Відео

There's a stratified squamous epithelium and submucosal glands, so it's not the stomach. The epithelium is non-keratinized and there is a fairly prominent muscularis mucosa, so not anus.

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The Peyer's Patch is the main clue there.

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Please notice the multiple layers of smooth muscle at the arrow....

No, those secrete lysozyme.

No. Those produce proenzymes like Pepsinogen

Correct!

You wouldn't see this many goblet cells *throughout* the epithelium in the stomach, you would mostly see them near the surface

Yes. The stratified squamous epithelium and the submucosal glands are the key to this question.

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Sounds like it was helpful. I'm glad.

Glad it was helpful!

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Deep and wide crypts of Lieberkuhn. Lots of goblet cells throughout the length of the crypts.

Graduated cylinders work just fine for what we need. What you suggest may be more common in a chemistry laboratory, but I've never used volumetric flasks in molecular biology labs. It's likely just a case of domain-specific preference.

​​@@ItsLearnablePlease don't take it wrong, but if a glassware contains a beak, then it is used for measuring and dispensing liquids, not preparing solutions by torturing yourself with preventing leakage while mixing. "We always have done it like this" is a dangerous approach in science. Good luck!

Just the regular lights in the room. You need to tilt and move the slide around to get it to just the right angle to see it - it can be a bit tricky.

@@ItsLearnablei got it.Thankyou so much

Happy to hear it.

The images of the slide you saw were filmed at 100x (that's the 10x objective) and at 400x (that's the 40x objective). We didn't film it at 4x objective because it would not have shown as much of the detail that we wanted our students to see, but the "10x" is there. With the 4x objective, you would just have seen more of the field of view, so you would have seen more cells and they would have been about 2.5 times smaller than with the 10x objective.

Good Job!

The part that is not shown in the video (because it's explained in the lab) is that you take the % change in weight and graph it against solution concentration. This will generate a graph with some points above the x-axis and some below the x-axis. You would draw a line of best fit for this data and look for the point at which the line crosses the x-axis (the x-intercept). That is the point (ie. the concentration of sucrose) at which the potato cells would not increase or decrease in size. This means that this concentration of sucrose would be isotonic to the potato cells. Therefore you have just determined "the concentration of stuff inside the cell".

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Thanks

I have no experience with orchids. Please scroll down to some earliest comments to this video - I linked some resources there.

Great to hear!

no

Sorry sir, one more question, what speed does the centrifuge use?

This is E. coli. The strain we use for this is specifically engineered to allow this to happen - this won't work with just any bacteria. In this case, the Bacteria's own beta-galactosidase gene is mutated in such a way that the enzyme subunit that is produced will only work if combined with the beta-galactosidase subunit encoded on the vector.

the centrifugation speed used in this lab isn't that important. It just has to be fast enough to pull things to the bottom of the tube. (I think we used the maximum speed in this case)

Do you mean SDS? No it's not the same.

DNA, on its own, does not fluoresce. While it is true that we use UV light to make it "glow" on a gel, that glowing is not because of the DNA itself, but because of a common additive in agarose gels called ethidium bromide, which binds to DNA while it migrates in the gel.

2-3min should be enough. The purpose of this is just to get the water vapor (remember that you had just heated the sample) to condense on the side of the tube. 2-3min should be enough to time to cool things down.

Thank you sir. One more question, what about the TE buffer volume to dissolve 1 colony bacteria?

The actual volume isn't really that important (I think we used 200ul in the demonstration) - you just need some liquid to resuspended the bacteria. Please note that whatever volume you use, make sure you measure it accurately because you will need to have an equivalent volume in a balance tube for centrifugation.

Best of luck!

@@ItsLearnable Thank you! It is going really well.

That's true, but not all reagents in the lab can be calculated in this way. Some compounds may have some H2O molecules associated with them even in the "pure" form that you receive from the supplier. This affects the formula weight of the compound and will cause your calculations to be inaccurate if you just rely on using the periodic table. It is always a good idea to check the reagent bottles in your lab for the formula weight - just to make sure your calculations are correct before weighing anything out.

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Please keep in mind that this video is meant as a general protocol for making just about any solution - not just a 1M NaCl solution. I this case, I added 50ml of water at the end because the calculations were made for 100ml. So, if I didn't add the 50ml, my concentration would actually be 2x as high as it should be. I ask students to start with about half the volume, when learning to make solutions, because I want them to develop that habit. Sometimes, when making solutions, you need to adjust the pH. In those cases, the act of adding acid or base, will change the volume, so you need to make sure you leave "room" for that. By developing the habit of starting with a lower volume, you avoid the problem of overshooting the total volume in solutions you need to pH.

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Hi, sorry for the late reply. This video goes over the general protocol for making a solution. It doesn't really focus on the calculations that much. I don't currently have a video on calculating normal solutions (partially because I see Molar solutions used far more commonly in a molecular biology lab), but this site explains it fairly well: www.labce.com/spg931723_what_is_a_normal_solution.aspx

I'm glad it did.

Yes.

@@ItsLearnable Thanks! And how much of the supernatant is being added to the master mix?

@@jennaneumann8201in general, it depends on how much or how little target material you think you have in there. In our case, we used 2ul. Since we're testing for the presence of a DNA target cloned into a plasmid, and each cell in the colony has hundreds of copies of that plasmid (we used a high-copy-number plasmid), we will potentially have lots of the target DNA there. So, you could use less than 1ul. The reason I used 2ul is because our p20 micropipettors have a lower limit of 2ul.

We use the full amount (1ml) because of the type of cuvettes we have. There are some cuvettes that have a 0.1cm pathlength, which allow you to use much smaller volumes to measure your DNA or RNA samples, but we don't have those cuvettes in our teaching lab.

using a cuvette with a smaller path-length would also require you to adjust your calculations to account for that. The calculation we used, assumes a path length of 1cm (this is standard for most cuvettes)

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I use this as a general rule for any enzymatic reaction. This is because the reaction will start the moment the enzyme and substrate are in the same tube (even if the conditions aren't yet what you intended). So, I always tell my students to add the enzyme last. This way you have some control over when the reaction begins, ie. all your tubes can start the reaction at about the same time. In this case, depending on how you plan out your work and on how quickly you work, you could potentially add the Taq polymerase to the master mix. But in our case (this is an introductory molecular biology lab), it was likely that the master mix would be sitting in a tube for some time before being added to the template. So, it was simply better to have students make sure everything else is finished and ready to go before they added the Taq.

@@ItsLearnable thank you very much, That is the best explanation 😍😍😍

Thank you 🙂

@@ItsLearnable the best 😍🧬

@@ItsLearnable glad to find your channel

There is no need to cut the DNA - DNA polymerase doesn't need free ends on the template in order to work. In fact, we were trying to amplify a cloned gene on a plasmid here. Also, in this experiment we were not purifying any DNA - we were using the cells directly.

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Which table? The one here: ua-cam.com/video/Z5hDj2MH60o/v-deo.html