Approach Phase
Initial Descent: The aircraft begins its descent well before reaching the destination airport. Pilots follow a pre-determined flight path, reducing altitude gradually while coordinating with air traffic control (ATC).
Final Approach: The aircraft aligns with the runway using navigation aids like the Instrument Landing System (ILS) or GPS. Pilots ensure proper speed, altitude, and alignment.
Landing
Touchdown Preparation:
Pilots extend the landing gear.
Flaps are adjusted to increase lift and reduce speed.
The aircraft's speed is controlled carefully to ensure a smooth landing.
Touchdown:
The main landing gear (rear wheels) touches the runway first, followed by the nose wheel.
The plane decelerates using reverse thrust, engine adjustments, and brakes.
The spoilers deploy on the wings to reduce lift and help keep the aircraft on the ground.
Rollout and Taxi
Rollout:
The plane slows to taxi speed on the runway while maintaining control.
Pilots steer using the nose wheel and communicate with ATC for further instructions.
Taxiing to the Gate:
The aircraft exits the runway onto taxiways and heads to the assigned gate.
Pilots shut down unnecessary engines and systems to conserve fuel and energy.
Key Aspects
Safety: Pilots are trained extensively for normal and emergency landings.
Precision: Navigation systems and ATC guidance ensure accuracy.
Environmental Factors: Weather conditions like wind, rain, or fog can significantly impact the landing process.