Middlebury Environmental Geology
Middlebury Environmental Geology
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Introduction to river deltas and their stratigraphy (C16, V1)
Part 1: what are river deltas?
Part 2: channel meandering, lateral accretion, avulsion, and lobe switching
Part 3: delta progradation stratigraphy, bottomset, foreset, and topset beds
Bonus: pictures of delta stratigraphy on Jezero crater!!
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Відео

Geology of Cornwall Vermont
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This ZOOM presentation by Will Amidon was given on March 23rd, 2022. It was sponsored by the Cornwall Conservation Committee. It has four parts: 1) the origin of sedimentary bedrock, 2) the rise of modern relief 3) the glacial history and landforms in Cornwall 4) the morphology of Otter Creek and Lemon Fair rivers
Self Guided Geology Tour of Mt. Philo State Park, VT
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Self Guided Geology Tour of Mt. Philo State Park, VT
What Caused the Younger Dryas?
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A winding tale from Middlebury's Geology of Climate Change Class...
Spent Nuclear Fuel: Societal Hazard or Resource? (C29-V2)
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Basics of radioactive decay @2:10 What is in spent nuclear fuel? @5:40 Is spent fuel dangerous? @11:20 Storage at Yucca Mountain @13:40
Nuclear Energy: Risks and Rewards (C29 -V1)
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What is nuclear fission? @2:40 Conventional nuclear reactors @4:20 The Fukushima Daiichi meltdown @12:18
Soil Formation and Properties (Class 13)
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Soil Horizons @2:20 Soil Texture (grain size) @7:30 Soil Forming Factors (ClORPT) @14:10 Soil Chronosequence @18:20
A Super-Fast Guide to Identifying Rocks (Class 3 -V3)
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Three major rock types @1:00 Rock properties @9:20 Metamorphic progression of shale @11:30
Silicate Minerals and Bowen's Reaction Series (lab1- V2)
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Silicate vs. non-silicate minerals @1:35 Bonding and silicate structures @ 4:30 Bowen's reaction series @13:15 Fractional Crystallization @16:55
Introduction to Igneous Rocks (lab 1-V1)
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Rocks vs. Minerals @2:00 Characteristics of Igneous Rocks @4:00 How Igneous Rocks Occur in Nature @10:15
The Energy Budget of Rivers (Class 5- V2)
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Why energy is a problem @0:43 Energy balance of rivers (driving and resisting forces) @4:18 Computing velocity and transport capacity @12:16
Watershed and the Water Cycle (Class5- V1)
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What is a watershed? @2:30 The water cycle @5:45 Discharge and hydrographs @8:42
How Rivers Record Geologic Forcing (Class 6 - V2)
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Bedrock erodibility and equilibrium slope @3:30 Discharge changes and river terraces @5:50 Base level and knick points @12:12
Landscapes and the Quest for River Equilibrium (Class 6- V1)
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Concept of river equilibrium @2:50 Longitudinal profiles and slope @6;30 River equilibrium in time and space @10:40
Coal in the U.S.: origins and issues (class 25 -V2)
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How does coal form? @0:45 Types of coal @5:55
Overview of shale gas and fracking (class 25 - V1)
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Overview of shale gas and fracking (class 25 - V1)
Hydrocarbons and the Carbon Cycle (C15-V1)
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Hydrocarbons and the Carbon Cycle (C15-V1)
Creating crust by partial melting (C4-V2)
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Creating crust by partial melting (C4-V2)
The origin of Earth's Interior (C1-V1)
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The origin of Earth's Interior (C1-V1)
Rock types and the rock cycle (C1-V1)
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Rock types and the rock cycle (C1-V1)
Class 32: Landslides
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Class 32: Landslides
Class 30: River management and flood mitigation
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Class 30: River management and flood mitigation
Floods, urbanization, and climate change (Class 7)
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Floods, urbanization, and climate change (Class 7)
Basics of groundwater (class 10)
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Basics of groundwater (class 10)
Class 24; vid2: Pressures on groundwater
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Class 24; vid2: Pressures on groundwater
Soils and agriculture (Class 14)
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Soils and agriculture (Class 14)
Weathering and soils (class 12)
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Weathering and soils (class 12)
Mining and metal purification (C21-V1)
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Mining and metal purification (C21-V1)
Unconventional geo-resources: bauxite + evaporites (C3- optional)
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Unconventional geo-resources: bauxite evaporites (C3- optional)
Geologic history of the Champlain Valley (C20)
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Geologic history of the Champlain Valley (C20)

КОМЕНТАРІ

  • @sob8849
    @sob8849 10 днів тому

    Nicely explained

  • @NegarRiahi
    @NegarRiahi 20 днів тому

    Lithium Citrate battery

  • @NegarRiahi
    @NegarRiahi 20 днів тому

    Silicate is toxic to kidney and Brain etc.

