Sander Konijnenberg
Sander Konijnenberg
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00. Introduction and overview: how to understand quantum mechanics
0:00 Science communication and quantum mechanics
4:48 The historical approach
7:58 Where to start
10:08 Thermodynamics
14:10 Statistical mechanics
17:18 Radiation
25:50 Old quantum theory
38:17 Matrix mechanics
41:51 Wave mechanics
44:06 Born's rule
45:46 Quantum spin
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Відео

07. Development of quantum spin
Переглядів 2,9 тис.3 місяці тому
Slides and transcripts: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Ekmg_Zl2SN1vsDZUW8HRXPVH9VcqMRv8 0:00 Recap and introduction 2:52 Normal Zeeman effect 8:30 Gyromagnetic ratio 11:30 Larmor precession 12:54 Bohr magneton 13:36 Sodium spectral line 19:34 Empirical formulas for Zeeman splitting 29:02 Interpreting the formulas 43:25 A spinning electron 49:18 Angular momentum operators 59:03 Pauli spin matri...
Optical aberrations: ray aberrations, wavefront error, Seidel, Abbe sine condition, Zernike
Переглядів 4,8 тис.11 місяців тому
Lecture notes and codes: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1C19nI8QTyyVAysR-pDcoJ27p6VQyVcPM?usp=sharing 0:00 Introduction 5:41 Connection between rays and waves 9:02 Describing aberrations 11:15 Calculate ray aberrations from wavefront error 16:56 Spot diagram and PSF 20:04 Seidel aberrations 32:18 Abbe sine condition 40:39 Zernike polynomials 47:52 Interpreting aberrations
Aperture stop
Переглядів 43211 місяців тому
Lecture notes and codes: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1C19nI8QTyyVAysR-pDcoJ27p6VQyVcPM?usp=sharing 0:00 Introduction 1:51 Aberrations 3:26 Depth of focus 4:12 Telecentricity
06. Development of Schrodinger's equation
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Slides and transcripts: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Ekmg_Zl2SN1vsDZUW8HRXPVH9VcqMRv8 ERRATA: at 1:28:24, rho(r,t) should read P_x(t) 0:00 Recap 5:25 Introduction 9:23 Minimization principles of Fermat and Hamilton 14:28 Action is phase 22:47 Deriving Schrodinger's equation 25:29 The hydrogen atom 44:06 Wave function as charge density 45:55 Multipole expansion 53:04 Schrodinger equation as a...
05. Development of Heisenberg's matrix mechanics
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Slides and transcripts: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Ekmg_Zl2SN1vsDZUW8HRXPVH9VcqMRv8 0:00 Recap of previous videos 4:50 Overview 11:44 Adiabatic hypothesis 14:55 Action-angle variables 21:47 Bohr's correspondence principle 26:18 Dispersion 35:52 Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule 38:43 Matrix mechanics 45:56 Heisenberg's equation of motion 47:29 The canonical commutation relation 53:13 Matrix deri...
Cover: Anti-hero - Taylor Swift
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recorded during the afternoon
04. Development of early quantum mechanics (before Schrodinger equation)
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Slides and transcripts: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Ekmg_Zl2SN1vsDZUW8HRXPVH9VcqMRv8 0:00 Recap of previous videos 7:11 Einstein's light quantum hypothesis 16:03 Einstein solid 33:36 Thomson's discovery of the electron 37:36 Zeeman effect (Lorentz' explanation) 46:56 Rutherford scattering 1:03:21 Bohr model 1:23:11 Einstein's AB coefficients 1:48:10 Compton scattering 1:52:00 De Broglie's m...
03. Blackbody radiation, thermodynamics of a photon gas, Wien's law, Planck's radiation law
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Slides and transcripts: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Ekmg_Zl2SN1vsDZUW8HRXPVH9VcqMRv8 0:00 Recap of previous videos 6:10 Radiation pressure recap 7:11 Temperature of radiation 9:38 'Photon gas law' 11:34 Radiation pressure of diffuse light 15:51 Stefan-Boltzmann law derivation 19:30 Thermodynamic quantities for a photon gas 20:40 Wien's displacement law 34:05 Wien's radiation law 36:16 Objec...
Numerically simulating the propagation of coherent optical fields (Fourier optics)
Переглядів 10 тис.3 роки тому
Lecture notes and codes: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1C19nI8QTyyVAysR-pDcoJ27p6VQyVcPM?usp=sharing 2:00 Fourier transforms in MATLAB 4:44 Simulations with Fourier transforms 6:56 Getting the axes right 11:06 Angular spectrum propagation 12:16 Fresnel propagation 12:42 Comparison of angular spectrum method and Fresnel propagation 13:30 Sampling considerations
(SoME1) Imaginary numbers with real applications: complex exponentials and Euler's formula
