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Rob Butler
United Kingdom
Приєднався 21 кві 2021
Welcome to "the Shear Zone" - a hub for educational videos on geology, developed by Rob Butler of the University of Aberdeen. The materials focus on the interpretation of the geometry and relationships found in and between rocks - topics embraced by the term "structural geology". This involves the study of rock deformation - describing and understanding how rocks are broken, folded and distorted. And this links through the scales, from grains to plates. But it also includes broader ideas on how rock formations are organised - which is fundamental to stratigraphic understanding, deducing earth history and the processes that have shaped it. You can find videos on the interpretation of geological maps, 2D seismic profiles of the subsurface alongside developing ideas on how deformation structures, sedimentary basins, mountain belts and tectonic plates work. Supporting materials (maps, images, course notes) will go up on the companion website: .
Tectonics at the Matterhorn (Cervino)- Alpine kinematics
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Rob visits a classic site in the NW Alps, where basic concepts of nappe tectonics were first proposed. We'll look at outcrops to interpret the relative movement senses recorded at the base of the Dent Blanche klippe - part of the far-travelled Alpine lid - nicely exposed along the lower slopes of te Matterhorn (Monte Cervino). And some surprises await...
#geology #tectonics #alps #mountains #matterhorn
#geology #tectonics #alps #mountains #matterhorn
Переглядів: 1 317
Відео
Eclogites at Cignana - a walk into a subducted ocean
Переглядів 1,4 тис.День тому
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Follow Rob on a hike in the Italian Alps to visit a famous set of outcrops at Lago di Cignana. These are eclogites - metamorphosed basalts, gabbros and sedimentary rocks that once former the floor of a now-vanished ocean. It was the closure of this ocean that led to the formation of the Alps. And the metamorphism records not just the subduction of the ocean floor...
The Highlands Controversy - revisited: geo-interpretation lessons from history
Переглядів 10 тис.21 день тому
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Join Rob as he visits key locations, guided by the writings and illustrations of the key players in one of the great arguments in early geology. Together we can see how fieldwork in NW Scotland in the 1850s and 60s created confusion about the geological structure, eventually resolved with the recognition of the Moine Thrust. But this is a prequel - contrasting th...
Aberdeenshire geo-tour
Переглядів 4122 місяці тому
A quick look at geology, landscapes and some heritage in NE Scotland - a film made to promote Scotland bid, on behalf of the UK, to host the 38th International Geological Congress in 2028.
Ups and downs in the French Alps - a tectonic geo-hike in Champsaur
Переглядів 9482 місяці тому
Part of The Shear Zone Channel. Join Rob on a hike in the Ecrins National Park, investigating the geology and tectonic evolution revealed in this stunning landscape. There are some great rock-sequences, including sandstones deposited under deep water just 35 million years ago that are now folded and uplifted to be over two kilometres high in the Alps. But these mountains didn't just go up once....
NW Scotland geo-highlights - in two and half minutes
Переглядів 6452 місяці тому
NW Scotland is a geological paradise - fantastic rocks and great scenery. Check it out in this short film - which promotes Scotland's bid to host the 38th International Geological Congress in 2028. #geology #tectonics #Scotland #igc #IUGS #geosite #lewisian
Iceland's Reykjanes volcanism - tectonic setting
Переглядів 2,9 тис.2 місяці тому
Fissure eruptions - while making dramatic fire-shows - threaten to overwhelm the town of Grindavik, on Iceland's Reykjanes peninsula. They testify to active splitting apart of the crust - part of a process that has opened the Atlantic ocean over the past 55-60 million years. Find out a about the tectonics, how tectonics makes the magma that erupts and how Icaland, and the World lives with these...
Subduction - how we know
Переглядів 8 тис.3 місяці тому
Subduction is a fundamental Earth process, a cornerstone of plate tectonics. It's why the "Ring of Fire" exists - and is responsible for major geo-hazards - volcanic mega-eruptions, devastating mega-thrust earthquakes and associated tsunamis. But how do we know it happens? Follow how geophysicists found and identified subduction zones - and how nowadays we can image them, penetrating deep insid...