  • @stevegarcia3731
    @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

    The thermohaline overturning circulation is a wrong hypothesis. It looks like it will be believed for another 50 or 100 years. This was suggested by Wally Broeker, and it is wrong.

  • @stevegarcia3731
    @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

    Greenland ice core variations are NOT indicative of global temperatures. This is a wrong assumption. Period.

  • @malihatabassum5654
    @malihatabassum5654 Місяць тому

    Thank you from 🇧🇩❤❤❤

  • @afterschok6627
    @afterschok6627 2 місяці тому

    I don't have a dog in this hunt but I'm smelling a lot of bs from the "no impact evidence" side. For example I'm sure they are aware of the Tunguska air burst event yet they keep stating that they can't find an impact site as if that's the end of the discussion.

    • @stevegarcia3731
      @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

      The end of the discussion is that Tunguska was an airburst about 20 km up and created no crater and only knocked down a lot of trees. Comets and soft stone asteroids cannot make it intact through the atmosphere. The Chelyabinsk object started out about 17 meters across and only about 1 meter was left to be found in Lake Chebarkyul. It lost 99% of its mass on the way down - and airburst even higher than Tunguska did. Knocking down trees or breaking windows is a far cry from causing a super climate change and making 155 or so megafauna go extinct. And no, 'they' haven't found a crater. That is why the Comet Research Group suggested a body that fragmented and the fragments airbursting over a VERY wide field. But that scenario doesn't work, either. Technical reasons.

    • @afterschok6627
      @afterschok6627 26 днів тому

      @@stevegarcia3731 Wow, "technical reasons"! I'm convinced! 💩😂

  • @magdalenagarvey8396
    @magdalenagarvey8396 2 місяці тому

    this is so cool, thank you for sharing!

  • @goneeastfareast8221
    @goneeastfareast8221 3 місяці тому

    Ok?

  • @virtualcarcollector7532
    @virtualcarcollector7532 3 місяці тому

    lISTENING TO THIS IN MY HEADPHONES REMIND ME OF 1984 - PROPAGANDA BY NPC'S VOICES

  • @garyliu6589
    @garyliu6589 4 місяці тому

    Looking at the chart, the temperature start to drop way earlier before that, gradually.

    • @stevegarcia3731
      @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

      Correct. No one seems to pay that any attention.

  • @ZacLowing
    @ZacLowing 5 місяців тому

    I also believe the St Gulf Lawrence and the extended continental shelf is evidence of this flood emptying into the Atlantic.

  • @thomassimonton8503
    @thomassimonton8503 5 місяців тому

    Wonderful video thank you for sharing.

  • @MrKapeji
    @MrKapeji 5 місяців тому

    So the two Spodumene dikes, were they magma or hydrothermal when intruded?

  • @noahwillson529
    @noahwillson529 5 місяців тому

    Cool video. #like and subscribe

  • @Bobknowsthecraic
    @Bobknowsthecraic 6 місяців тому

    There could have been 2 major hits. One around 12,600 BC over Siberia and then another around 9,600 BC over Greenland.

    • @stevegarcia3731
      @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

      Why no crater in Siberia?

    • @Bobknowsthecraic
      @Bobknowsthecraic 26 днів тому

      @@stevegarcia3731 I'm not sure but I'd bet that whatever happened in 12,600 BC, happened over Siberia or the Arctic sea region. If you figure anything out, please let me know.

  • @noahwillson529
    @noahwillson529 6 місяців тому

    My groundwater got recharged just from watching this! Thanks @middgeology.

  • @PhantomPanic
    @PhantomPanic 6 місяців тому

    Is anyone have any information on the older wetas?

  • @emack76
    @emack76 7 місяців тому

    You may want to include the fact that Clovis points have only been found BELOW the Black Mat layer. Also, and impact on the ice sheets would result in huge amounts of melting very quickly - also producing freshwater infusion into the northern oceans. Impacts on the ice sheet directly would mute any surface craters, leaving little evidence. Thus, glacial outburst flooding and the impact hypothesis aren't competing, they are complimentary. It is difficult to imagine the energy required for that level of melting in such a short timeframe without invoking one or more impactors on the ice sheets themselves. An extended rainout would exacerbate this effect. Furthermore, evidence of massive flooding can be found all the way from the channel scablands of WA to the finger lakes of NY. The Missouri and Mississippi rivers are evidence on their own. These are 'misfit rivers.' Meaning that the size of the river basin (bluff to bluff) is much too large to have been caused by today's typical flow rates, regardless of the time allowed for that flow to do so. These two theories need each other. Good work presenting both sides of the argument. Well done.