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Advanced middle-school level video made for 3Blue1Brown's Summer of Math Exposition (SoME). It's about intuitively understanding why exponentiating an imaginary number should yield a periodic function: exp(ix)=cos(x) i sin(x). It's because (-1)^n oscillates, but in discrete steps. To make the oscillation continuous, we have to take square roots of -1 (which is where the imaginary number i comes...
How does a hologram work? (in 1 minute)
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speedrunning holography for #VeritasiumContest gotta go fast
University level introductory optics course
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Lecture notes: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1C19nI8QTyyVAysR-pDcoJ27p6VQyVcPM?usp=sharing TYPO: at 51:11, the minus sign in e^{ik(x sin theta - z cos theta)} magically changes into a plus sign, which it shouldn't TYPO: starting from 1:43:49, I wrote ExB/dt instead of d(ExB)/dt 0:00 Overview and structure of the course 6:24 Ray model 11:48 Ray transfer matrix 15:10 Magnification (linear/angula...
02. Kinetic theory, statistical mechanics
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Slides and transcripts: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Ekmg_Zl2SN1vsDZUW8HRXPVH9VcqMRv8 At 1:31:05 I'm inconsistent with the use of E_sys and U_sys: apologies for that. 0:00:00 Recap of previous video 0:01:36 Ideal gas law 0:08:04 Equipartition theorem 0:13:43 Maxwell's velocity distribution 0:18:36 Boltzmann's combinatorics 0:42:14 Boltzmann entropy 0:49:47 Quasi-static processes 0:53:54 Expo...
01. Thermodynamics: Carnot engine, Entropy, Helmholtz/Gibbs free energy
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Slides and transcripts: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Ekmg_Zl2SN1vsDZUW8HRXPVH9VcqMRv8 0:00 Introduction 1:50 The steam engine 3:44 Carnot's most efficient engine 7:05 Reversible and irreversible processes 9:01 The Carnot cycle 10:56 The ideal gas law 12:27 Mathematical analysis of the Carnot cycle 18:15 Adiabatic processes 22:43 Efficiency of the Carnot engine 24:29 Entropy 27:50 Spontaneous...
Special relativity and electrodynamics (covariance, metric tensor, field tensor, potentials)
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Special relativity and electrodynamics (covariance, metric tensor, field tensor, potentials)
3D imaging and lensless imaging: light field camera/display, holography, and phase retrieval
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3D imaging and lensless imaging: light field camera/display, holography, and phase retrieval
09. Optics and Mechanics (Feynman path integral, Born series, Hamiltonian optics, Wigner function)
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09. Optics and Mechanics (Feynman path integral, Born series, Hamiltonian optics, Wigner function)
08. Photon polarization and quantum computing (Shor's algorithm, Grover's algorithm)
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08. Photon polarization and quantum computing (Shor's algorithm, Grover's algorithm)
07. Quantum optics (Schrodinger equation, harmonic oscillator, coherent states, photon statistics)
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07. Quantum optics (Schrodinger equation, harmonic oscillator, coherent states, photon statistics)
00. Introduction and overview (models of light: rays, scalar waves, polarized waves)
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00. Introduction and overview (models of light: rays, scalar waves, polarized waves)
06. Light at an interface (Fermat's principle, evanescent waves, Fresnel equations)
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06. Light at an interface (Fermat's principle, evanescent waves, Fresnel equations)
05. Polarization (Jones vectors and matrices, partial polarization, Stokes parameters)
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05. Polarization (Jones vectors and matrices, partial polarization, Stokes parameters)
04. Coherence (temporal and spatial coherence, Van Cittert-Zernike)
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04. Coherence (temporal and spatial coherence, Van Cittert-Zernike)
03. Diffraction Integrals (Fresnel + Fraunhofer propagation, Point Spread Function, Fourier optics)
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03. Diffraction Integrals (Fresnel Fraunhofer propagation, Point Spread Function, Fourier optics)
02. Angular Spectrum Method (plane wave decomposition, evanescent field, diffraction limit)
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02. Angular Spectrum Method (plane wave decomposition, evanescent field, diffraction limit)
01. Geometric Optics (ray transfer matrix, linear/angular magnification, chief/marginal rays)
Переглядів 10 тис.6 років тому
01. Geometric Optics (ray transfer matrix, linear/angular magnification, chief/marginal rays)

