PenguinMaths
PenguinMaths
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Peano axioms: Can you really PROVE that 2+2=4?
How do you prove 2 + 2 = 4? I mean, it's just TRUE right? If you think this, well, Mr. Peano would like to have a word with you.
Natural number game: www.ma.imperial.ac.uk/~buzzard/xena/natural_number_game/
This video was made for 3Blue1Brown's SoME1 competition.
Переглядів: 14 315

Відео

How quaternions produce 3D rotation
Переглядів 87 тис.3 роки тому
Wait a minute, aren't quaternions super confusing? After all, they live in 4D space!!! Let's try to put this confusion to rest. Watch 3Blue1Brown's excellent video on quaternions: ua-cam.com/video/d4EgbgTm0Bg/v-deo.html Play with quaternions on 3Blue1Brown's and Ben Eater's interactive website: 3imaginary1real.com
Can any knot be untied? Intro to knot theory and tricolorability
Переглядів 13 тис.4 роки тому
Can you untie any knot? And if you can't, how can you prove that you can't? We explore this question in a visual and intuitive way using an invariant in knot theory called tricolorability.
Catalan numbers derived!
Переглядів 18 тис.4 роки тому
How many ways can you validly arrange n pairs of parentheses? We explore this question visually, using generating functions and a combinatoric proof. Josef Rukavicka's paper (source of the combinatoric proof): www.combinatorics.org/ojs/index.php/eljc/article/view/v18i1p40/pdf
The unexpectedly hard box problem
Переглядів 2,3 тис.4 роки тому
Which point on the box is furthest from P when you can only travel on the surface of the box? The answer may not be what you expect. I break it down in a visual way to answer this question. This problem is from a 2013 UGA math tournament, here is the original problem and its solution (the last problem in the PDF): www.math.uga.edu/sites/default/files/PDFs/undergrad/MathTournament/teacher-team13...
Vieta Jumping and Problem 6 | Animated Proof
Переглядів 44 тис.4 роки тому
Problem 6 of the 1988 International Math Olympiad is notorious for its difficulty to prove. There exists a very elegant way to prove it that lends itself nicely to being visualized. Play with this graph on Desmos: www.desmos.com/calculator/teufnbag2o
Why adding cubes is always a squared triangle number
Переглядів 5 тис.4 роки тому
The sum of cubes has a beautiful and surprising relationship to the triangle numbers. This videos proves this relationship in a visual and intuitive way. If you prefer reading, I've written a blog post on the same topic: penguinmaths.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-sum-of-cubes-and-triangle-numbers.html There is a small mistake at the end of the video, when substituting 1,000,000 into the equation, I ...
How Mersenne primes generate perfect numbers
Переглядів 5 тис.4 роки тому
Animated proof of Euclid-Euler theorem, providing intuition behind the fact that all even perfect numbers are of the form (2^(k-1)) * (2^k - 1). Check out my blog post on this same topic: penguinmaths.blogspot.com/2019/07/euclid-euler-theorem-proved-visually.html
Julia Fractal Animated
Переглядів 2,9 тис.5 років тому
Comment your favorite frame. (Use the , and . keys on the keyboard to step one frame at a time) Created in C
Mandelbrot Fractal Animated
Переглядів 20 тис.5 років тому
Fractals are beautiful, and even prettier when they move. Written in C

КОМЕНТАРІ

  • @zdspider6778
    @zdspider6778 9 днів тому

    _Quay-tonion._ 🤔

  • @mb59621
    @mb59621 10 днів тому

    Dude you could have explained more on how we are rotating the squares when you drew the circles.

  • @Bruhlol616
    @Bruhlol616 10 днів тому

    İm in 3rgd grade but i understand this

  • @festa1999
    @festa1999 12 днів тому

    Anyone know if there is a resource somewhere that solves out the qvq* quaternion multiplication step by step to derive the simplified form that you usually see on the internet? A lot of the explanation I find just skip the whole thing because it's tedious

  • @OmarAGarciaA
    @OmarAGarciaA 19 днів тому

    I think the circle (jk) at second 4:50 is mistakenly drawn. The arrows should poiont the other way around

  • @NoNameNoShame22
    @NoNameNoShame22 20 днів тому

    “If you like math” no sir, i do not but I’m out of options…

  • @AbrahamGarcia-bo3rk
    @AbrahamGarcia-bo3rk Місяць тому

    This is not what really happens, in reality the rotation (in any dimension) is the result of perform two consecutive reflections, in this way the angle of rotation is twice theta. and actually in any form of mathematics where you can represent points and reflections you can also represent rotations, for example with complex numbers, matrices, quaternions, etc. Sorry for my bad english

