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W2PAK
United States
Приєднався 6 лип 2024
Welcome to our Ham Radio haven! Dive into the fascinating world of amateur radio, where we explore everything from DIY projects to the intricate theories behind radio waves. Whether you're a seasoned operator or just starting your journey, our channel offers engaging tutorials, tips, and experiments to enhance your skills and knowledge. Join us as we connect with fellow enthusiasts and share the joy of communication across the airwaves!
The Ultimate Guide to HF Quarter Wave Antennas [step by step]
Want to improve your radio signal reception and transmission? Learn all about quarter wave vertical antennas in this comprehensive guide! We'll cover everything from the basics of antenna theory to practical tips for building your own antenna.
In this video, you'll learn:
What is a quarter wave antenna?
How does a quarter wave antenna work?
The advantages and disadvantages of quarter wave antennas
How to build a simple quarter wave antenna
Tips for optimizing your antenna's performance
Whether you're a seasoned ham radio operator or just starting out, this video will help you get the most out of your quarter wave antenna.
Antenna Lengths for HF:
80 meter 61 ft 7 in
40 meter 32 ft 6 in
30 meter 23 ft 5 in
20 meter 16 ft 6 in
17 meter 12 ft 10 in
15 meter 11 ft 2 in
24 meter 9 ft 8 in
28 meter 8 ft 3 in
Here is the common mode choke video:
ua-cam.com/video/Mh12rHCLzUA/v-deo.htmlsi=ZhrVgDlM09bjLjXS
#quarterwaveantenna #antenna #hamradio #DIY #tutorial #radio #wireless #RF
In this video, you'll learn:
What is a quarter wave antenna?
How does a quarter wave antenna work?
The advantages and disadvantages of quarter wave antennas
How to build a simple quarter wave antenna
Tips for optimizing your antenna's performance
Whether you're a seasoned ham radio operator or just starting out, this video will help you get the most out of your quarter wave antenna.
Antenna Lengths for HF:
80 meter 61 ft 7 in
40 meter 32 ft 6 in
30 meter 23 ft 5 in
20 meter 16 ft 6 in
17 meter 12 ft 10 in
15 meter 11 ft 2 in
24 meter 9 ft 8 in
28 meter 8 ft 3 in
Here is the common mode choke video:
ua-cam.com/video/Mh12rHCLzUA/v-deo.htmlsi=ZhrVgDlM09bjLjXS
#quarterwaveantenna #antenna #hamradio #DIY #tutorial #radio #wireless #RF
Переглядів: 5 145
Відео
Quiet Your Rig: Add a Common Mode Choke [Step by Step]
Переглядів 5 тис.2 місяці тому
Are you tired of annoying RF interference? A common mode choke (CMC) can be a simple and effective solution to reduce or eliminate this problem. In this video, we'll delve into the theory of common mode currents, why they're harmful, and how a CMC can help. What you'll learn: - Understanding Common Mode Currents: Learn what common mode currents are and how they can cause interference. - The Rol...
A Beginner's Guide to Setting Up an HF Ham Radio Station [Step by Step]
Переглядів 5 тис.3 місяці тому
Ever wanted to chat with people all over the world with your ham radio? Or have you wondered what it takes to set up your own HF ham radio station? Join me as I walk you through the process of building your first station from scratch. In this video, I'll cover everything from choosing the right equipment to getting on the air for the first time. Key topics: Choosing the right equipment: Antenna...
Build Your Own End-Fed Half-Wave Antenna [A Complete Guide to EFHW]
Переглядів 9 тис.3 місяці тому
Learn to Build Your Own End-Fed Half-Wave Antenna Discover how to create a simple yet powerful end-fed half-wave antenna at home. This step-by-step tutorial will guide you through the entire process, from choosing the right materials to tuning your antenna for optimal performance. Key points covered in the video: - Understanding the principles of end-fed half-wave antennas - Build a 49:1 Unun -...
Your First Satellite Contact, Easy and Inexpensive [A Beginner's Guide]
Переглядів 3,5 тис.3 місяці тому
Ever wanted to connect with hams using satellites? This video is your ultimate starting point! Whether you're a seasoned ham or just getting started, we'll break down the basics of satellite communication. Learn how to: * Choose the right satellite: Understand the different types of satellites and their coverage areas. * Set up your antenna system: Discover the best antenna options for satellit...