КОМЕНТАРІ

  • @mattphillips538
    @mattphillips538 4 дні тому

    Tak!!

  • @souvikroy6237
    @souvikroy6237 26 днів тому

    Grabbed my pen, notebook and completed half this lecture....I am just amazed to see and learn those interconnection....thank you very much❤

  • @HamayoonJallat
    @HamayoonJallat 29 днів тому

    Everyone better watch this video in 0.75 playback speed. He talks so fast

    • @SanderKonijnenberg
      @SanderKonijnenberg 29 днів тому

      True, I was rather unexperienced in making video presentations back then (everyone has to start somewhere). Not sure if I'm adequately experienced now. I hope you understand, and that this video was at least somewhat useful nonetheless.

    • @HamayoonJallat
      @HamayoonJallat 28 днів тому

      @@SanderKonijnenberg I understand and appreciate your effort. The video helped me. It was just a suggestion for the viewers because I watched it twice. Thanks again

  • @Vinkabbeats
    @Vinkabbeats Місяць тому

    🫷👁👄👁🫸 🦵 🦶 how my brain sees me after realizing that other brains be out here like :

  • @dag-vidarbauer80
    @dag-vidarbauer80 Місяць тому

    Please bring back your Taylor Swift cover 😢

  • @heyjianjing
    @heyjianjing Місяць тому

    As I am revisiting these material, sometimes I am bit frustrated as to what details can be omitted, and what details are critical. For example, the Haidinger fringes, if two extended sources are separated by delta_z, then, using the same lens, they should not converge to the same point on the screen, but slightly offset due to delta_z, correct? is that because the extended source is very large compared to delta_z, so the offset is negligible? Then, when you show theta \approx r/f, isn't here r needs to be small compared to f for the approximation to be valid? I find it difficult to see how this approximation is making sense here, as the ring pattern is observed at a scale much larger than f. Then, at thin film interference, isn't that the derivation using wave formula assume the screen/lens to be horizontal, as the comparison is done at two refraction points rather than the two points on a line perpendicular to two rays, like the derivation using geometry? In addition, only the phase accumulation from z direction is counted for the ray travels in medium, but not accumulation in x direction, when the ray travels 2dtan(theta_2)? I tried to find answer to these questions in books and on internet, but no one seems to bother to mention. Hopefully someone can answer these questions, I fully understand that my understanding may be limited and my questions may be silly.

  • @mybluemars
    @mybluemars Місяць тому

    A hologram is not actually 2D. It is a 3D object with thickness which is required to create the hologram. Why is this not mentioned in any videos I can find on the subject?

