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The Skullywag Lab
Приєднався 24 вер 2023
Welcome to the lab! I'm Dr Rex:
-- Bachelor of Zoology (2014)
-- Honours in Parasite Ecology (2015)
-- PhD in Comparative Morphology (2019)
-- Now I'm all about skulls 💀💀💀
On this channel, I'll be presenting the bare-bones fundamentals of skull science.
This will include basic principles of skull anatomy, function, and evolution, reviews of new and old research papers, and my take on speculative concepts for artists and creature designers.
My goal is to build an eclectic community of skullywags, both artistically and scientifically oriented, all united by their mutual love of skulls.
If you're new to the channel, welcome to the lab! Sit back, check out some skull content, hit that like button, and comment for some healthy discussion 💀🤓
-- Bachelor of Zoology (2014)
-- Honours in Parasite Ecology (2015)
-- PhD in Comparative Morphology (2019)
-- Now I'm all about skulls 💀💀💀
On this channel, I'll be presenting the bare-bones fundamentals of skull science.
This will include basic principles of skull anatomy, function, and evolution, reviews of new and old research papers, and my take on speculative concepts for artists and creature designers.
My goal is to build an eclectic community of skullywags, both artistically and scientifically oriented, all united by their mutual love of skulls.
If you're new to the channel, welcome to the lab! Sit back, check out some skull content, hit that like button, and comment for some healthy discussion 💀🤓
Alien and Predator speculative evolution | Homology in Sci-Fi
Ahoy there skullywags!
Welcome to another episode of the Skullywag Speculative series.
The oral anatomy and mouth parts of species tell us a lot about their evolutionary history. In this episode, we look at the common oral anatomy of the alien (xenomorph) and predator (Yautja).
Using basic principles of evolutionary biology and cladistics, I present the evidence for a predator-like species and an alien-like species potentially sharing a common ancestor.
I say predator-like and alien-like because this is obviously no attack at the fantastic lore surrounding these two creatures. This is just a discussion about evolutionary mechanisms and concepts of cladistics.
Intro animations by Stephanie Montaño and Jansel Rubiano
stephaniemontanog.myportfolio.com
Music
Introduction: Max Brhon - Redemption [NCS Release]
Body: fsm-team-escp-fugitive, voyager-synthwave-neon, Unknown Brain & Hoober - Phenomenon (ft. Dax & VinDon) [NCS Release]
Outro: NEFFEX - Desperate [NCS Release]
Music provided by NoCopyrightSounds Free Download/Stream and Pixabay
Welcome to another episode of the Skullywag Speculative series.
The oral anatomy and mouth parts of species tell us a lot about their evolutionary history. In this episode, we look at the common oral anatomy of the alien (xenomorph) and predator (Yautja).
Using basic principles of evolutionary biology and cladistics, I present the evidence for a predator-like species and an alien-like species potentially sharing a common ancestor.
I say predator-like and alien-like because this is obviously no attack at the fantastic lore surrounding these two creatures. This is just a discussion about evolutionary mechanisms and concepts of cladistics.
Intro animations by Stephanie Montaño and Jansel Rubiano
stephaniemontanog.myportfolio.com
Music
Introduction: Max Brhon - Redemption [NCS Release]
Body: fsm-team-escp-fugitive, voyager-synthwave-neon, Unknown Brain & Hoober - Phenomenon (ft. Dax & VinDon) [NCS Release]
Outro: NEFFEX - Desperate [NCS Release]
Music provided by NoCopyrightSounds Free Download/Stream and Pixabay
Переглядів: 565
Відео
The all-time best skulls in cinema | Halloween Special Episode
Переглядів 362Місяць тому
Ahoy there Skullywags! What kind of channel about skulls would I be running without a Halloween special?!?! Here is my list of my favourite skulls in cinema. This draws on decades of obsession with Horror, Sci-Fi, and Fantasy movies. The shoe fits, so I figured I should wear it for you all to see 🤓 I include many classics here, such as Pirates of the Caribbean, Predator, Robocop, The Goonies, a...
Why do bigger animals have longer skulls? | Introduction to Bite Force Allometry
Переглядів 3,3 тис.Місяць тому
Ahoy there skullywags! In this episode, I introduce the relationships between skull allometry, bite force, and face length. This comes from a paper published in Biological Reviews - see link onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.13032 Why do larger species, among closely related animals, frequently have longer faces? Contrary to what many think, this pattern is not a foregone conclusion,...