Home brew Dual-Band 2m/70cm PA0FBK Antenna: Quick, Cheap and Portable [for less than $20 and 1 hour]
Переглядів 1,7 тис.4 місяці тому
Looking for a simple and affordable way to boost your 2m and 70cm ham radio coverage? Check out this DIY tutorial on how to build the PA0FBK dual-band antenna! This versatile antenna is perfect for both portable and fixed use. Key Features: Fast and Easy Build: Assembled in under an hour. Budget-Friendly: Costs less than $20 to make. Dual-Band Operation: Covers 2m and 70cm frequencies. Portable...
DIY Moxon/Yagi Antenna for Ham Radio Satellite QSOs: Build One for Under $100! [Includes the radio]
Переглядів 1,4 тис.4 місяці тому
Join me in this UA-cam video for a step-by-step guide to building your very own Moxon/Yagi antenna! Discover how to create an efficient Moxon / Yagi antenna ideal for satellite QSOs, all for less than $100, including the transceiver! This antenna is perfect not just for satellite operations, but also for Summits on the Air (SOTA) and Parks on the Air (POTA) activations. Follow along as I break ...
Transform Your 2m HT Antenna: DIY Tiger Tail for Massive Gain [ I Saw 10 db ]
Переглядів 5715 місяців тому
Boost Your 2m HT Range with a DIY Tiger Tail! Tired of transmitting weak 2m HT signals? This video shows you how to build a simple yet effective tiger tail to improve your handheld radio's range. We'll guide you through the entire process, from measuring and cutting the wire to attaching it to your 2-meter VHF antenna. Grab your tools and let's get building! #DIY #hamradio #tigertail #VHF #2m #...
SWR Dance: Watching Tides Affect a Vertical Antenna Mounted on a Dock [Hustler 6BTV]
Переглядів 1 тис.5 місяців тому
Ever wondered how the tides affect antenna performance? We put a 6BTV vertical antenna to the test! In this video, the antenna is mounted on a dock and we track its SWR (Standing Wave Ratio) as the tides rise and fall. See firsthand how the changing water level impacts the antenna's performance. Perfect for hams living in coastal areas or anyone curious about antenna performance. Don't miss thi...
Mic Up Your Icom 7610: Dynamic Microphone Connection Guide [No blocking capacitor or preamp needed]
Переглядів 5625 місяців тому
Ready to upgrade your audio on the Icom 7610? This video dives into connecting a dynamic microphone, the Shure M7 series, to your radio, boosting your voice clarity. We'll walk you through the process step-by-step, ensuring you avoid any potential pitfalls with phantom power. Learn about mic options, gain settings, and proper configuration for crystal-clear communication on the airwaves. Get yo...
The Best Antenna... For Me [ Hustler 6BTV on Dock ]
Переглядів 7486 місяців тому
Unleashing the power of my 6BTV vertical antenna mounted on a dock over salt water. Are you curious about the performance of the 6BTV vertical antenna? Look no further! In this video, we'll put it to the test and show you exactly what it can do. Last video we covered Installation tips and SWR readings across multiple bands. This Video Covers real-world performance in different conditions. Wheth...
Hustler 6BTV HF Vertical Antenna [Mounted on My Dock]
Переглядів 1,7 тис.6 місяців тому
In this video, I'm taking you through my installation of the Hustler 6BTV HF vertical antenna on my dock. This is a great antenna option for me, and I'll show you exactly how I mounted it for optimal performance. You can watch the antenna performance video here ua-cam.com/video/LswQFcRHgmo/v-deo.htmlsi=miUHAJb37OwFHZw9 We'll go through the entire process, from selecting the right mounting point...
Paradan Radio Antenna Disconnect Actuators [P-ADA-1]
Переглядів 2416 місяців тому
I tired to use this product and found that it introduces noise on several bands, especially 10 m. I am not sure if I got a "lemon", but I returned it.
Hi @W2PAK, I struggeling a bit to understand where and how you connected the Coax to the Moxon, also because English is not my native language. Do I see it correctly you feed the coax from the lower part of the moxon and connected it to the upper part of the moxon, right? Like the inner part of the coax to the right side of the boom and the shield to the left side of the boom? Sorry for asking probably stupid questions, but I am just getting into building DIY antennas and SatCom in general. My first DIY antenna was the flowerpot antenna from VK2ZOi
This is not a stupid question at all. What I did is run the coax down the center, boom, and solderer the shield to 1/2 of the element and the center conductor to the other half of the element; the soldering was done outside of the boom. Good luck with your project, if you have any questions please feel free to contact me. I hope to catch you on the air, 73, Paul.