    • @SanderKonijnenberg
      @SanderKonijnenberg Місяць тому

      There are different kinds of hologram. The one that I describe here is (arguably) the most basic one, which is viewed with monochromatic light. I think you're referring to holograms that can be viewed with natural (white) light. These are indeed thicker. I describe them here: ua-cam.com/video/on9L1EAnWC4/v-deo.html 13:37

  • @williamnelson4968
    @williamnelson4968 Місяць тому

    Science instruction does not get better than this. I feel like I struck gold finding this channel. Superlatives do not even give justice to the crystal clear explanations that you give. Many thanks!

  • @intuitivelyrigorous
    @intuitivelyrigorous 2 місяці тому

    I think at 18:41, you shoud write the extra ∆P∆V which would then approximate to 0 when taking ∆P and ∆V as dP and dV.

  • @AndreSHoek
    @AndreSHoek 2 місяці тому

    I've watched like 20 videos on this topic, and this is the first time I understand the concept fully, and in under a minute, great stuff!

  • @eastofthegreenline3324
    @eastofthegreenline3324 2 місяці тому

    Excellent, and very much in the spirit of Griffiths or (the late mathematician) Harold Edwards. Was there an earlier version? I recall watching this more than a year ago. Really inspiring work!

  • @febobartoli
    @febobartoli 2 місяці тому

    I really enjoyed this video! It was a real delight to listen to the history of Physics and gain a deeper understanding of how the laws of physics were ascertained

  • @krzysztofciuba271
    @krzysztofciuba271 2 місяці тому

    Perfect. One comment about so-called the "collapse of Schrodinger function". Such talk@vocabulary is...poetry or psychologizing. The wave function exists in an "artificial-mathematical" phase space (as a complex plane). Still, it does predict the outcomes of experiments not with a "particle" but only with a stream (set, bunch) of them - by an analogy: a probabilistic formula predicts the outcome of every lottery: does it mean that Loterry machine "collapses" the probabilistic formula to get winning numbers? A nonsense talk!

  • @jacobvandijk6525
    @jacobvandijk6525 2 місяці тому

    @ 10:26 According to Hyperphysics (or better, the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Georgia State University) heat is the transfer of energy (like this: 23:07). Hanging on to this widely accepted definition, concepts like heat flow and heat energy tend to confuse people. It may even lead to a similar error like this: dU = dQ + dW. This is wrong because Q and W are already defined in terms of a change in energy. Thus, it should be: dU = Q + W. @ 13:27 Just switch the i and s irreversibly. @ 44:48 Nowadays, particle physicists want us to believe they can track the traces left by the unobservable Higgs boson. @ 47:54 And I like to add this advice: always be skeptical about what your read and hear in UA-cam-videos too. Simply accepting what you read and hear isn't very scientific.

  • @joesmith8288
    @joesmith8288 2 місяці тому

    Your channel is an absolute gem and criminally underrated. You clearly are a gifted educator and scientist. Wishing you millions of views and subs.

  • @alexgoldhaber1786
    @alexgoldhaber1786 2 місяці тому

    55:43 - - the soundwave of a certain b*tch. I know about them b*itches. Man your work is phenomenal, it's like a year's course in 2 hours.

  • @krzysztofciuba271
    @krzysztofciuba271 2 місяці тому

    OK not completely: at 17:50nn-the typical textbook nonsense on "time dilation". In the "Moving" system (x',t') these parameters x',t' represents not the values "recorded" by the moving "mythical observer=the set of synchronized clocks) but the ones as "been seen" by the observer in the system at rest! The "moving" observer records the same values of x',t' as the stationary observer,i.e., x,t; otherwise, it would violate the 1st Relativity Principle, then also that the unit time (of a clock) and distance (of a "rigid rod") is not "on2=1 sec,ore else)! Consequently, the case of "muon" (as a clock) is the same textbooks BS: a "muon" is a statistical "being=wave packet"; hence, all these experimental data can only be explained if one treats this "muon" as a "wave"; otherwise, the 1/3 of experiments data cannot be counted for -see the diagram for both radioactive "objects" at rest and "moving": in t>T(1/2-a halftime) the values of both functions are almost the same even graphically! One a better exposition of the Subject but not completely again

