John Warren
John Warren
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Supercritical seawater as a source of massive halite evaporites?
Under specific pressure and temperature conditions, supercritical water cannot retain dissolved salts. When seawater brines are heated in pressure cells in the laboratory, they enter the supercritical state at a temperature of 405°C and a pressure of 300 bars. At this point, a particulate 'cloud' forms due to a phenomenon known as 'shock crystallization' of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
This cloud reflects a sudden phase transition, as the solubility of the previously dissolved salts drops to nearly zero over a temperature range of only a few degrees, accompanied by a significant decrease in density. The resulting solids in the cloud consist of amorphous microscopic particles of halite and sodium sulphate, ranging in size from 10 to 100 nm. This rapid crystallization, or "salting out," can lead to the precipitation of large volumes of subsurface hydrothermal salts in fractures and fissures and potentially even in the deeper parts of salt structures.
This video chapter from Saltworks' upcoming online evaporite course discusses the nature and distribution of these hydrothermal salts and examines whether they can be classified as a form of evaporite salt. For a digital version of portions of this content, visit saltworkconsultants.com/hydrothermal-salts/
Переглядів: 52

Відео

Mantle Salts: Serpentinisation forms huge carbonate chimneys on the seafloor
Переглядів 71Місяць тому
In this video from our upcoming online evaporites course (the course will be online in the first quarter of 2025), we delve into the fascinating world of hydrothermal carbonate precipitates. Precipitation of non-solar mineral salts (aragonite-calcite-brucite) is chemosynthetically facilitated by methanogenesis and the escape of associated hydrogen and abiogenic short-chain hydrocarbons. Over 30...
Salts from mantle fluids: Hydrothermal anhydrite in the Smokers at mid oceanic ridges
Переглядів 1072 місяці тому
After the previous article defining the physics of evaporation, over the next few articles, I want to discuss ionic salts that are not "true" evaporites. They're not solar-powered, and they're not related to the uptake of solar heat in brine on or near the earth's surface. Instead, they're related to retrograde salt chemistries or the supercritical properties of subsurface brine at extremely hi...
Evaporation: The physics of the process
Переглядів 1173 місяці тому
Many of us talk about evaporites and their textures being indicative of the various depositional and diagenetic hydrologies where they occur. But many of us haven't looked into the physics of the actual evaporation process and how that controls both the mineralogy and the textural variations as an evaporite bed accumulates. So, before we delve into the specifics of evaporites, textures and regi...
Copper, zinc and salt in the Red Sea rift - Atlantis II Deep
Переглядів 2474 місяці тому
In this video, taken from our online copper course, I focus on the cupriferous hydrothermal laminites of the Atlantis II Deep in the Red Sea and discuss the role of evaporites interacting with rift brines in the enrichment of metals in this deposit. In the Atlantis II Deep in the axial-rift deepwater sediments of the Red Sea, significant volumes of base metals are accumulating in a halokinetic ...
Sedimentary Copper: A salty introduction to the online course
Переглядів 965 місяців тому
Historically, most models of ore genesis in stratiform sedimentary copper (SSC) deposits mention the presence of evaporites but lack detail on why particular evaporite styles, textures, and structures are so important. At best, there are statements like, “There are sabkha associations with some sedimentary copper deposits.” But such proposed ties to syndepositional brines and saline mudflats ar...
Halite in and beyond greenschist
Переглядів 1807 місяців тому
Ever wonder why halite is rarely seen in metamorphic terranes but anhydrite is? This video is from our online training course that looks at supergiant sedimentary copper and why they are generally tied to evaporite edges or their more metamorphically evolved daughters. Want more information go to: courses.saltworkconsultants.com/23854
Lithium from brines: Salty Approaches
Переглядів 15311 місяців тому
A presentation given by Dr Warren at the GSA-CET LITHIUM WORKSHOP, Feb. 12, 2024, Perth Australia The links mentioned in the talk can be accessed at Abstract: Lithium is extracted from brine in saline, high-altitude, intermontane settings in the Andes and the Himalayas. Salar de Atacama, Chile, exemplifies the extraction process in the Andes. Brines are naturally enriched by capillary evaporati...
Burial dolomites Part 1
Переглядів 90Рік тому
The video is an example of the content on offer in Saltwork's online course dealing with dolomites and dolomitisation Check it out at courses.saltworkconsultants.com/
Salt tectonics an overview
Переглядів 146Рік тому
The video is an overview of the online salt tectonics course offered by saltwork consultants. To view the full course content and enrol courses.saltworkconsultants.com
The dolomite problem from a Phanerozoic perspective
Переглядів 141Рік тому
The video is an example of the content on offer in Saltwork's online course dealing with dolomites and dolomitisation Check it out at courses.saltworkconsultants.com/
Saltwork video: Lithium brine in high altitude lakes of the Himalayas - The importance of topography
Переглядів 1132 роки тому
The video is one of the free preview video modules you access when you sign up for a free preview of the Saltwork course "Lithium from brine." courses.saltworkconsultants.com/courses/lithium-exploration-for-lithium-from-brine-sources This video discusses the suitability of known areas in the Himalayas other than Lake Zabuye with brine sources, volumes and ionic proportions suitable for the futu...
Ripon2016interviewcopy
Переглядів 182 роки тому
News interview of 2016 ground collapse in Ripon, UK, ties back to Salty matters blog article on natural salt karst and problems. The video ties back to a scientifically detailed discussion of rapid ground collapse in. regions underlain by shallow and dissolving evaporite beds as it occurs in the vicinity of Ripon in Yorkshire (saltworkconsultants.com/blog-salty-matters/)
Mesohaline source rocks in saline geosystems
Переглядів 392 роки тому
This video is take from a full set of free online lectures available for viewing from (courses.saltworkconsultants.com/collections) Just enrol in this free set of course lectures to access more than 8 hours of video content discussing all aspects of organic matter across modern and ancient saline geological settings.
Potash - An overview
Переглядів 2622 роки тому
This is an example of the chapter content of our online "Understanding Potash" course (courses.saltworkconsultants.com/) Since the 1950s, the terms potash or potash salts have been used commercially as general descriptions for potassium chloride (KCI or muriate of potash MOP), potassium sulphate (K2SO4 or sulphate of potash SOP), potassium-magnesium sulphate (K2SO4-MgSO4 or sulphate of potash m...
What is lithium and why is it important?
Переглядів 2212 роки тому
What is lithium and why is it important?
Rocksalt has a set of physical properties that are more fluid-like at geological time scales
Переглядів 1212 роки тому
Rocksalt has a set of physical properties that are more fluid-like at geological time scales