I like these "everything you need for your first station" videos. Love to hear what other people think. I've been a Ham for about 5 years. My first (general) set up was a Yaesu FT-891, 20 meter dipole, MightyLite 12v power supply, and RG-8X. It worked very well. Now i have a 4BTV and an EFHW, lighting arrestors, ground rods , amplifier, several tuners, power supplies, 100's of feet of various kinds coax, a large assortment connectors, antenna analyzers, a CW thingy I might learn and blah, blah, blah. Does anyone know what I'm talking about? I love Ham Radio! kf0alt
I’m glad that you enjoy. I’m also curious to see what other people think. 73, Paul.
Hi call is GM0EEH. Please forgive the question. I run an EFHW 80-10. Would a common mode choke inserted in the coax would this reduce the noise level? Also where should the choke be added at the antenna side or the TX side. Thanks.
Thanks for the question. It depends where the noise is coming from. If it is common mode noise then yes it will help. I usually insert the common mode choke near the TX. But I have an antenna with CMC on both sides. 73, Paul.
Excellent content now looking at your other content. Well done thanks.
Thanks for the kind words! I’m glad that you enjoyed. 73, Paul.
Great explanation, very helpful to understand common mode current. Thank you for putting it together
I’m glad it helped. 73, Paul.
Why can’t you operate on 20m
I can and do operate on 20m. Technicians can operate HF voice on 10m only. 73,Paul.
Thank you, I am a new tech looking into my first attempts at satellite communication. Your project seems really interesting, I think I will give it a try! Thank you for your time, a sub well deserved! 73s from Athens, Greece
I am really happy that you liked the project, it is a fun project. I also have a video on satellite QSOs, if you haven’t watched it already. I hope to catch you on the air. 73, Paul.
I learned so much and so many great resources. Thank you
I’m glad you liked it. 73, Paul.
Thanks! I too am on the second floor and have put off building a shack for the last 2 1/2 years because of the long ground wire issue. Question; did you bond your ground rod to your house/panel ground?
That is a good question. I did not bind the ground rod to the house. The house panel is on the other side of the house. 73. Paul.
@@W2PAK Thanks. The reason I ask is my panel is right below my second floor window so I will probably do so since it's there. Hey yours is obviously working so I probably wouldn't worry about it. Dave Casler and guys like him say it's necessary but then others say not so. Hey whatever works right? Thanks again!!
@@W2PAK I would love to get a parts list for your grounding set up. You've inspired me to go ahead and build my shack upstairs!
I agree. If it’s already there you should bond the grounds. Use the schematic in the video. You can buy the capacitor on Amazon. 73, Paul.
I followed the instructions up till you started winding and got lost. I'm not sure how to wind the first two turns. I figured out the 14 but the two turns, I'm not sure how to start or which side of the connectors to attach them to.
Thanks for the question and I’m sorry that you are having trouble. The beginning of the wire, ie before the first turn, connects both wires to ground. The second turn goes to the input connector. I hope that this helps. 73, Paul.
Very nice presentation on the EFHW antenna. TYFP! (WA4282SWL)
Thank you. I’m glad you enjoyed. 73, Paul.
It looks like your copper elbow link is instead pointing at more of the elastomer grommets.
The copper elbows are simply to form a 90 degree angle. 73, Paul.
How long are your radials and are they funned? Thanks
I used 2 x quarter wave radials per band and they are fanned as much as I could do so. 73, Paul.
What were the software programs you used. N3XUS
Thank you for the question. For the antenna simulation I used cocoaNEC. 73, Paul.
i remember to have tested with and without a tail wire on my old rubber antenna, just for to say that when you test the SWR, you need to keep in your hand your tester as the true life for to see the true result.. and in my case, with my rubber antenna, the result with/without a wire (even trying to tune the length) give a worst result (tested with a NanoVNA).. note that inside a house or car is not the better way to use a TX!! ..i figure to test that again with my new (longer) rubber antenna and confirm it (too) using a SDR (it’s a good idea!!!)..
