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Thank you! I am glad you enjoyed it!

Root to shoot ratios tend to be constant for specific species and conditions. For example, drought or nutrient deficiency causes an increase in root to shoot ratios. So pruning of one or the other will cause the plant to shift back to its normal root to shoot ratios to maintain balance between them. Hope that helps.

@@grantcramer Thank you so much . Wonderful information.

Agreed, been looking for info on training hybrids this method. Impossible to find any info.

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You’re welcome

I cannot answer this question as I am unfamiliar with this exam.

I am glad you found it useful

Thank you for your feedback. I’m glad it was understandable and useful.

I am glad they are helpful!

No, many more lectures to come.

Thank you.

You are welcome!

Your welcome!

Glad it helped!

You’re welcome

Thank you.

Glad you enjoyed it!

Wow! Thank you! I appreciate the feedback.

That a is a good question. In some cases it may be sufficient to apply just to the basins. And this is easy when applying a liquid form of fertilizer, as I was doing initially. It is not so easy to add the liquid fertilizer in between the rows without a drip system. In the dry form, it is better to apply across the whole area. It also depends on how mobile the nutrient is. A mobile nutrient will spread out and down from the basins. The vine will only be deficient if it doesn't get enough. And the vine can only take up nutrients where the roots are. I know there are roots under the basin where I water most. I don't know where the roots are between the basins, but I am sure they are there, too. So your point is well taken. In Season 3, I have been applying solid fertilizer, N, P and B throughout the entire area, but have been using Fe and Mg foliar sprays as well. In the case you suggest that the untreated areas would absorb nutrients from the basins, this is not likely to happen. The nutrients would not move horizontally in that manner, and if they did, it would only be a few inches. They are more likely to move with the water downwards and laterally with the water flow, and the roots would also be growing in these areas as they grow toward nutrient rich water. The ultimate test is to do a nutrient analysis in the plants and see if they are getting sufficient nutrients. If they are not, then I have to add more. I hope that helps.

​@@grantcramer thank you very much for your thorough reply!

Yes, overall, it was a good year. -7 C is certainly cold. Sounds like you were a little bit unlucky this year. Hopefully next year will be better!

Thank you!

You are welcome! I am glad it was helpful!

Yes, I address this in my video called "Factors affecting fruit yield". I highly recommend that video. It is full of useful information and directly addresses your question. Also you might want to view my video on the "principles of pruning".

Here is the link to the video "Factors Affecting Fruit Yield" ua-cam.com/video/fMJb06fra7c/v-deo.htmlsi=a456ClaLWWZVjYqS

Thank you very much for the reply. I will check it out 👍🏼

I'm glad you like it

I am sorry, was there a question or comment or are you just marking times when these things were mentioned?

@@grantcramer no its timestamp for me to do revision as Im agronomy student major in plantbreeding

Thanks! I love Australia. I am glad it was useful.

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Very well explained!

Thank you, I am glad it was useful.

Because the flux equation is dependent upon the amount of pressure DIFFERENCE (water potential difference) between the outside of the cell and the inside of the cell.

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Thank you for the information.

I diluted the KMBS in a small amount of distilled water.

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Yes, that can work, too. Has it worked for you? How was it racking off the wine with the marbles in the carboy?

​@@grantcramer It works well. The racking works the same way as if it didn't have the glass balls. After rinsing the lees, it works as a scrubber to clean the inside of the carboy. I store it in a glass jar.

Glad it helped!

Many thanks! Yes, nature is amazing even at the microscopic level. I am always in awe!

Many thanks Antonio! You are first and the best!

Good morning! Nice to hear from you. I love your island!

@@jadengunn7839 For primary fermentation, you want enough head space that you avoid having foam go up into your airlock/blow off. After primary, you are looking to reduce contact with oxygen and you reduce head space.

I am glad you fill inspired! Carboys are good. As elementecho said you need to create head space during fermentation. A lot of CO2 gas is produced and pressure will build up. I was using plastic containers with plastic lids on my very first fermentation I ever did and the pressure blew the lids off so hard it flew up and splattered fermentation on the ceiling of the garage! As long as your container remains sealed, the CO2 will protect the wine from oxygen, hence the excess head space is not a problem until you rack off the wine and reintroduce the oxygen. Then you will want to reduce the surface area and head space. I will cover this in my next video. The 100 L variable volume container (adjustable lid) that I use is ideal for variable harvests! You are going to need variable sized carboys and containers down to 1 gal without a variable volume container.

Yes, extraction from the skins is highly dependent on the variety, time of extraction and temperature.

In order to minimize color extraction, I would assume cold and the reduction of time are the main factors. Do warm climates and their tendency to thicken skins have an affect in this area?​@@grantcramer

Yes, you are correct, colder temperatures and short extraction times will reduce color extraction. Skin thickness is mostly determined by the varietal.

@@grantcramer Thank you for the response. I had thought I had heard that hot climates encouraged thicker skins. I am down in Texas at the tail end of my first year of my little home vineyard haha. I am sure I still have a lot to learn, forget, and relearn.

I agree with you that hot temperatures may indeed increase the thickness of skins, but relative to genetic factors, it is less important than the genetic factors that contribute to the thickness of skins.

Yes, I couldn't agree more with you. You can read a more complete approach in my earlier videos on winemaking. I didn't attempt to explain that here in this video. I have made a lot of red and white wines over the years. This is my first attempt at making a rosé and I wanted to experiment with a whole cluster press for quick extraction of the juice away from the skins. In future years, I will make red wine and try other rosé extraction approaches.

@@grantcramer I was looking at it going huh thats odd, cause you never said you were doing a rose.

I did say it in the middle of the video. I also talked about it in my previous harvest video, but I guess I should have said it more clearly at the beginning of the video. Thanks for the input.

Sure, it works for apples, too!

@@grantcramer is it manual or electric

Manual, but needs water pressure from a hose.

Ha ha! If only I had the legs!

I am sorry, the University no longer has a program since I retired. I now live in California. I recommend contacting other growers in your area. They may be interested.

Thanks for responding. I did speak with a couple of neighbors as well as UNR. I am hopeful. ​@@grantcramer

3 feet

I am using the best gadgets and utensils to make the experience more enjoyable not to make it more economical. One could choose cheaper gadgets if they wish but for me it is the journey not the end of the road. Glad you enjoyed the video!

PS I hope to be making 30 gallons of wine in future years as the vines mature.

Yes, that is usually the case.

Glad you liked it!

You're welcome!

Yeah, it's a possibility, but there are losses during racking of the wine, etc.

@@grantcramer Thank you for your reply. I have no experience in making Rose. I make red wine where I gently press the grapes and leaven them with the skins. However, I leave the fermentation bucket open for air and punch at least twice a day. I realize you've closed your fermentation tank. Is that because you pressed the grapes and only use the liquid? Thank you.

Pinot Noir. Glad you liked it! Stay tuned!

You can find these tanks at morewinemaking.com