  • @MrFischvogel
    @MrFischvogel 2 місяці тому

    This is great! I tried to understand Heisenberg's magical paper for so long. This really helps! =)) THANK YOU SO MUCH, SIR

  • @LightningHelix101
    @LightningHelix101 2 місяці тому

    That was 🎉

  • @anantsharma314
    @anantsharma314 3 місяці тому

    I am totally in love with your work and content on youtube. You are providing something that many books fail to deliver, developing the subject in a chronological order. I just wanted to ask you that, will you be covering relativistic quantum mechanics and dirac equation anytime soon in future? eagerly waiting for your upcoming videos.

  • @mohitsinha2732
    @mohitsinha2732 3 місяці тому

    You have done great service to the small community of Physics Students who wonder How & where from was so much Linear Algebra & Operator theory was forced upon humanity in the Historical development, esp when we study QMech in the Modern way from J J Sakurai and the like... Thx a tonne!

  • @vtrandal
    @vtrandal 3 місяці тому

    Your work explaining the historical development of quantum mechanical models if fantastic and greatly appreciated. Thank you!

  • @maximusideal
    @maximusideal 3 місяці тому

    This answers so many questions I had about the transition from old quantum mechanics to current QM for so long!

  • @tilkesh
    @tilkesh 3 місяці тому

    Thx

  • @FormalSymmetry
    @FormalSymmetry 3 місяці тому

    18:56 Is S₃ supposed to have the signs reversed? It looks like it is supposed to be the Pauli Y matrix. EDIT: I should have watched to the end. I see you are already aware of the Pauli matrices.

  • @bhaskar08
    @bhaskar08 3 місяці тому

    Finally the wait is over!

  • @ihmejakki2731
    @ihmejakki2731 3 місяці тому

    I just come across your videos again and again and I can't understand how you're not a bigger name on youtube. Super good stuff!

  • @mre_physvids
    @mre_physvids 3 місяці тому

    This is outstanding. I have Stat Mech in the fall and when we get to black body radiation, I may take a day off and just run this video.

  • @felixwaldherr8848
    @felixwaldherr8848 3 місяці тому

    amazing

  • @skbhatta1
    @skbhatta1 3 місяці тому

    I enjoyed the video and thank you very much. I am trying to relearn all the things that I tried to learn in my university days from your great explanations. Thanks

    • @lepidoptera9337
      @lepidoptera9337 3 місяці тому

      Unless you were doing science history in university, the "derivation" won't help you much because it is physically not correct (but Heisenberg would not have been able to know that at the time). The structure of quantum mechanics does not come from this kind of reasoning, even though it dominated the early guesswork. In hindsight we can only say the founders guessed the correct solution but they arrived at it by all the wrong means. Today we know better, but we still teach it wrong. Having said that, certain aspects of Heisenberg's formalism are far closer to the actual facts than e.g. the Schroedinger/von Neumann approach.

  • @Remyie
    @Remyie 3 місяці тому

    Wow finally a video that actually SHOWS how it works, thank you 👍

  • @declanwk1
    @declanwk1 4 місяці тому

    I have always struggled with this topic, thank you for this very clear exposition. One thing that used to confuse me, was I thought that in the Carnot engine, gas had to flow from the hot to the cold reservoir. But from your video (and from considering a toy Stirling engine) it is clear that only heat needs to flow from the hot reservoir into the piston and then from the piston into the cold reservoir (with some of the heat energy converted into work). In many heat engines gas does flow from the hot to the cold reservoir but it is not necessary to consider for this analysis. The same amount of gas can remain in the piston throughout the cycle.