What would you look like if you were a giant? | How Animal Skulls Change with Size
Переглядів 69 тис.Місяць тому
Ahoy there skullywags! This is the first episode of the Skullywag Speculative series. What if your skull was the size of an elephant's? Why do bigger animals have smaller eyes and smaller brains than smaller species? In this video, we dive into the science behind how skulls change with size - a pattern called allometry. We look at these patterns in the skulls of various cats, wolves, foxes, and...
Teeth and skull diversity: the case of the marsupial lion
Переглядів 8 тис.2 місяці тому
Here's a video looking at how dental formulae influence skull diversity. I use the marsupial lion (Thylacoleo carnifex) as a case study. This species was one member of a family of predatory marsupials called the Thylacoleonidae. They all shared similar features, but Thylacoleo is the best known, as the largest and most advanced in skull biomechanics. How did evolution make a predator from a her...
Why are there so many rodents?
Переглядів 8953 місяці тому
Ahoy there Skullywags! Here's a video about rodent skulls. If you have any questions about skulls, feel free to ask in the comments and I might be able to answer them in future uploads :) Socials: X: @theskullywaglab Intro animations by Stephanie Montaño and Jansel Rubiano stephaniemontanog.myportfolio.com Music Introduction: Max Brhon - Redemption [NCS Release] Body: AX.EL - In Love With a Gho...
The biomechanics of crocodile bites
Переглядів 1,2 тис.3 місяці тому
Here's a video explaining how and why crocodiles bite hard with longer faces. If you have any questions about skulls, feel free to ask in the comments and I might be able to answer them in future uploads :) Socials: X: @theskullywaglab Intro animations by Stephanie Montaño and Jansel Rubiano stephaniemontanog.myportfolio.com Music Introduction: Max Brhon - Redemption [NCS Release] Body: FSM tea...
Skull adaptations for hard biting
Переглядів 7975 місяців тому
Ahoy there Skullywags! Here's an introduction to skull adaptations that help increase bite forces. For now, I compare species with a common skull bauplan or "ecomorph". This means I compare species that are related enough to have similar skull architecture, which allows us to focus on differences in bite leverage and bone reinforcement. I'm avoiding comparing super different skulls where a lot ...
The bizarre tooth growth of sabertooth cats
Переглядів 8506 місяців тому
Ahoy there Skullywags! Just a short video on sabertooth tooth (saberteeth?) growth If you have any questions about skulls, feel free to ask in the comments and I might be able to answer them in future uploads :) Socials: X: @theskullywaglab Intro animations by Stephanie Montaño and Jansel Rubiano stephaniemontanog.myportfolio.com Music Introduction: Max Brhon - Redemption [NCS Release] Body: Su...
The Constrained Lever Model of feeding biomechanics
Переглядів 9087 місяців тому
Ahoy there Skullywags! This is the second Skull Science video - describing the Constrained Lever Model. No Arnolds were harmed in the making of this content. If you have any questions about skulls, feel free to ask in the comments and I might be able to answer them in future uploads :) Socials: X: TheSkullywagLab Intro animations by Stephanie Montaño and Jansel Rubiano stephaniemont...
What kind of lever is the jaw?
Переглядів 5327 місяців тому
Ahoy there Skullywags! This is the channel's first Skull Science video. If you have any questions about skulls, feel free to ask in the comments and I might be able to answer them in future uploads :) Socials: X: TheSkullywagLab Intro animations by Stephanie Montaño and Jansel Rubiano stephaniemontanog.myportfolio.com Music Introduction: Max Brhon - Redemption [NCS Release] Body: Su...
Channel Trailer - Welcome to The Skullywag Lab
Переглядів 5227 місяців тому
Ahoy there Skullywags! This is an Introduction to the channel and the loose plan going forward. Socials: X: @theskullywaglab Intro animations by Stephanie Montaño and Jansel Rubiano stephaniemontanog.myportfolio.com Music Body: OSKI - Stay The Night [NCS Release] Channel animation: Max Brhon - Redemption [NCS Release]
R coding Tutorial 6: Troubleshooting common problems
Переглядів 638 місяців тому
Ahoy there Skullywags! This is the final tutorial of my short course of R coding. It covers the most common problems that beginners have with R coding. These make up the vast majority of errors encountered. If you get through this, you should be familiar enough with the basics of R to have a broad understanding of what you're looking at with your next assignment. Happy coding! Socials: X: twitt...