    • @stevegarcia3731
      @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

      Actually thousands of Clovis points have been found in hundreds of locations where there is no black mat. There is no correspondence between the points and the black mat except in some cases. In those, yes, you are right. At least one mammoth bone had the black mat draped on it.

    • @emack76
      @emack76 26 днів тому

      There haven’t been too many studies that looked at the relationship between the black material layer and other artifacts. So I’ll accept that many Clovis points have been found in sites where the archeologists weren’t looking for a black mat layer. This layer has been found across all of North American and Europe, extending into the Middle East and south Merica too. Scientists really aren’t arguing about the existence of this layer or its relationship with artifacts. Most of the discussion is regarding what exactly the black mat is.

  • @abburuachyutaram6619
    @abburuachyutaram6619 8 місяців тому

    Excellent ❤

  • @supremereader7614
    @supremereader7614 8 місяців тому

    10:00 Makes sense to me that there was a major flooding event that happened ca. 12,800 years ago, disrupting the gulf stream, the world cools, glaciers build up again and around 8,00-9,000 years ago glaciers advance, pushing previous evidence for the flood out to sea.

    • @stevegarcia3731
      @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

      The Gulf Stream is the result of the Atlantic water entering the Gukf of Mexico south of Cuba, entering the Gulf, then very slowly flowing clockwise around the Gulf, absorbing heat the whole time - and then the water exits north of Cuba and the coriolis effected flow carries the heat northeast. The AMOC hypothesis ignores all the heat. Ergo, the AMOC is wrong.

  • @witherbossbros1157
    @witherbossbros1157 10 місяців тому

    There is an error in your presentation around the 3 minute mark. Partial melting does not occur because of the melting of a single mineral (unless there is just one mineral present in the rock), but as a combinational melting event at mineralogical boundaries, producing a eutectic liquid for that particular parent rock mineral assemblage. You can see that clearly in experimental ternary phase diagrams.

  • @EnergyTRE
    @EnergyTRE 10 місяців тому

    hydrogen is the base for life.

  • @Robboa1
    @Robboa1 11 місяців тому

    The last glacial maximum saw full coalescence between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. I’ve never seen a reconstruction like the one you’re showing - can you cite a source for this?

  • @pismobiics825
    @pismobiics825 Рік тому

    Dry ass...probably not the best pronounciation though...😂

  • @JW-ol4cp
    @JW-ol4cp Рік тому

    I saw nothing about Carolina Bays. They seem to have been formed by giant ice bolders ejected from the impact ON TOP of the ice sheet. If ice is 2 miles thick, would a comet or meteor make it to the surface? Probably not. They would smash into the ice sheet and eject ice chunks with ballistic trajectories - some even out of the atmosphere. Carolina bays were formed in no other way. The long axis of the Carolina bays point back to common origins. My personal opinion is that the evidence supports a comet breaking up and the pieces impacting as the Earth rotated underneath (think Shumaker-Levy 9) so we had multiple "smaller" events in very close proximity vs one large event.

    • @JW-ol4cp
      @JW-ol4cp Рік тому

      The impact theory is the only plausible theory for flash-freezing of many mammals who's blood runs when thawed out in present time.

  • @kiko17506
    @kiko17506 Рік тому

    The audio is ear-braking with extreme high frequency noise. 🙉

  • @mikeharrington5593
    @mikeharrington5593 Рік тому

    I think Firestone's 2007 paper (revisited Sweatman 2021) needs the credit for reporting its findings on the impact theory hypothesis

    • @stevegarcia3731
      @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

      Sweatman jumps to unsubstantiated conclusions and mixes in mumbo jumbo.

  • @jondoe7221
    @jondoe7221 Рік тому

    What garbage.

  • @cokemachine5510
    @cokemachine5510 Рік тому

    Look what happened when we witnessed a comet pass close to Mars, a comet tail could displace atmosphere , cause electrical discharge, and transport and instantly freeze forests and megafauna ?

  • @cokemachine5510
    @cokemachine5510 Рік тому

    Does an extraterrestrial impact include electrical discharge?

