tells us 2 things about たり: (kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8A) The たり that: 1. Shows the 'perfect' tense 完了 (when an action is finished, like the modern た in Japanese, たべた) 2. Tells us that an action is ongoing, ている・てある 3. Tells us more than 1 thing is happening at once, 食べたり、飲んだり, ^These たり allcome from て＋あり. The dictionary explains using this: '接続助詞「て」＋ラ変動詞「あり」からなる「てあり」の変化した語。' Now, the たり that 1. Tells us what something is だ・である for example 忠盛備前守たりし時 ( When Tadamori was governor of Bizen. In Modern Japanese 忠盛は備前守であった時) ^This たり comes from と＋あり. To summarise: The copula verb たり comes from と＋あり The adjectival noun (na adjective) たり comes from: a noun + と + あり Tari when it can be used as the perfect tense, an ongoing action, or telling us that more than 1 thing is happen is from: て＋あり Therefore, to answer your question: Tari adjectives and Tari as a copula verb come from the same place! However, when Tari is used as a (perfect tense/ongoing action/more than 1 thing is happening) that is from te and ari and is therefore a different thing? I put a question mark as I am not an expert on Classical Japanese. Because both て＋あり and と＋あり conjugating in exactly the same way. It seems like they have a very interwoven etymology? Sorry that I can't give you a definitive answer, but that's the extent of my knowledge.

Thank you! Please keep up your videos too, they are very interesting.

A lot of Japanese words are on 'wikitionary'. If you type them in hiragana/kanji they normally come up with clear etymologies! If your'e stuck just type in a Japanese word + の語源 and that normally gives you the etymology too :)

Thank you !

@@ianzentner6770 Hi Ian, thank you very much that's very kind! If you can't explain something clearly, then you don't really understand it is my motto. You're on the right track with the logic of 必ず！From wiktionary: Shift from 仮かりならず (kari narazu), itself from 仮 (kari, “temporary”) + ならず (narazu, “not becoming”), the negative continuative form of なる (naru, “to become”). So 必ず means 'not becoming temporary', I. E., it will certainly happen! That's what I think it's saying anyway

Hi! Sorry for the slow reply, was taking a break. The link is incredible, such vast resources. Do you just read about this as a hobby as well? It's very impressive the level of knowledge you have. Thank you again for compiling and sending them.

@@tonythesopranos5310 Excellent, I just wanted to verify that it wasn't some random person that just happened to see the comment. The "collection" is just the result of chasing linguistic rabbits down rabbit holes, looking for a "Dogen" level of pitch accent information, or a "Cure Dolly" (RIP) style explanation of the finer details. Collecting books and papers became a bit of a hobby in itself like finding and scanning the other volume of "Japanese Language Patterns" by Alfonso, or getting the covers and fixing the scans of older material. There's no particular need or use, just a quest for knowledge.

@@Transcription-do1pc you're on that renaissance man arc. I completely understand that. I just like compiling stuff for the sake of it in the future I'd go back and redo videos into tight nit specific series, and make it far more concise and accurate. I thank cure dully a huge amount for getting me to that intermediate stage of Japanese. You can probably tell from my pronunciation, I don't care a huge amount about things like pitch accent. More power to you, but I know I'll always have my English accent when I speak Japanese, and I don't mind. I've met loads of foreign speakers of English who are incredible, even if they retain an accent. And yet the accent is a part of their character, there's a charm to it. I make more speaking mistakes when I'm making these videos because I'm trying to flip between saying long sentences in English, to throwing in Japanese words in the middle. But I totally understand the pursuit to sound like a native, it just isn't for me.

Thanks Gustavo :D

@@garrettramos8052 thank you so much, those are words of very high praise indeed 🙏 You don't need to full understand classical Japanese, but learning about how Japanese has developed, and how it's grammar has been formed made it far easier to understand the logic of what I was trying to learn. For example, when I learnt that part of a kanji tells you the sound of the character, and you can therefore guess the sound of a kanji semi-accurately it blew my mind. Since then I've found learning new kanji words far quicker than learning new native Japanese words. Just little cool tricks and tips like that.

Thank you! Sorry I'm an idiot, I just recognised your name from reddit. My apologies!

Thanks for your comment! Just a question, what is はいと? I am struggling to make sense of it. 空はいと青く、涼し気なる風の心地よく吹きたり - The sky was blue, and the comfort of a cool wind had blown?

The は is the particle you already know all about. いと is a Classical Japanese word that means "very" or "much". So the sentence (assuming I didn't make any mistakes because I'm also just learning) is, "the sky was very blue, and a cool wind blew/was blowing pleasantly."