The Wallace Line: Ring of Fire - Tectonic journeys in E Asia
Переглядів 1,8 тис.3 місяці тому
The World's great biogeographic zonations are controlled by tectonics - connecting and disconnecting land-masses through geological time. The Wallace Line is the oldest and the most famous bio-boundary - follow along to see how tectonics has played a part in the diversity of SE Asia's biology - and has been a primary driver behind past global climate changes. This is part of a series of films t...
Two Krakatoas: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Переглядів 23 тис.3 місяці тому
No journey around E Asia's "Ring of Fire" would be complete without a stop at Krakatoa - its devastating eruption in 1883 is one of the most famous in history. Find out what we know about the eruption and its associated tsunamis, how we know it and what remains a puzzle, then compare it with the eruption and tsunami from 2018. It's not entirely a disaster movie as there is hope for mitigation m...
Toba caldera: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Переглядів 9 тис.3 місяці тому
This is ground zero for the largest volcanic eruption in the past two million years - Toba on the island of Sumatra. What is the structure of the volcanic complex? What can we learn from the landscape and some preliminary geophysical experiments? This is one of a series of films made to accompany the BBC's 4th series of "Race Across the World" - looking a geology of this stunning region. #geolo...
Super eruptions: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Переглядів 2,9 тис.3 місяці тому
Did a volcanic eruption nearly wipe out modern humans - some 74 thousand years ago? The jury is out - but it doesn't mean that the eruption itself didn't have global impacts. Find out more about this and other super-eruptions - the geology behind them and their relationship to the "Ring of Fire". This film compares the cataclysmic eruption of #Toba with #Pinatubo and #Tambora. It's one of a seq...
Volcanic arcs: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Переглядів 1 тис.3 місяці тому
Lines of volcanoes follow the edges of destructive plate boundaries. They're not just hazards to local populations, they're also signs of growth of continental crust - the ground upon which we live! This short film outlines the tectonics behind these critical phenomena - illustrated by examples from Sumatra. This film is part of a series the accompanies the 4th season of the BBC's Race Across t...
The Great Sumatran Fault: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Переглядів 9 тис.3 місяці тому
The island of Sumatra is carved across by a major active fault zone, moving at several cm a year. What can earthquakes tell us of the fault's tectonic origins? How does it relate to the active volcanoes on the island? Find out in the film - part of a series that track's the 4th series in the BBC's Race Across the World. #tectonics #Sumatra #earthquakes #RATW #subduction
Two tsunamis: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Переглядів 1,1 тис.3 місяці тому
The 2004 Indian Ocean ("Boxing Day") tsunami was the world's worst geo-disaster... but there was another one just three months later. Follow the geological reasons behind these two tsunamis, find out why they were so different, despite originating in a similar location, offshore Sumatra. #geology #tectonics #ratw #tsunami #Sumatra #kophiphi #2004tsunami #indianocean
Holocene sea levels: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Переглядів 1,1 тис.3 місяці тому
Holocene sea levels: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Assembling Asia: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Переглядів 5 тис.3 місяці тому
Assembling Asia: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Khorat inheritance: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Переглядів 1,4 тис.3 місяці тому
Khorat inheritance: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Red River Fault: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Переглядів 1,7 тис.4 місяці тому
Red River Fault: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in East Asia
Extrusion tectonics: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Переглядів 1,4 тис.4 місяці тому
Extrusion tectonics: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Back-arc basins and slabs: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Переглядів 2 тис.4 місяці тому
Back-arc basins and slabs: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia
Megathrust earthquakes: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia.
Переглядів 1,9 тис.4 місяці тому
Megathrust earthquakes: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia.
Volcanoes and tectonic plates: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia:
Переглядів 1,8 тис.4 місяці тому
Volcanoes and tectonic plates: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia:
Taster: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia.