  • @digilyd
    @digilyd Рік тому

    At approximately t=5 minutes you speak of "theory 2, a bolide impact" as an alternative to "theory one, a stop of the thermohaline circulation because of meltwater dumped into the ocean". That logic is flawed, those theories are not necessarily alternatives, theory 2 is one of the possible causes for the event in theory 1. Both may have combined.

    • @grindupBaker
      @grindupBaker Рік тому

      Yes it's possible that meteor impact at what is now the south tip of Lake Michigan burst a huge ice dam that was holding back Lake Agassiz causing a flood of fresh water into the Atlantic.

    • @stevegarcia3731
      @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

      @@grindupBaker That appears to be wrong. Wally Broeker is the father of the St Lawrence outflow, and a bit later some work showed that the channel was not free of ice at 12,800, so an ice dam break could not have sent water into the North Atlantic. And he admitted that their work trumped his idea, and before died, he retracted it. It is not current thinking any,ore, which is why they have looked a lot at the Mackenzie River as an alternative flow channel. But that takes the water really far from the region near Iceland where they say the AMOC water sinks.

  • @jasonburbank2047
    @jasonburbank2047 Рік тому

    Fascinating!

  • @itsthemethanestupid5377
    @itsthemethanestupid5377 Рік тому

    at end of an ice age, so much of the oceans water is locked up in glaciers that the continental shelves get exposed. these become grasslands and the population of grazing mega fauna explodes. the methane from their collective belches drives temperatures higher. eventually a self reinforcing release of trapped arctic methane occurs. temperatures sky rocket and an extinction event results that begins the next ice age cycle.

  • @1234j
    @1234j Рік тому

    Really interesting. Thank you from England.

  • @dang8134
    @dang8134 Рік тому

    That was fun. Thanks to all of you, at every step of putting this together. Respectfully, Dan

  • @ThomasRonnberg
    @ThomasRonnberg Рік тому

    The asteroid that impacted the laurentine ice sheet was comprised of materials that are stripped from the surface of the planet during a solar nova. Those materials end up on a orbit with earth and come back at the same time as the sun novas to impact us.

    • @grindupBaker
      @grindupBaker Рік тому

      That doesn't make any sense.

    • @ThomasRonnberg
      @ThomasRonnberg Рік тому

      @@grindupBaker Most asteroids orbiting earth comprise of material stripped off the planet during major solar discharges. This is very rare but every time it's a global extinction event. These events are so violent that they can boil and evaporate ocean water and with it organic matter also into space. These are extremely violent solar events. Every star in the universe is a recurrent nova. We can observe them with our modern space telescopes and time their cycles. Some Nova very frequently and others not so much. We are not sure how often our sun explodes this hard. This is possibly why we don't see a lot of evidence for intelligent life in the universe. As most star systems annihialate themselves too frequently for intelligent life to develop advanced history keeping for millions of years. Hominids, us, date back 3.3 million years yet we only have at best a couple thousand years of vaguely accurate memory about our development. So something is periodically reseting the human clock on earth, but it's most likely asteroidal or or micro solar in nature. For example a catastrophic meteor shower that encompasses the entire planet from the draconid meteor stream compromising of hundreds of billions of tonnes of natural combustible gasses such as propane, acetelene and so forth. Which would cause global fires of temperatures exceeding 2000 degrees celsius. Possibly vaporizing enough ocean water to also contain within it organic material that eventually makes it's way into space.

  • @thomasdonovan3580
    @thomasdonovan3580 Рік тому

    I vote for impact. Too bad when I think that I could have had a wooly mamoth.

    • @grindupBaker
      @grindupBaker Рік тому

      They're a big nuisance, you can't stop them from hopping on the sofa while you're watching telly.

  • @slappy8941
    @slappy8941 Рік тому

    Now that knowledge of the YDE is becoming known to the mainstream, it won't be long before CNN blames it on racism. 🤡

  • @stevenmitchell6347
    @stevenmitchell6347 Рік тому

    The Laurentide Ice Sheet was over a mile thick! Between multiple impacts on the Ice Sheet and atmospheric explosion from a break-up of the impacter, there wouldn't be terrestrial craters. The Carolina Bays illustrate this impact on the Ice Sheet. The heating, shockwaves, and flooding from melted ice as well as torrential rain from the vaporized ice would have been sufficient to affect weather patterns as well as directly and indirectly cause the mass extinction of the megafauna. Impacts in the Hudson Bay and Great Lakes areas would have been sufficient to cause this scenario. Greenland impact is too old as the ice covering it is older than Younger Drias. The impacts on North American Ice could have sent enough fresh water into the North Atlantic to disrupt ocean currents as well. IMO

    • @grindupBaker
      @grindupBaker Рік тому

      The heating of impact would be negligible but bursting an ice dam releasing a lake the size of Ontario and deep as a sea would do a lot.