  • @dag-vidarbauer80
    @dag-vidarbauer80 4 місяці тому

    Great lecture, but why did you remove your cover of anti-hero?😢

  • @HamzaElhadaoui
    @HamzaElhadaoui 4 місяці тому

    Think you so much great work

  • @Pidrittel
    @Pidrittel 4 місяці тому

    Simply fantastic video! Thanky for sharing and well done!

  • @Pidrittel
    @Pidrittel 4 місяці тому

    Thank you so much for uploading all these videos. Some of them contain very unique ways to explain topics optics that you dont find elsewhere (on youtube at least). Your video about abberations is for example one of the cleanest ways to explain and differentiate the different terms I have come across. Very well done and thanks again! I got one question regarding the notation of polarisation (S- or P-Polarization or TE/TM) since you used it in this video in the chapter about fresnel equations: I regularly get confused by the TE / TM notation: It is used in electric engineering when describing modes in waveguides, it is used to describe modes in laser resonators (eg. TEM00).. Could you elaborate when we talk about S/P polarisation and when about TE / TM / TEM, and how to distinguish the terms properly? I have a feeling that TE/TM/TEM mean different things, depending on context. (Edit: in the end its the same question as in physics.stackexchange.com/questions/732802/te-and-tm-modes-vs-polarization )

  • @brisingreye5209
    @brisingreye5209 4 місяці тому

    @Sander thanks for your great video! I am trying to reproduce your results shown at @30:29 using python. However I am unsure how to do so. I did define a 2D array containing 9 point sources. However I am unsure how to then determine the diffraction patterns as shown in your image. Could you maybe explain your steps taken (or provide a part if your code)?

    • @brisingreye5209
      @brisingreye5209 4 місяці тому

      Looking a bit closer at the expressions I am a bit confused as how you define the ''h'' in your Delta W. It appears as the magnitude of the vector (from optical axis to the point source). I did use the equation in which we set x=rho*cos(theta) (which then puts the h along the x-axis). So i guess I need to use the polar system instead. However then I still dont understand how you determine the angle theta and the magnitude rho in order to produce your plots.

    • @SanderKonijnenberg
      @SanderKonijnenberg 4 місяці тому

      @@brisingreye5209 Phi and rho are the polar coordinates of the pupil, which is in Fourier space. So you'd do the following: - Pick a point source in the object plane with a certain position vector . - Fourier transform the point source (this should give a linear phase ) and truncate it with the pupil/aperture. - Apply the phase error \Delta W in the pupil. rho and phi are the polar coordinates in the pupil (where phi is the angle between and , to ensure rotational symmetry of the system). At the edge of the pupil, rho should equal 1. The strength of this phase error can depend on h, i.e. the farther away the point source from the optical axis, the larger the phase error in the pupil. - (Inverse) Fourier transform the pupil function to obtain the PSF for the point source. - Do this for all point sources in the grid to obtain a figure as shown in the video I explain in more detail how to calculate PSFs with Fourier transforms here: ua-cam.com/video/z-2tdkJ0Yzc/v-deo.htmlsi=ytQRR-rmCooB1sfO

    • @brisingreye5209
      @brisingreye5209 4 місяці тому

      @@SanderKonijnenberg First and foremost thanks for your reply! Point 3 isnt clear to me. So if I understand you correctly: 1: define a point source in the object plane: Point = zeros(3000x3000) and then set Point(1000,2000)=1 for example. 2: Next take the FFT: Four_Point = fftshift(fft2(Point)) 3: truncate Four_point with the aperature function -> What exactly do you mean if you say ‘’truncate it with’’? Do you mean to say that I should set all values in the aperture matrix to zero whenever the Four_Point is nonzero? Should the aperture function (say P0) be defined in real space or should it also be the fourier transform? 4: Apply \Delta W: So the result from point 3 (say Matrix ‘’R”): R*exp(^i*k*\Delta W) 5: Inverse Fourier: this is straightforward (and if not, I guess the previous points are the problem for the time being anyways). On a more general note: Am I correct to say that the wavefront error is the additional optical path difference we need to add for rays to pass through the aperture to converge to the ideal image in the image plane? When calculating the PSF using the wavefront error, do we then determine it at the hight of the aperture or the image plane (in other words: If I wish to determine the image on my detector, do I still need to propagate the result. If yes: I guess I can use the FFT(PSF)*h, where h is the propagation function). Thanks a lot!