Переглядів 7244 місяці тому
Taster: Ring of Fire - tectonic journeys in E Asia.
Taiwan (Hualien) earthquake April 2024: tectonic setting
Переглядів 2,6 тис.4 місяці тому
Taiwan (Hualien) earthquake April 2024: tectonic setting
Europe's most devastating geo-disaster - Lisbon 1755
Переглядів 2,8 тис.5 місяців тому
Europe's most devastating geo-disaster - Lisbon 1755
Reading the rocks - unconformities
Переглядів 3,4 тис.6 місяців тому
Reading the rocks - unconformities
Paving the ocean floor 1: discovering plate tectonics
Переглядів 1,5 тис.7 місяців тому
Paving the ocean floor 1: discovering plate tectonics
Will you do a video on Rosette diagrams?
It's pronounced Deeabeg BTW
Excellent content as always. Love the channel!,
Great talk. Thanks a lot. If the veins talked at 10minute' can be proved to be dyke-like (discordant) veins and sill-like (concordant) veins, they might form simutaneously with those platy structures with surface stretching lineations. Can this hypothesis be possible?
📯🕒⏳⌛; with all do respect ; there is Nothing that old
📯🕒⏳⌛; Thank You for this ; do you know what the tsunami did to the other countries it hit ?
Wonderful stuff. Is there a guide you would recommend for a self tour of Aberdeenshire geology?
The Aberdeen Geological Society have an online guide, based on their (long out of print) guidebook. Certainly worth a look (google their web pages). I've got 2-3 videos on the Shear Zone Channel that go to a few places (Scottish Geology playlist).
@@robbutler2095 That's great, thanks very much.
Thanks Rob
No worries - you'll find more on fault zones, juxtaposition etc in the Structural Geology playlist on the Shear Zone Channel
Great video! It's a shame you didn't include the Corona lava tube system in the North of Lanzarote; the Cueva de los Verdes, Jameos del Agua and Túnel de Atlántida.
Always lots to see!
My only disappointment in this is that you did not walk the highlands dressed like your historical peers.
ha - have to be benefits from 21stC kit
Lovely, an excellent exposition of field geology.
Thank you - it's a nice place for doing this kind of thing. If you'd like more try this one - which I put together last year: ua-cam.com/video/-P2ghthouC8/v-deo.html
This begs the question of how those other copper deposits were introduced in that magnificent mine at the Great Orme. This is about 100 miles South East of the Iapetus suture zone at Niarbyl on the Isle of Man. So wouldn't these structures have been created so much earlier, in the Caledonian orogeny? I'm trying to get a sense of the whole story of Avalonia, from its birth at the splitting from Gondwanaland, through to its extinction when Gondwanaland came back to meet it, in and afte the Variscan.
All good questions - ponderings... Copper of course at Parys Mountain on Anglesey but a differernt "play" to the Orme...
This is the fifth video I've watched on Siccar Point, and it does the best job of explaining the geological processes-far better than the BBC. The illustrations and graphics are great as well. Excellent video!
Thanks - it's a classic site of course so plenty of competitors!
Yes, but what was the driver of the faulting and metamorphism? Was it the joining of Avalonia to Laurentia in the Caledonian orogeny, or the splitting apart of the proto-Atlantic in the Permo-Triassic?
Yes - both - first the thrusting, then the normal faults.
i wish they would ban upland sheep , the damage v economic benefit is 1000 to 1. Damn i wish i knew all this when touring on a mb .
things gradually on the mend in many places. Upland damage chiefly deer...
Always excellent. Argand was very ahead of his time (as with Suess)…his drawings are incredibly beautiful.
Absolutely - one of the very rare geological geniuses...
Amazing.The rocks tell histories and I want to know their language
good message!