R coding Tutorial 5: Basic data formatting, importing, and exporting
Переглядів 298 місяців тому
R coding Tutorial 5: Basic data formatting, importing, and exporting
R coding Tutorial 4: Basic plotting and analysis
Переглядів 758 місяців тому
R coding Tutorial 4: Basic plotting and analysis
R coding Tutorial 3: Vectors, matrices, and arrays
Переглядів 538 місяців тому
R coding Tutorial 3: Vectors, matrices, and arrays
R coding Tutorial 2: Functions, packages, and objects
Переглядів 268 місяців тому
R coding Tutorial 2: Functions, packages, and objects
R coding Tutorial 1: What do the symbols mean?
Переглядів 898 місяців тому
R coding Tutorial 1: What do the symbols mean?
Introduction to R coding: Tutorial 0 software download and set up
Переглядів 718 місяців тому
Introduction to R coding: Tutorial 0 software download and set up
What movie? Never heard of it.
i was very excited to watch this video because i had a hunch that the speed of a crocodile's bite probably had something in common with trapjaw ants! i learned about them from a Ze Frank video, their bite is the fastest movement ever recorded! seriously, when they snap their spring-loaded jaws shut on something it looks like they just teleport away! and whaddya know: their mandibles are crazy long! even better, the mouthpart configuration they use has evolved in other insects multiple times! the biggest difference between crocs and bugs in this case is that the bugs have a more flexible skull made of chitin and more mouthparts to modify to get faster results. still super cool though!
@theodddoggo great comment! Trap jaw ants are awesome. Their jaws are actually really similar to bobbit worms. Crazy fast indeed
Smaller eyes and brain... not really. As the video points out, relatively. The size is pretty much the same, they'd just take up a smaller % of the skull.
There exists a channel that's all about skulls?
@@susiederkins6612 💁💀
Do they have double rows of teeth? 🤔
Please make one of you as a tiny human-like species!! I would be very interested to see how that looks.
But elephants and wolves are very very smart. The wolf isnt dumber than the fox. Is a whale dumber than an elephant?
Here for RPG art reference. Great work.
They have recovered real giant sculls, and you can see how they look
If giants existed they wouldn't be the same as humans or elephants, they would be their own species. This video is extremely stpd.
Awesome presentation. I have never seen science applied to giants like this. Interesting. Maybe if the Smithsonian will release a few giant skeletons do we can see if you are right!
I'm no evolutionary biologist or zoologist, but I imagine the reason why larger vertebrates have smaller eyes is because being large means eyesight is not very important. They don't really need to watch for much, and details become less and less important the larger they get. Megafauna are often herbivorous, too, and you don't need to stalk a tree. Even the largest carnivorous theropods of the Cretaceous and Jurassic didn't have to bother with chasing small prey outside of fish, because herbivorous megafauna were relatively abundant where they lived. What I'm getting at is that really good eyesight is not worth the biological investment when you're too big for small things. The only place where being big _and_ having really good eyesight are both advantageous is at ocean depths where there's a lot of space to grow, not much food to eat, a lot of large opportunistic predators, and not much light to see them.
Shame your views went down the last couple of videos 😢, these topics are really interesting I really hope you keep posting videos for a long time mate!! Greetings from spain
To be honest, I never expected as much attention as what I've received already. My subject matter isn't the focus of any other channel, so I figured the algorithm would always struggle a bit with my uploads 😅 Thanks very much for the support though. I enjoy making videos, and don't intend to stop. It's really nice to hear my vids are enjoyed by others 🙏💀
I wish to leave an unhinged comment.
My door is always open 😉
@@TheSkullywagLab Ahhh, could make a joke about "back door."
@surgeonsergio6839 the lab is a sanitary space. The back door has to stay closed to keep the flies out
Loved the speculation
Thanks! This was a fun one 💀🤓
AMAZING!
Thanks!
So I would basically look kinda like Ron Perlman?
Interesting take! Of course, the surest way to apply parsimony and thus establish homology would be to line up a dozen of these creatures in a cladistic analysis taking a wider suite of traits into account. And yes, indeed, the only way to explain Star Trek humanoid aliens is to assume common descent. There was some retconning attempt brought forward in one TNG episode once, but it was not very satisfactory.
Funny you mention that! I was chatting with a mate who suggested we should do a cladistic analysis of a bunch of famous sci-fi creatures. While it would be a ton of fun, we just don't have time at the moment - our day jobs get in the way of everything cool. Maybe one day for a future video though💀🤓
@@TheSkullywagLab I did a cladistic analysis of the Subnautica game fauna many years ago and made a video on that, so maybe you'll find that interesting. :) But yeah, day jobs are really constraining our efforts in this.