    • @SanderKonijnenberg
      @SanderKonijnenberg 4 місяці тому

      @@brisingreye5209 About point 3: the aperture function is defined in Fourier space. Your quantity 'Four_Point' is a plane wave, so it is non-zero everywhere. It should be truncated by the aperture, i.e. the field should be set to zero outside the aperture. If you (inverse) Fourier transform this truncated plane wave (without introducing the wafevront error \Delta W), you should get an Airy disk whose position depends on the location of the point source in the object plane (see 17:53). The smaller you make your aperture, the larger the Airy disk. The wavefront error is the additional optical pathlength compared to the ideal spherical wavefront. If the spherical wavefront is approximated as quadratic (Fresnel approximation), then it cancels out with the Fresnel propagator when we propagate the field from the pupil plane to the image plane (see 18:27). Therefore, the wavefront error is determined at the height of the aperture plane, and the PSF is determined at the height of the image plane. The propagation from aperture plane to image plane is fully incorporated in the Fourier transform, because the Fresnel propagator cancels with the ideal quadratic wavefront, onto which the wavefront error is added.

    • @brisingreye5209
      @brisingreye5209 4 місяці тому

      @@SanderKonijnenberg Thanks alot! I got 3 more questions I would like to ask: Question 1: I got it to work somewhat properly, in the sense that it now forms a PSF based on the distance with respect to the optical axis. However it does not correct for the angle it makes with regards to the x-axis. (so the PSF of the upper left corner would be identical to that of the right upper corner and (besides the somewhat smaller h) to those on the x-axis). Question 2: I am somewhat confused by the notion that the aperture is defined in fourier space, although it depends on spatial coordinates. As an experimentalist (trying out python calculations) I know that you can build an 4f system and place an (physical) aperture to block part of the spatial frequencies within the fourier plane. So I wrongly assumed the radius of the aperture used in the code (rho) to correspond to a spatial distance. In actually fact it thus corresponds to the spatial frequencies that are allowed to pass through the aperture. How then are the physical dimensions of the aperture related to those in fourier space (at what hight rho, would you expect a certain frequency k_y)? I am also wondering how it relates to the impulse response of an optical system (as I wrongly assumed them to be one and the same thing). Question 3: Did you make a video (or are you planning to make one) relating the aperture and the wavefront errors to an optical system (say some simple lens system)? I would be really helpful to how they relate and thus how one can effect the image quality by changing/adjusting the optical system? If the answer is no, do you happen to know a great source of information that can help me on my way (once I have successfully reproduced the results as shown in your great video!)

  • @KarlFredrik
    @KarlFredrik 5 місяців тому

    Brilliant video! Thanks!