Thanks for the comment. 73. Paul
Thanks for your video, how can I download a copy of it. 73
I’m glad you enjoyed it. It think that you need UA-cam premium to download videos. 73, Paul.
Thanks for sharing, only use elevated vertical here,my 2 ele parasitic vertical gives me 2 S points gain long path. 73 zl3xdj
Thanks for the comment. I hope to catch you on the air. 73, Paul
Elevated counterpoise n vertical works awesome, lot of gains, but you also have to extend the vertical. Example is my 17 whip on 10m instead the 99",i need 118" for swr of 1.1 with 2 elevated counterpoise.
Thanks for sharing. Yes , there are several commercial antenna with elevated counterpoise. They work well. 73,Paul.
Not too many of you get the vertical. I use a pencil and a mirror as a example. Where as the pencil represents one element of a dipole and the mirror represents ground. Place the pencil perpendicular to the mirror (ground) and you see two pencils ✏️ (elements) . The more radials the shiner the mirror the better the image the better the performance. Of course you get it. You did fail to mention how the radials will capacitivly couple with a good ground and why insulated wire is just acting as the dialectic of a capacitor thus no need to use bare copper no biggie
Love that analogy ! I will remember that, thanks for sharing. 73, Paul.
This is interesting sir. But may I ask. Is it possible to make a quarterwave antenna without any BALUN like a quarterwave radiator and radials that is at 45 degree angle like I used to do on the CB band? I mean if it works on the 27MHz band does it mean it may or may not work on other bands? Thank you.
Yes, you are correct. The impedance is about 40 ohms, you do not need the balun. But, may I suggest that you watch the video in the description, it will show you how it helps with noise. 73,Paul.
Dear Sir, thank you for this video, and your excellent presentation. It would be helpful to learn your design radial length. 1/4 wavelength for a single band antenna? With multi-band, would there be 1/4 wave radials at the longest wavelength? Thanking you in advance. 73 KQ4IXD
That is a great question. With a multiband antenna I usually try to use 4 x quarter wave radials per band. 73, Paul.
what balun do you have there? 1:1 transformer voltage? or common mode choke?
Please check the description, there is a link to a video on how to make the balun. 73, Paul.
Why is it a balun rather than an unun?
You may be technically correct, it may be an Unun. It depends on how you look at it. If you look at it like a ‘mirrored dipole’ then it would be a balun. In any case, I use it more like a common mode choke.
Was it a pain to get all of those radials affixed to the underside of the dock? I know you said you tested having the radials in the water, but I’m assuming that they are insulated wires that may not have been within the skin depth region of the salt water for the majority of their length? Would just be curious if a piece of metal with a decent amount of surface area that moved up and down with the water line would’ve been as/more effective as the radials. As you mentioned, the method you used likely avoids corrosion, which is certainly a plus. It’s a nice setup for sure.
Thanks for the comment. I used insulated 14 gauge wire for radials. It was not very difficult to attach them under the dock, I stapled them to the dock boards. 73, Paul.
I am campaigning for ham radio people to drop the clunky VSWR measurement and use return loss instead. It is a much more informative presentation of the same information, partuicularly when the match is good.
When I used to do RF engineering, we used return loss. I wonder what everyone else thinks about it. 73. Paul.
@@W2PAK @donepearce Interesting initiative. I'd agree that the dB representation can highlight differences in matching more clearly to the human eye, making it appear “more precise.” 73 from Germany, DF1PC
I am with you 100%. The FCC will have to change it exams however before we can replace VSWR with return loss. I teach VSWR so students can pass their license exams, but I explain it in terms of return loss and that VSWR is a throwback to the old days when reflected power was first discovered.
@@thelongislandguy Baby steps? Maybe they could include return loss as an alternative answer to the question about VSWR. That would be a start - then in mybe ten years, delete the VSWR part.
How long should the radials be?
I just started watching your channel and I find it very interesting. I do love the fact that you explain everything. Antennas are not so easy for me to understand. I am trying to get a grasp on the smith chart. Thank you again for sharing. Do you have any suggestion on a great antenna book? KO4UWU 73
Thank you for the nice words, I'm glad that the videos are helpful. 73, Paul
How long was the wire in total
The 40 m antenna was 66’10”. There is a table in the description of the video. 73, Paul.