    • @stevegarcia3731
      @stevegarcia3731 26 днів тому

      The LIS thickness is INFERRED. Not necessarily a fact. Hapgood wrote that the last previous north pole was at about 60°N, 90°W - suspiciously close to the top end of Hudson Bay - and he did put it in time about at 12,000 years ago. Multiple people have tried to tie the CBs to the YDB, without success. Two of them worked out that they date to 787,000 years ago. I don't think they are right, but I can't refute them. The mechanism tying an impact to the extinctions is not settled. The CRG tried wildfires/conflagrations ignited by multiple fragments airbursting. people in Chelyabinsk got sunburns. I found that such ignition was not possible, because sunburns are caused by infrared A, which cannot start fires. That takes infrared. So their work on conflagrations is a miss, IMHO. The AMOC hypothesis is just wrong, on more than one front. Ignore it. I'd like to discuss this with you. We may have something. Your comprehension is noteworthy.

  • @Mudguaard
    @Mudguaard Рік тому

    Go to google earth and look at the canyons, river channels, you see on the ocean floor. Look south of England and Ireland, look at the west coast of North America and Central America. The south coast of France in the Mediterranean, the entrance to the Black Sea, the South east side of the Persian Gulf. Look along the west Atlantic off Newfoundland Canyons but not like on other side as brunt of tsunami hit Doggerland. I also believe Atlantis is tied to this event.

  • @Mudguaard
    @Mudguaard Рік тому

    so if an impact happened in Greenland thru an icesheet. Besides the instant change to steam and blow up thru the atmosphere. the resulting shock wave would shatter the ice sheet that would rain down on the open land covering all that lived. The resulting down draft after the first blast up would bring extreme cold down in areas which could be the reason we find flash frozen mammoths buried.

  • @clareryan3843
    @clareryan3843 Рік тому

    That was a really good summary of the science👍👍 THANKS😊 my only reservation was the young lady who seemed to want to make a them and us argument out of who was right🤦 they’re competing hypotheses you are describing, without more data you can’t say who’s right🤦 all sides have excellent ideas😊

  • @fumanpoo4725
    @fumanpoo4725 Рік тому

    Wes Watson.

  • @kakistocracyusa
    @kakistocracyusa Рік тому

    Again, no one seems to be addressing this obvious and big problem in the various expositions on this method. If you don't have a pointed analysis of accounted-for sources of experimental uncertainty in this isotope signature (they are substantial) - then, by definition, there can be no assumption of reliable physics or characterization methodology in your presentation, because it is meaningless as a claim of physical history. I deal with this issue every day in far more rigorous areas of experimental physics than this loosey-goosey field called "climate science."

  • @pauledwards5573
    @pauledwards5573 Рік тому

    What about Volcanic eruptions? They can certainly kill off life and there are some real doozys on Greenland and Iceland or when much further away that can wipe out life.

  • @jimpiaz9537
    @jimpiaz9537 Рік тому

    Where would a meteor have to hit to cause a compound effect. Could an impact cause glacial failure and flooding

    • @grindupBaker
      @grindupBaker Рік тому

      There evidence of northwest Greenland impact and impact at what is now the south tip of Lake Michigan.

  • @dr.praveenpj7187
    @dr.praveenpj7187 Рік тому

    In your graph at 9.40 , temperature is increasing first and CO2 is picking up that change due to release of Co2 from the global oceans..

  • @ezioberolo2936
    @ezioberolo2936 Рік тому

    Although this is a fascinating topic of great interest, scientific data and arguments are presented hurriedly and with little editing as to volume consistency, graphics image size and intelligibility of speech ( speaking too fast, with a clutter of words). It is a shame as the augments and results presented are very interesting. As the listener I want to understand what is going on, as a presenter, the Climate Change Class, should make a bit of an effort to be clearly understood if they are posting this material. Sorry.

  • @nicksavage4763
    @nicksavage4763 Рік тому

    COULD NIBURU PASSING HAVE CAUSED YOUNGER DRYAS? DRAGGING ASTEROIDS AND SPACE GARBAGE DOWN TO IMPACT?

    • @grindupBaker
      @grindupBaker Рік тому

      YES ALSO MIGHT BE DARREL HANNAH BECAUSE SHE'S A GIANT ALIEN SPACE INSECT