@@Phrenotopia Awesome! I'll have to track that down
I know humans and Vulcans have the same cranial bones, same facial bones, same mandible, but are they really similar?😉
Hybrids like Spock would tell us they were close enough for some humans 😆
Apologies skullywags! 7:36 Lizards actually have one ear bone - the columella, where mammals have three - the malleus, incus, and stapes.
I am so glad you mentioned the paired dentaries. So many people (including researchers that should know better... ) don't realise that the 'human condition' of a fused mandible is weird, and for a lot of mammals, the symphysis is only connected in the most vague sense of the word. In fact... you can tell a lot about what's going on with a mammal when that symphysis starts to fuse up! Unless you're looking at Palorchestes...
Yeah! And I could be wrong, but it seems difficult to unfuse it once its become fully fused in a lineage right? So its a heavily contingent character and diet correlations trying to explain it don't seem to work so well.
@@TheSkullywagLab That's my understanding - a little imprint of Dollo's Law there - though I have to image that the initial impetus for fusion would likely be a dietary one, which may (due to our old pal Phylogenetic Inertia) funnel descendent lineages into certain feeding niches, depending on any (e.g., dental) co-occurring adaptations.
@douglassrovinsky buttressing the mandible against "wishboning" is the usual explanation given. But the immutability of complete fusion in descendants doesn't seem to be discussed as much. Which is weird if it's being used as a dietary indicator 🤔 Interesting idea about it guiding niche dynamics though!
Maybe relatively smaller brains, but with huge size their brains could still be bigger - and smarter than ours ;)
I mean it's not all about size but interconnection. Even smaller animals like crows can be more intelligent because of higher neuron density and interconnectivity, so even a bigger brain would not neccessarily mean they would be smarter or think differently if the neuron numbers stayed the same.
I've been currently watching through all Aliens and just got to the AvP ones, and lets just say I'll *much rather* watch this video,
@nightmarehound I've still never seen AVP Requiem. I've heard it, I just couldn't see anything 👀🔦
If you haven't read the early 90s Dark Horse comics and or their novels, you're missing out. Earth Hive, Nightmare Asylum, and The Female War are what you're after. Basically starts right after Aliens, and follows Hicks and Newt while things go from bad to worse. Highly recommend!
@@nosewindows Thanks for the suggestions! You think they could translate to movies or tv?
@@TheSkullywagLab Oh man, yer in for a ride! Each novel is trilogy worthy individually. Female War is the weakest, but the ride is so good it's not super noticeable on your first time through. Issue is the subject material is so dark it's basically radioactive for Disney. I don't want to spoil anything so I won't elaborate too much. Suffice to say the aliens are scary, but in a lot of ways humans are way scarier.
I'm a Lion, how cool is't that.
A 🦁 in 🐐 clothing!
@@TheSkullywagLab 😂👍
This was a great video and I enjoyed hearing your logic. Certainly a great story seed for a more interesting combined universe/planet. Makes me think we could invert the older movies and have humans on the Predator-Alien planet!
Thanks! It's a fun thought experiment, right? Imagine all the crazy animals that could be on that predator-alien planet.
I know this is my second comment, but do research on Star Trek. All humanoids in Star Trek were engineered from the same elder race. That is why they look so much alike and can interbreed. Please, before you do another what-if video, research the fantasy worlds you are comparing things to.
The bioengineering explanation is such a genius work around, who even came up with it is a genius
@@iansahleen1173 He is talking about a fictional world made by Paramount Pictures and has a long-standing lore about said universe. this has nothing to do with the real world or the bible. he needs to research the material he is going to make assumptions about before he makes himself look stupid.
The explanation provided in universe doesn't make any sense, It's almost technobabble.
They look so much alike because budget was limited (otherwise we'd have more series like Farscape). Before you make another comment and make yourself look like a stuffy old codger, please learn to be bit more light hearted over spec evo theories done for funsies :D (its called "speculative" for a reason)
This is a nice little coulda woulda video, but if you read the books, you will see that they both evolved on different planets. The Xenomorphs are not even the apex predators on their homeworld.
The movies are retconing that to not be cannon any more which is unfortunate because the old lore is way cooler but maybe we can make both fit together by saying that the predators seeded the planet and or helped create the engineeris and or black glue. also “coulda woulda” bro are you 85 years
@@iansahleen1173 And the Predators are not part of that lore and I am 47. I have been a fan of the Alien and Predator franchises since the beginning and have read all the books. So if you're going to play the cannon BS with the new craptastick films the Predators do not even exist in the same world.