Thanks didn’t see it
i use this antenna as a base antena..flat swr and good perrformance in simplex..
That is great! Thanks for sharing. 73, Paul
I've been using dynamic mics on all my Icom HF radios since my first 756Pro including my current 7300 and 7610. The mic preamps have been sufficient on all these models to easily allow the mics to fully drive the radios (early Icom radios did have lower gain). I use a box with a 1:1 audio transformer for isolation (helps with RF immunity) and a blocking capacitor after the transformer for the radios that don't have switchable mic bias. I currently switch between an EV RE27ND and a AudioTechnica BPHS1 headset with great results.
Thanks for sharing. 73, Paul
Bookmarked
I’m glad that you enjoyed it. 73, Paul.
Hello, Im from brazil, my names junior, where is the name of this object that you use for look the swr ? Saludos from PU2WSH !!
Hi Junior. Thanks for the question. It is an antenna analyzer. You can find it here rigexpert.com/antenna-analyzers/aa-55-zoom/. 73. Paul.
Very well explained. Thank you!
Glad it was helpful! 73, Paul.
Hi Paul. Nice video and tutorial. For best performance, where should one place the CMC, near the antenna feedpoint, near the shack passthrough, or maybe one at each location? Thanks!
Thank you for the kind words. That is a good question. In the video I put it right next to the transceiver. But, in my station I actually have two. I have one near the transceiver and one at the antenna. 73, Paul.
@@W2PAK Nice. That's what I'll do. I read that somewhere and considering the dynamics at work, it made good sense to me. Thanks again. 73, Gary W1GWL
just got my General. had a small budget of $300 for my transceiver so I managed to pickup a Yaesu FT-450M for only $275 as its the Japanese version with only 50Watts but still has all the same bands EXCEPT 60M. Now I just have to pick a antenna/mast for POTA as I'll be operating primarily portable and not at home.
Congratulations on your new license!! POTA can be a lot of fun. I hope to catch you on the air. 73, Paul.
Thanks for this nice video, i'll have one question were do you placed the common choke under the antenne or direct after the transciever?
That is a great question. I made a video about how to put an HF radio station together. In my station, I have a common mode choke at the antenna and at the transceiver. In this video, it was just at the transceiver side. I think you can get away with just putting the choke on the transceiver side. 73, Paul.
Excellent instructional video, new subscriber here. Keep up the great work!
Thanks for the sub! 73, Paul.
So is this better than having 6 palomar T31 snap ons on the end of your coax feeding a homemade DX Commander vertical? What would be better on a Fan Dipole? Thanks!
That’s a good question. It probably would be better. But, I would measure the common mode attenuation with the snap ons and compare to my measurements. 73, Paul.
Beautiful result!!!🎉🎉🎉
Thank you! 73, Paul.
I use Halibut fixture for messing my common mode chokes. Otherwise you did an excellent job showing the benefits of using them.
Haha. Did the auto caption do something silly??
Please make a link for the 2 charts for what to use making the chokes, different power levels etc... liked the video, easy to understand 👍
That’s a very good suggestion, I added it to the description. 73, Paul.
@W2PAK thanks for adding the charts so quickly, I'm sure it will be helpful to others as well, 73s AA2BD
Very nice demonstration. Thank you very so much!
Thank you, I’m glad you enjoyed. 73, Paul.
I’ve watched many videos and have read many write-ups on this subject and I must say that this video is one of the best presentations I’ve seen. Nice job, Paul.
Glad you enjoyed it and thank so much for the kind words. 73, Paul.
Ah yes, common mode chokes and ferrites on cables, the homeopatic cure for everything when one does not know what is the problem.
lol. I take it that you don’t use a CMC. 73, Paul.
A 1 to 1 balun certainly does not hurt when you move a few hundred kilohertz outside the tuned resonance of an antenna/radiator and have a bit of imbalance.. I see them acting more like a diode in a DC circuit thus being a one way valve.. I have done this both ways using wire wound cores and clamp on cores especially when a horizontal antenna can not be elevated to at least a half wave over the ground or a half wave away from ground clutter like trees and buildings.. This is far easier and cheaper than chopping down trees and bushes while placing the antenna at 35 to 100 feet above the ground or adding a half mile of ground radials to most verticals.. Another option is to have capacitance between the feed point of an antenna and a good ground.. Bad news is this method require that capacitance to be adjusted when changing bands or moving more than 100 kc's and the distance from feed point to ground has to be very short to prevent reactance.. Thing is most people already know their antenna is not and never will be perfect so why bother since the easy fix is exactly that..