  • @swag_designs5470
    @swag_designs5470 5 місяців тому

    This is so great I love it

  • @eamonnsiocain6454
    @eamonnsiocain6454 5 місяців тому

    Well written and produced

  • @davidhand9721
    @davidhand9721 5 місяців тому

    Sure, but compatibleism. My judgment here has nothing to do with morality, either. The brain is a physical object which evolves according to all relevant natural laws, so it is deterministic if physics is deterministic. But you _are_ your brain, and your brain is you; this is an observational fact. Your brain determines what you do, and you are your brain, therefore you determine what you do. End of story. That being said, my preference for determinism in physics is based instead on information and the principles of science. If the evolution of the universe dU/dt is not wholly a function of U then it must have additional parameters beyond U. There is literally not enough information in U(t) to calculate U(t+dt). But U is the state of the universe, which can only be defined as everything that exists, so if there's information outside of U, then we clearly aren't really talking about U. Furthermore, the basis of scientific reasoning is that we can infer functions of U by meticulously controlling and observing U itself, i.e. discover natural laws that apply at all t. If U does not include all of its own parameters, then it's no longer reasonable to use the scientific method to draw any general conclusions. The results of our experiments are contaminated with extra information that can never be interrogated out of U. We used the scientific method to discover quantum mechanics, so if this particular non-deterministic aspect of QM is true, then there is no reason to believe that QM is true. I choose to believe that truth can be known and science is valuable. Finally, determinism is restored by the Everett interpretation. You can have a deterministic view of QM so long as you acknowledge that you are a part of the wavefunction yourself, not some kind of magical god-like observer on the outside, beyond the influence of physics. The difficulty there is in fact the same mess that arises in free will when you assume dualism. Yes, of course the laws of physics apply to you, but that doesn't mean you are powerless, and it doesn't mean you have to twist your brain in knots with non-determinism.

  • @michael-varney-music
    @michael-varney-music 6 місяців тому

    Interestingly, in matlab2023b if you create the aperture with even number of pixels you do not have a linear phase, but you do with odd number of pixels. Opposite of what this video shows.

    • @SanderKonijnenberg
      @SanderKonijnenberg 6 місяців тому

      Yes, I noticed the same thing some time after I had uploaded this video. Oh well...

  • @paoloberra5141
    @paoloberra5141 6 місяців тому

    Great video!! Really complete. I've seen you have uploaded the pdf slides only for Heisenberg matrixes. Could you also upload the slides of the other videos? It could be useful to study them better. Anyway thanks for your effort! Regards Paolo Berra

  • @sammyapsel1443
    @sammyapsel1443 6 місяців тому

    At 13:09 , why did you ignore the 1/lambda*z term when you calculated the fresnel propagated field? And why didn't you take the abs^2 when presenting it?

    • @SanderKonijnenberg
      @SanderKonijnenberg 6 місяців тому

      I ignored the factor 1/lambda*z because it's a global factor that is typically uninteresting since it doesn't change the 'shape' of the field. We typically plot the field amplitude/intensity in arbitrary or normalized units anyway. I didn't calculate the intensity by taking the squared modulus, because then lots of subtle features tend to become much less visible in the plot. So it's basically just a plotting trick (just like you can plot the log to make weak features visible), but you're right that the squared modulus would be the physical quantity that a camera would measure.

  • @replyasapreplyasap
    @replyasapreplyasap 6 місяців тому

    This is great. Thank you!

  • @jacobvandijk6525
    @jacobvandijk6525 6 місяців тому

    @ 03:02 The comparison is a bit unfortunate. A classical wave function describes something physical, while the quantum mechanical wave function has no physical meaning. It's just a mathematical tool. @ 12:40 This picture (on the right) is NOT correct. No photon travels back in time. You should have used the picture on the left and changed the z-axis into a time-axis. Then, we're doing physics again. Read about "time-slicing", Sander.

  • @jacobvandijk6525
    @jacobvandijk6525 6 місяців тому

    @ 17:42 This is NOT a source-term. A real source-term is like the driving-force for a harmonic oscillator. But this "source-term" is the potential energy of that oscillator. There is no driving-force in this explanation; like there is no driving-force in QFT's. Quantum fluctuations have no physical explanation, only a mathematical one (the HUP). The famous Big Bang Theory has no starting point either; it is only an evolution theory. We have no clue where the initial impuls for The Big Bang or for quantum fluctuations comes from; IF these theories make any sense at all.

  • @jacobvandijk6525
    @jacobvandijk6525 6 місяців тому

    The name Snell (with double L) is an anglicisation of the Dutch name Snel (with single L). Anglicisation is like colonisation. You want to impose your own culture on everything :-(

  • @jacobvandijk6525
    @jacobvandijk6525 6 місяців тому

    @ 0:00 Here, he leaves out the QUANTUM MODEL of light. In video 9. he corrects this.