КОМЕНТАРІ

  • @milenaresources4244
    @milenaresources4244 6 місяців тому

    What do you make of APS mineral systems. I expect Cl bearing zunyite for instance. Where do you think the K comes from in the fertile potassic zone of many porphyry coppers. Isotope studies invoke a magmatic origin for oxygen but I am suspicious about the source of K…even in magmatic systems. Amphiboles? I keep thinking phyllosilicates…but then in mantle rock…nah. From crustal contaminants?

  • @milenaresources4244
    @milenaresources4244 Рік тому

    Very good. I have been playing about with a theory regarding UMV deposits where I live in Galena IL. "Did the zinc come with oil?" It is my belief that the rotten dolomite we have here is due to oil penetration and its subsequent self oxidation and generation of heat, not unlike a burning coal bed. I know the story of migration updip by basin brines etc. but I do feel the escape of petroleum and the metals associated with such mixtures of water, salt, oil and metals might deserve sticking ones neck out a bit and asserting that most of the metals were carried with the oil. I claim that there is a reasonably good working hypothesis using automotive oil and its use of zinc phosphates in the presence of sulfur bearing oil, etc. The black sludge in engine oil supposedly hosts a surprising amount of sphalerite that plugs oil circulation holes over time. I am also struck by the vast amount of fluorescent hydrozincite and smithsonite that leak out of irregularly ameboid pockety yellowed rock over large areas here in the UMV. I assert that most of the yellowed argyllic dolomitic rock was soaked in residual metals after the fluids "cooked off" including the problematic lead and low level uranium that provides the radon we all know and love. Some places show yellowed and non yellowed dolomite in the same block. Cute really. There are plenty of structural features hosting sulfides that were mined but I am struck by the hydrozincite that positively leaks out of the rotten rock. I put together a little on Linked-in to that effect, mostly because I seem to have a house that is notched into vuggy if not cavernous porosity of the Galena Group and which produces blocks ranging up to 40-50 lbs of late karstic zinc carbonate passageway plugs, breccias and speleothem features that I stumble over, especially where my neighbors are doing new builds. I have seen your website...it's very good! Myself....I just JV'd a porphyry Cu in Chile and accidently bought into the UMV zinc mineral geology that runs in cavernous material under not only my house but for 75 acres or more hereabouts. My little UA-cam channel shows a bit. My researchgate work regarding anhydrite in porphyry systems is more interesting. I claim the anyhdrite is essential to formation of a metallic cu sulfide body by fixing what was much more mobile as a Cu oxide. Check it out. So....what next dolomitization as an essential step in fixing mobile Pb/Zn oxide minerals like in Ca extraction from feldspars and hydrolysis to form porphyry systems?