I think about Easter 1973, as an undergraduate at Aberdeen geology department, I set off on the traditional 'Prof's excursion'. A transect of the Alps from the Pre-Alps to northern Italy. It was largely an exposition of the classic works of Arthur Holmes and his associates, but brought to life in typical Alpine weather, not all of my classmates survived unscathed!!! I'm revelling in the detailed field crops you bring to the screen and expound, no doubt, the clarity brought by modern research to this showcase of Alpine geology😮
Different times! Back in the day a certain level of attrition was acceptable on field excursions... rather like Victorian mountaineering.
Another great video - superb scenery and a good explanation of complex processes reflected in the rock units you described. Look forward to the third video in the series!
Thanks - it's a nice place to explore - that's for sure....
Oof... think I need to watch that a couple of times!
Slightly more techy than usual but sets the scene (with eclogites) for a third Alpine film - in a couple of weeks time...
@@robbutler2095 oooh, look forward to it!
Superb per usual, thanks Professor.
thanks - glad you enjoyed the film...
Thank you
man this is wild
indeed - the message is I hope not too crazy... that understanding the stratigraphy is as important as the structural geology when building interpretations on cross-sections....
Studying for my Professional geologist exam right now. Structural was never my strongest subject but this playlist is great. Thank you for making this available!! You're an excellent instructor.
@@javierromero9163 Good luck with the exam - hope it goes well....
This is the first analysis of different types of rock layers I've heard since I was in college back in the late 1990's. Great stuff! Got me to thinking in geological terms and understanding how the earth was made! I'm still able to learn! Glad I came across your video! Made a good study for a couple of hours. I love Scotland!
Indeed - lots of great rocks - and geological stories - in Scotland. Thanks for the comment
good vid. thanks. I subscribed.
thanks! more films to come....
Thank you
As always, an excellent and educational video in a wonderful landscape. It seems have come across core boring holes more and more over times, a site I visited a couple months ago had dozens of it, borderline vandalism in the name of science? Well, it was an interesting impact generated tsunami deposit, to my surprise I came also across three different types of Boudinage within 30m of each other (two on different clast, one in the breccia after deposition), apparently totally ignored by the sedimentologists…..
Rock coring goes beyond borderline vandalism - it's unethical and recognised as such by some journal publishers now. It won't repair the damage done but research papers should be rejected if sampling of critical outcrops leads to this type of damage....
@@robbutler2095, I understand if coring is done because the exact geometry is critical, such as paleo magnetic studies, it however should not be a replacement for the old hammer and chisel method!
Amazing
Splendid! I came for the scenery and stayed for the thermobarometry.
Can I please use this as the title of my thesis? Lol
Outstanding. Thanks (again) Rob for yet another superbly cross linked lecture... 👌
Thank you very much
What super rocks! Love that you can see so much in hand specimen, and then your PT burial/exhumation explanations. That was a part of the OU hard rock course I really enjoyed (30 years ago now) and it all cam flooding back
Yes indeed - always advantageous to have coarse grained rocks for metamorphic ponderings!
@@robbutler2095 saves getting your hand lens out 😉
i am having a strange sensation of déjà vu... 😃
reupload?
yes - a quick correction... and tidy of a graphics glitch.... all good now I hope!
I have a book signed by Nicol on the geology of north Scotland, I was yet to read t but will make an effort this week i think.
great! always worth getting info from the horse's mouth as it were.
@@robbutler2095 a lucky find on the eBay, I seen some of the diagrams before in that book. Good video sir
My father's father's ancestors all came from this area and would have walked over all of this landscape. I feel I am touching some family history by watching this. Beautiful country.
That's great! It is indeed wonderful country
Thank you for this interesting video, Mr. Butler! A factual story of two different interpretations explained simply. For me, as a student, it was easy to understand. And thank you for the book and field trip recommendation :)
Thank you - glad you enjoyed the film - and I hope you can get to see the rocks and landscapes for ypurself!
I can only echo the many comments praising the clarity and unembellished simplicity of your presentation. It all makes for a wonderful watch. Thank you, thank you, thank you.
thanks very much.