Omg, paranthropus, hell even gorillas actually have a sagittal crest, did you do any research at all?
Well all this and no picture comparison . Clickbait
"What would you look like if you were a giant"? A giant what?💩
The Song of Ice and Fire giants are analogous to Yetis. They were shaved a wee bit for the programme. Still very good.
Those who have seen bigfoot say they have a sagittal crest, with conical heads.
I'm surprised that humans were not mentioned as our jaws have become smaller and smaller. This brings me to a silly question: what would change, if we had carnassial teeth? Some species have them and are still omnivores. In fact, it may help us to eat nuts, despite having limited biteforce.
No such thing as a silly question about skulls in the lab! In terms of the theory presented here, humans fall into the category of species that have forelimb use and tool use as a buffer against high selective pressure for mechanical efficiency of the jaw. So it's not as clear-cut for humans. That being said, our little faces aren't as mechanically useless as they appear, because we actually have quite short faces which can produce stronger bites for the amount of muscle force applied. That doesn't necessarily mean we evolved to bite harder though, as other factors like enamel thickness and muscle fibre type/pennation play a role as well. It might just be more economical. We also use our faces for things other animals don't, such as complex verbal communication (i.e. speech) and non-verbal communication (i.e., expressions), and even as an extra hand to hold things sometimes (paramasticatory behaviours). So, in short, its a complex story for us. Regarding carnassials, those are specialised teeth unique to the Carnivora. But it's important to remember that dietary classifications, like carnivory and herbivory, are weak human-made constructs in general, and that all animals tend to fit on a continuum of omnivory depending on the circumstances of ecology and opportunity. While our teeth are not as effective at slicing as carnassials, we tend to approach the same kinds of tasks by using our hands to rip food through our incisors and premolars. Think about biting an apple or a carrot 💀
Looks like beaver to me!😁
Interesting you mention that! There's some really interesting convergent evolution in the skulls of some rodents and diprotodontid marsupials. Google and compare the skull of a wombat and a mountain beaver, for example 💀
Giants are fact. Even in modern memory a man 8'11" existed. Is it really so hard to imagine a 9'6" giant like goliath existed? I think not. In the burial mound of castelnau the bones recovered suggested the owner was a giant human anywhere from 10-14 feet in height. If one argues against human size limitations not resulting in larger humans then you would also need to challenge dinosaur size limitations as well.
My Head is 9 inches tall. From my chin to my crown.
There is one reason a naturally developing giant would be stupider than the base race: calories. A bigger body draws more calories so there are less left over for the brain. An adaptation to food scarcity cpuld bebeing dumber.
The 'giants are dumb' trope comes from a LONG line of comedy and storytelling traditions where the smaller, smarter hero outwits his bigger, stronger enemy. The bigger and more dangerous the enemy, the dumber they are portrayed as. Has actually led to some hurtful moments where people assume I'm unintelligent just because I'm 6'6".
That actually checks out with standard depictions of 'ogres' in Dungeons and Dragons. Big jaw, small pointed-ish cranium.
Loving the vids, but they are a bit short. It would be nice to see ~ 20 to 30 per
Have you thought about colabs? Other biology channels, of course, but maybe also paleontological channels. I watch some of those as well and bite force is often a topic with prehistoric animals. Speaking of prehistoric animals, mode vids about their bite forces might up the youtube mentions as well. ETA, that might have been what caused the algo to recommend you to me.
Great ideas! I have some episodes planned focussing on unique species with strange skull biomechanics. Many are extinct 💀
Thought Potato also did a video on Giant ecology
Imhotep from the Mummy should at least have an honorable mention.
Good call - which category you think?
Awesome job! Lovin' it Dr Rex!
@RealPaleontology Thanks Prof Wroe!
Awesome video! I had to have look after your mate suggested you in his great video. Some believe there's something similar still about or are these reports just big ferrals.
Thanks! Yeah it's unlikely they're still around. Feral cats are getting bigger each year though
@TheSkullywagLab I've taken pics of tracks I've found in mud. But one doesn't match any animals.
I’m working on a giant story right now. Thanks for this great input.
The giant skeletons in dark souls kind of have this going on.
The robocop ones are super brutal and one of my favorite
Calling Army of Darkness cringy is heresy. I love how evil Ash's skull opens before he gets launched by the catapult at the end.
@alphatonic1481 so many legendary moments in that movie 😆