  • @MGmirkin
    @MGmirkin 2 місяці тому

    Anyone else notice that "((2^n)-1)" & "(2^(n-1))" are just the expressions you use to convert either a string of 1's or a 1 with a string of 0's behind it, respectively from binary into Base 10? No? Just me? Cool... Worked it out on my own, even! [While investigating some Base10 vs. Base2 (binary) stuff; happened to note that the expressions or the relative conversions of those particular binary digit strings just happened to match the pieces that get multiplied together to create perfect numbers (where n is prime & "(2^n)-1" is a Mersenne Prime)]... ;) Interesting!

    • @MGmirkin
      @MGmirkin 2 місяці тому

      Haven't actually watched the video yet, so no idea if it's covered or not... If so, cool. If not, well... Interesting factoid! For whatever it's worth. Surely I'm not the first to figure this out? [Extremely doubtful...] :P ;)

  • @amirjutt0
    @amirjutt0 3 місяці тому

    Man. You deserve way more than it. I usually don't give good rating to feakin math tutorials. This one was really nice. keep it up man

  • @XYZ_youtube
    @XYZ_youtube 3 місяці тому

    5:50 k!, k factorial xD

  • @archangecamilien1879
    @archangecamilien1879 3 місяці тому

    It comes down to counting the number of positions for say, the ones that turn to the right...like, which 3 among the 6 will be turned to the right, etc...number of ways of choosing 3 from 6, so 6 choose 3...but, to avoid repetition, divide by 3!, etc, because ((())) is the same if we switch the first two (, etc, so (6 choose 3)/(3!)...unless I'm forgetting something, lol...

  • @PrayAlways-mn7wh
    @PrayAlways-mn7wh 4 місяці тому

    Great job and this is by far the best description of a quaternion video I have come across. One comment I have is that "by definition" contains no information why things are they way they, there is no insight or intuitive feel for the description of "they way things are the way they are". "By definition" often is stated by the teacher to the student, to mean do not ask anymore questions rather than giving insight. "By definition" should be explained in context, and often it means "logically consistent" or it leads to a "illogically consistent" result, in both cases the "logically consistent" and "illogically consistent" result should be explained. For quanternions, the "by definition" implies a logically consistent subfield of numbers given all pertinent rules are stated and followed. This is why Rowan Hamilton was excited and immediately scratched down the formula i^2=j^2=k^2=i*j*k=-1, he had in essence discovered a new field (to be more accurate a new subfield) of numbers, a new space, which is logically consistent given the stated quaternion rules of multiplication. The focus shouldn't be on "by definition" but the fact that Rowan Hamilton had discovered a new subfield of numbers which was only appreciated once computers and computer games became popular. To see the iIlogical consistency, one can attempt to create a field or subfield with i and j only, if you attempt to do this you will quickly find there is illogical consistencies within a 3 dimensional world and one has to go to 4 dimensions (quaternions) with some extra multiplication rules to make a consistent subfield.

  • @paralol_
    @paralol_ 4 місяці тому

    This was super clear and super fun! It really helped me understand it better, thanks a lot!

  • @abitfrosty
    @abitfrosty 4 місяці тому

    There's 0 (belongs to N) and increments of 0: 0++, (0++)++ that we just call 1, 2. But you can give them any name you want. Now apply this substitution in the video and everything is clear.