The plover lives at the divide, you can hear it calling as Rob explains the different rock forms at the divide.
The map indicates the name as being 'Glen Laggan'
It has had various versions - Laggan, Logan in past times - essentially the phonetic versions/corruptions from Gaelic ... but modern OS maps leave in un-named...
elsewhere along the divide it's not uncommon to hear cuckoos... earlier in the year... which maybe a comment on protagonists or modern geologists too...
Logan is generally more found relative to Irish Gaelic than the Scots Gaelic Laggan; perhaps also open to historical misinterpretation!
Sadly neither picture is correct. 2D lines are really not the tool to use. 3D seismic would be a better solution. The faults in B make more sense as the fault zone has been active for a long time. What we see is the last movement, and only movement in the plane of the 2D seismic. A 3D data set will certainly surprise one, with fault movements not considered. These out of plane fault movements also give rise to a false stratigraphic interpretations. The B solution can be improved by timing of the faults, what stratigraphy, which way did it move etc. A warning about over interpreting the data, maybe the A concept of a fault zone is the best until you have way more data .
Thank you for your reflections (as it were)! Well - of course we don't actually know the "correct" answer - that is the nature of seismic interpretation. I presume you're discussing the final example in the film where two options are presented as alternatives. 3D can give further options (and maybe eliminate others) as can well penetrations of course. But you may need to make interpretations with the imagery that you have.... ahead of the acquisition/availability of more. I say - - interpret with what you have (and image without geological interpretation is just an image), be explicit about the geology so tests of "internal consistency" can be applied (so commit to the interp) - and be aware that alternatives may also be valid.
Some of this controversy seems like it might have parallels in interpreting the geology of western North America the complex picture presented in Nick Zentner's A to Z Baja BC livestream series. There the big problem seems to be that we have rocks which paleomagnetic constraints showing they must have moved thousands of kilometers from where they formed but no fault or faults upon which said motion can be accommodated. The seismic tomographic data and sedimentary and igneous petrology data also support the moving picture in the context of something like a well developed oceanic volcanic archipelago but leave the picture of how to accommodate the motions and forces observed with observations. I can't help but wonder what we are missing Robert Hildebrand's work seems particularly insightful in terms of big picture connection but even a few things of his such as what has occurred along the Rocky mountains raise more questions than answers I wonder what future geologists will think about the situation? At the very least seismic tomography shows that the conventional model of the rocky mountains formation being due to flat slab subduction is bunk since there is no slab in the mantle to cause said flat slab subduction as there isn't an associated fast sheer velocity discontinuity down there which is what subducted slabs look like in seismic tomographic data.
I'll leave others to comment on this - somewhat beyond the scope of this film... though of course, controversy, disagreement and debate are the stuff of science...
Amazing lesson. Cheers from Brazil
Thanks - it's a bit of a classic!
Very good exposition of this pivotal moment in the history of geology.
Thank you - yes indeed, this episode sowed the seeds for some wonderful work that followed....
Wonderful presentation, thanks.
thank you
Excellent explanation of the beautiful diversity of the highland scenery. I've walked and cycled a lot of those locations!
Yes - these sites are well worth a visit
Interesting analogies to the climate change theories
Although there were very few geologists able to "repeat the experiment" given the difficulties of accessing NW Scotland in the mid 19th C... nowadays much contested science is very much open to reprodicibility...
Because of you i was able to understand and pass my exam which i failed two times before. Thank you so much!!
Great!! glad to help
Jollygy ??? Geejollygy ???
indeed
Loved that! It took me right back to the OU "Hard rock" course in the early 90s... off to find where I put my copy of Oldroyd's book! ... Found it! Thank you.
Thanks - glad you found your Oldroyd. Copies can be tricky to come by these days...
@@robbutler2095 I had to be selective when I moved to France but that selection was good!
thank you very much!
thanks - glad it helped.