@@TalesofDawnandDusk ah thank you! A very nice sentence. What's confused me though is I associate たり with the perfect tense. But I've also read that たり can be used for ongoing actions, so I'm a little confused 🤔

@@tonythesopranos5310 In my experience you would need more context to really understand how best to translate it into English. The worst culprit of this is べし, there are loads of ways to translate that one based on the context.

@@TalesofDawnandDusk yeah tari is a tricky one because you've と +あり used to define things, and then て + あり which can be used for the continuative and perfect tense.

@@freakyjim2131 thank you Freakyjim!

@@sombrero8551 Hi Sombrero, thank you so much. That's very encouraging to hear. I've actually done a few etymology videos on pronouns such as this one: ua-cam.com/video/PZO-SaIjQNI/v-deo.htmlsi=i0SW-eOmy6II-j6u But I'll definitely be making more 🙏

@@akirakosaintjust I'm not sure, that's an interesting question. A fun video might be to look at the different language tropes of different professions/occupations!

@@c.m.bellman5721 thank you for your comment. Unfortunately when you unpack the Shogun 2 audio files, the fall of the samurai voice lines are mixed in with them. But now that I think about it, I could try and single out the fall of the samurai lines at some point 🤔

@@MooImABunny I believe you're correct! Frellesvig's book on the history of Japanese talks about how the Western dialectical せん influenced ません and that the modern Kansai へん is actually just another sound change being applied to せん

@@y11971alex that's really interesting, thank you!

@@alexg4711 I'm not sure! Seems like you might be the first 🤔

@@danielblumowski34 Hi Daniel, thanks for your comment. I don't know the history between なくて and ないで either 😱 so that'd be a great video idea, thank you. What I can tell you though, and I think I am correct is the following: So interestingly the negative form of verbs in Japanese is made by the 'い' adjective ない. I could be wrong, but I believe the negative form of Japanese verbs, is just the 連用形 (renyoukei) form of the verb, with the 'い' adjective stuck on the end. That's why the negative form of an adjective such as かわいい, which becomes 可愛くない. Then a verb does the same thing. 変わる, becomes 変わらない。 Why am I telling you all of this? Well なくて is actually just the 連用形 form of ない、which we now know is an 'い' adjective. On the other hand, ないで is the 'い' adjective ない but attached to で. The best equivalent in an Indo European grammatical context is that で works like the 'instrumental case'. In ないで I'd translate で here as meaning 'by' in English. So let's compare these two sentences: 1.宿題をしないで、教室に行った。I went to class without doing my homework. 2.宿題をしなくて、教室に行った。I didn't do my homework AND then I went to class. What I believe what is happening is the following: In sentence 1, the で attaches to ない, and acts similarly to the English 'by', so 宿題をしないで, 'by not doing my homework Z happened' In sentence 2, なくて is just the connective form of ない, so really it works similarly to the English 'and'. So the sentence is saying something like, I didn't do my homework and then I went to class. Do you see the subtle difference? Xないで without doing X and then Z Xなくて didn't do X and then Z Hopefully that helps! :)

@@tonythesopranos5310 Thank you so much for your answer! The explanation makes sense, though I was thinking that I don't really know any other instance where で attaches to an adjective like that. I'm not saying that this can't be the case, but it would be interesting why seems to be happening to ない only. I've also stumbled upon an explanation that なくて is the te-form of ない and ないで is ない + the te-form of だ. But I don't think the copula is ever used after adjectives (only です to imply politeness). I really wonder how exactly ないで developed in Japanese. It's great that you also mentioned negation of verbs and adjectives, because the fact that ない attaches to 未然形 of verbs, but 連用形 may be another hint to the answer of why ない is special when it comes to this topic. I've researched this a bit and didn't find any conclusive answer, but my hypothesis is that the ない that negates verbs (which would come from the negative form of ある) is not the same ない that negates adjectives (which would be a proper adjective: 無い). Maybe it has to do something with なくて and ないで?

@@danielblumowski34 oh that's a great point. I often forget that で is just the copula form of だ。But I'm not entirely if there is only 1 で in Japanese. Because as you say, there's the で that's clearly the continuative form of だ、but there are other times where で is clearly very instrumental. I. E., バスで仕事に行く. Is this で still just the connective, copula for of だ? You're absolutely cooking up with some of those theories. I'll do some digging some day, and hopefully we can both figure it out. Because honestly, I'm not sure myself! 🤔

@@tonythesopranos5310 Yes, I totally agree, sorry if I didn't state my thoughts well. I also think that there are more than one で, at least the one coming from the copula and the one that is a case-marking particle.

@@danielblumowski34 で-inception