  • @hudiscool69
    @hudiscool69 4 місяці тому

    Certainly! Here's a 1000-word sentence to explain why 1 + 1 equals 2. In the realm of mathematics, the fundamental concept of addition serves as a cornerstone for the construction of numerical relationships, and the simple arithmetic expression 1 + 1 encapsulates this foundational principle with profound clarity and precision, as it embodies the amalgamation of two distinct units, each represented by the digit 1, into a singular composite entity, thereby resulting in the absolute quantity of 2, which, in the context of the decimal numeral system, holds the position of the first non-zero natural number subsequent to 1, and by definition denotes the cardinality of a set comprising two elements, thereby establishing a direct and unequivocal correlation between the addends and the sum, a relationship that is firmly grounded in the axiomatic structure of arithmetic and underpins the very essence of numerical reasoning, as the operation of addition itself is defined as the process of combining multiple quantities to yield a single total, and in this specific instance, the addends, both of which possess an identical numerical value of 1, are united through the application of the addition operator, which signifies the act of combining or joining disparate numerical values to produce a new and unique value that encapsulates the collective magnitude of the constituent quantities, and it is by virtue of this fundamental operation that the addends 1 and 1 are conjoined to yield the resultant sum of 2, which is the direct consequence of the additive process and stands as a testament to the inherent arithmetic truth that embodies the proposition 1 + 1 = 2, as the sum itself denotes the total quantity obtained from consolidating the individual units represented by the addends, and thus elucidates the essence of additive reasoning, which forms the bedrock of numerical computation and serves as an indispensable tool for quantification and enumeration in various mathematical and real-world contexts, and the veracity of the statement 1 + 1 = 2 is further corroborated by the intrinsic properties of the natural numbers, which are characterized by their ability to be systematically ordered and operated upon according to well-defined rules and properties, and as such, the sum 2, being the result of combining the addends 1 and 1, falls in line with the principles of numerical succession and ordinality, as it immediately succeeds the number 1 in the sequence of natural numbers and represents the concept of "one more than one" in a clear and unambiguous manner, thereby reflecting the inherent consistency and coherence of the arithmetic system, and it is worth noting that the proposition 1 + 1 = 2 also finds affirmation in the broader framework of set theory, where the process of addition can be conceptualized as the union of two singleton sets, each containing a solitary element denoted by the numeral 1, to form a composite set with two elements, and thus, the resultant set comprising 1 and 1 aligns perfectly with the cardinality of 2, thereby reinforcing the arithmetical equivalence embodied in the expression 1 + 1 = 2, and this congruence between the cardinalities of the addends and the sum serves as a compelling validation of the fundamental arithmetic truth enshrined in the simple yet profound equation, thus underscoring the incontrovertible veracity of the statement that 1 + 1 indubitably equals 2.

    • @hudiscool69
      @hudiscool69 4 місяці тому

      If you want anything else just ask me

    • @jacklong7183
      @jacklong7183 4 місяці тому

      I'm confused still, maybe another 1000 words would help me out@@hudiscool69

  • @justsomeboyprobablydressed9579
    @justsomeboyprobablydressed9579 5 місяців тому

    You're using the word "equation" incorrectly. An equation has an equals sign (as the name suggests) and two sides. What you keep referring to as an equation is called an "expression."

  • @suvelmuttreja786
    @suvelmuttreja786 5 місяців тому

    Great video! It's the only one I've watched so far that has actually explained the problem and solutions in a way I understood

  • @yolotaylor993
    @yolotaylor993 5 місяців тому

    so interesting viedo, vivid and explicit

  • @mathsinmo4372
    @mathsinmo4372 5 місяців тому

    is this solution correct a²+b² can be written as (a²+b²)(1+ab) - ab(a²+b²) and as (1+ab)|(a²+b²) then ab(a²+b²) should be equal to zero In case 1, when a² + b² = 0, the expression (a² + b²)/(1 + ab) simplifies to 0/(1 + ab) = 0, which is indeed a perfect square. In case 2, when ab = 0, the expression (a² + b²)/(1 + ab) simplifies to (a² + b²)/(1 + 0) = (a² + b²)/1 = a² + b². Since ab = 0, it follows that a² + b² = (a + b)², which is a perfect square. Therefore, based on these two cases, it can be concluded that for any values of a and b, the expression (a² + b²)/(1 + ab) is always a perfect square.

    • @troxexlot18
      @troxexlot18 5 місяців тому

      You realize that you only found one part of sets of points a²+b²=0 implies both a and b to be zero. (0,0) point And ab = 0 gives (0,k) and (k,0) for k positive integers

  • @abdullahalsumunto
    @abdullahalsumunto 6 місяців тому

    2+S(1),,, there isn't the S is common thing so how could you common this S(2+1)? How?

  • @raheem2845
    @raheem2845 6 місяців тому

    I would claim numbers are built from images Example , 4 always represents 4 images, like 4 squares for instance. 1. The main idea here is that maths is built from images (a) example , geometry is clearly made of images b) example 2, We claim numbers are built from images too, as say 4 , always represents 4 images, like 4 squares for instance. C) imaginary numbers are connected to images too , which is why they have applications in physics D) In general any mathematical symbol that comes to mind is connected to images too` To be accurate numbers are "labels" for groups of images

  • @amolven
    @amolven 6 місяців тому

    Here before this blows up.

  • @user-fr9py6fe6q
    @user-fr9py6fe6q 6 місяців тому

    By far the BEST description after wandering all the materials.. Thanks !!