Dude, you clearly haven't seen an UHF antenna on NanoVNA without and with a ferrite clamp.
Great video, new ham here about to build my first choke! I have done lots of research online and this is one of the clearest presentations I have seen on the subject. I especially liked that you showed the power ratings of the coax, and the frequency range of the various ferrite composites. I have a nano VNA and I plan to try testing mine after I build it. One thing I have noted with regard to the ubiquedous snap on ferrite cores intended for "EMF" protection , you will almost never find a T31 type (MnZn), they are almost 100% T43 (NiZn) which is why I chose to make the type of choke you demonstrated (I ordered an FT-240-31 which is probably overkill for 100W). 73 Mike.
Hi Mike, thank you so much for the comment. I did not know that about the snap on EMF filters. I hope to catch you on the air. 73 Paul.
I'm not seeing any demos of the same signal with and without a choke. Personally I have never seen a better receive with a choke and no improvement over local noise sources. It's quite possible you have ended up with an attenuator. the only way to know is a side by side comparison over the same incoming signal. If the signal drops with the choke in then it's attenuating all of the noise and signals. If the coax or feedline is of good quality and the antenna is tuned at the feedpoint with inductance and capacitance then what is the use of a choke. Almost nobody suffers from RFI these days and even with a choke in and many ferrites on rg213 I see very little improvement over triggering security lights and the like. Seems more like a hindrance and more to go wrong. Transform if you need to for certain antenna designs otherwise tune at the feedpoint. I would only use chokes in emergencies. The one time I found a 1:1 unun worked well was when experimenting with an antenna build with an insulated mast. In this case with no earth coming from a mast it is extra important that the antenna is well tuned and balanced to 50 ohms by adding the correct amount of capacitance vs inductance. If you can tune your design to work well with low swr and it has no earthing you are essentially tuning an unbalances system to work more like a balanced one yet it still matches the unbalanced coax and radio. If you can get good results without a metal mast and only use counterpoises designed into the antenna itself then you have made a very good antenna and no choke should be necessary. All videos show how the choke attenuates unwanted signals or current by showing in on a vna but there are very few videos showing the difference in real world scenarios.
Thank you for sharing your experiences. I also have had antenna systems that I did not notice a difference with common mode chokes. But, I’ve definitely noticed a big difference with other antennas systems. In this specific example, this is not an attenuator since we have measured the insertion loss to be 0.1 db. You can see in this example that the signals are not being attenuated, the common mode noise is being attenuated. Have a good weekend, Paul.
Excellant presentation of the why, testing and use of a DIY common mode choke.
Glad it was helpful! 73, Paul.
This may be the best video on Ham Radio Satellites on UA-cam. Step by step, easy to understand with examples, well done!!! 73 N0BB
Thank you so much, I appreciate that. I hope to catch you on the birds one day. 73, Paul.
I have made an end fed half wave and put it up and take it down every time I use it. Do you think it would be ok to leave it up permanent in the weather?
Absolutely, there are many people who have a permanent end fed installation. You just have to make sure to use good hearty materials. 73, Paul.
Very nice video . 73 de KN6SJQ
Thank you, I’m glad you enjoyed it. Hope to catch you on the air one day. 73, Paul.
any idea how to make End fed STEALTH antenna? i was thinking vertically one the wall all the way up to the roof.since house is not yet insulated i was thinking of plastic pipe under the insulation through which the antenna would run and would be impossible to know that antenna is even there... tnx for newbie tips, it helped a lot :)
I’m glad that you enjoyed the video. Your plan sounds fine, it should work, but you would have some attenuation from the isolation. The only thing I can add to is that sometimes people use metal fishing line as an antenna wire. It is strong and very hard to see. You could run it outside of the insulation. Please let me know how it turns out. 73, Paul.
Where would someone buy those toroid cores?
Great question. You can get them from Amazon, Here is the one I used: www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07Y6NQRGF/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_title?ie=UTF8&psc=1. You can also get them at stores like DigiKey. 73, Paul