  • @Spiegelradtransformation
    @Spiegelradtransformation 6 місяців тому

    This is by definition. What is in mechanic ?

  • @ludovicbedard7922
    @ludovicbedard7922 6 місяців тому

    Wow. I'm only at 9min, and I love that explanation of a generating function.

  • @mananbhardwaj3976
    @mananbhardwaj3976 7 місяців тому

    please

  • @mananbhardwaj3976
    @mananbhardwaj3976 7 місяців тому

    create more videos please

  • @_general_error
    @_general_error 7 місяців тому

    I can see now, that quaternion operations remind me on how charges move in the electromagnetic field. A "moving" charge will produce a circular magnetic field (It's "charge under acceleration produces a circular magnetic field with it's plane oriented perpendicular to the direction of acceleration)...

  • @pistachos4868
    @pistachos4868 7 місяців тому

    Great video!

  • @UZPvNUCaaQdF
    @UZPvNUCaaQdF 8 місяців тому

    @1:53 did you mean "denominator"?

  • @alexmassy
    @alexmassy 8 місяців тому

    Pure concentration of mindblowing explanation ! Thx

  • @sollybrown8217
    @sollybrown8217 8 місяців тому

    Plz drop the annoying penguin

  • @kartikeyadubey9211
    @kartikeyadubey9211 8 місяців тому

    Thank you for making this!!! I just learnt about quaternion rotations in class and unfortunately my prof couldn't go into great details (time constraints) about how the rotations are produced.

  • @arpanbiswas3988
    @arpanbiswas3988 9 місяців тому

    The 2nd defination of addition is an assumption or it is proved from the axiom of induction?

  • @brettalizer3271
    @brettalizer3271 9 місяців тому

    I'm too stupid to understand any of this I just wanna make cool animations but I guess ill never understand how it all works that's gonna annoy me no end but I guess you can win them all

  • @johnchristian5027
    @johnchristian5027 9 місяців тому

    But am I still a giant nerd for WATCHING math videos? :D

  • @2fifty533
    @2fifty533 9 місяців тому

    3:41 well actually, there _is_ a reason why these rules are true, and you can find this when you replace quaternions with rotors quaternions are basically obfuscated rotors, and with rotors you can derive stuff a lot more naturally

  • @trolleymouse
    @trolleymouse 9 місяців тому

    Best explanation I've found and I still don't get it.

  • @TechToppers
    @TechToppers 9 місяців тому

    take a moment to appreciate that he went over a lot of cool combinatorial ideas(man they're useful for solving problems I swear), and then went over generating functions showing that all math is really connected... I mean I've seen almost all the ideas before, but the presentation is just amazing. i love how everything comes one after another. I've learned some new stuff here as well. I really love your video sir. thanks a lot for this!

  • @frew5940
    @frew5940 10 місяців тому

    Nice intro 👌

  • @Tannz0rz
    @Tannz0rz 11 місяців тому

    Not a single mention of geometric algebra; disappointing.

  • @indranildas9565
    @indranildas9565 11 місяців тому

    This was soooo good. Thanks

  • @keypo790
    @keypo790 11 місяців тому

    3:53 discovery of that formula ijk = -1 is discovered how, is shown by Jeff Suzuki youtube channel titled " Hamilton and the Quaternions"

  • @keypo790
    @keypo790 11 місяців тому

    4:50 rotation should be counter-clockwise when talking about right-multiple of (-i)

  • @keypo790
    @keypo790 11 місяців тому

    So Mr Hamilton basically invented(i dont know maybe discover a rules) quaternions that describes the rotation(<-- the goal) of a complex coordinates in a complex 3dimensionsal space..

  • @billpengelly7048
    @billpengelly7048 11 місяців тому

    Weird how it’s almost like the algorithm can read my mind. I’ve been thinking about rotation and higher dimensional space. And then I get recommended a video about quaternions and rotation. 😮

  • @Ajay-ib1xk
    @Ajay-ib1xk Рік тому

    useless explaination

  • @specificocean588
    @specificocean588 Рік тому

    I guess ill be the first to say that made no sense

  • @SuperDeadparrot
    @SuperDeadparrot Рік тому

    When using quarternions with complex coefficients, does complex i commute with quarternion i,j,k or not?

  • @tedsheridan8725
    @tedsheridan8725 Рік тому

    Cool video. But your diagrams at 10:18 on aren't making sense to me. Are the pi's supposed to be radian values of the rotator in quaternion space? or the actual values of the physical rotation? Either way, they don't correspond to the rotation of the igloo in either direction.