The Holy Roman Ducklord
The Holy Roman Ducklord
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Cornwall: Dumnonia to Decline, 400-867AD | Behind the Campaign
How did Cornwall go from the land of King Arthur and and a proud Brythonic kingdom to being conquered by the Anglo-Saxons? Join me as we reveal the history behind my recent CK3 video and explore the dying days of the Cornish kingdom.
Behind the Campaign is a historical documentary series focussing on the real history behind grand strategy campaigns. If you like what you see, make sure to like and subscribe to see more!
Sources:
- Charles-Edwards, T. M., 2012. Rome and the Britons, 400-664. In: Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cunliffe, B., 2018. The Ancient Celts. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Davies, J. R., 2013. Wales and West Britain. In: P. Stafford, ed. A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c. 500-c.1100. s.l.:Wiley-Blackwell.
- Finberg, H. P. R., 1974. The Formation of England, 550-1042. London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, Paladin.
- Morris, J., 1973. The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
- Roman Britain, 2008. Romano-British Villa, Magor Farm, Illogan, Redruth, Cornwall. [Online] Available at: web.archive.org/web/20080225003753/www.roman-britain.org/places/illogan.htm
[Accessed 25 February 2008].
Music from pixabay.com
Images from the Cornish Heritage Trust, ancientorigins.net, and Wikimedia Commons.
Black and white maps created by me.
00:00 - Intro
00:57 - Etymology
02:36 - Roman Cornwall
03:31 - Migrations to Brittany
03:55 - Arrival of the Anglo-Saxons
04:17 - Battle of Deorham
05:38 - Battles of Bradford-upon-Avon and Peonnum
06:18 - Campaigns of Ecgberht
07:28 - Battles of Gafulforda and Hingston Down
08:26 - The Drowning of Dungarth
09:32 - Overlordship of Æthelstan
10:20 - Conclusion
11:06 - Outro
Переглядів: 21 567

Відео

CK3 Fate of Iberia DLC | Rise of Mozarabia | Episode 1: Struggles in Iberia
Переглядів 4,9 тис.2 роки тому
Can the Mozarabs of Central Iberia survive in between Catholics and Muslims in the battleground that is Hispania? Join me in the first episode of this new campaign where we battle for supremacy amongst our Mozarabic brethren and plot our rise to domination of Iberian. We face tough enemies, new DLC mechanics and cheese-making Vikings! If you liked this first episode and would like to see more, ...
CK3 | Can Edmund the Martyr SURVIVE the VIKING INVASION?
Переглядів 5 тис.2 роки тому
Can King Edmund the Martyr of East Anglia survive the Invasion of Ivar the Boneless in Crusader Kings 3? Join us as we battle Viking and Saxon alike, suffer terrible losses, win monumental victories, and ultimately bring East Anglia to power! Edmund the Martyr was brutally killed by the Vikings, so we aim to give him a peaceful death and change history! As always, if you enjoyed the video, make...
CK3 | Making CORNWALL Great in Crusader Kings III!
Переглядів 23 тис.2 роки тому
Can we beat back the Saxon invaders and reclaim Cornwall's place as the rulers of Southern Britain? The Vikings have weakened the English and now is the time to strike... Join us in this Crusader Kings III video, where we make Cornwall great again!
CK3 | Restoration of Al-Andalus | Episode 1: Heir of Moron
Переглядів 4842 роки тому
The first episode in the series where I restore the Empire of Al-Andalus and attempt to get revenge for the Battle of Tours! A chill, relaxing playthrough that doesn't take itself too seriously! Sit back and enjoy the ride. Let me know in the comments what I can improve or anything that you want to see!

КОМЕНТАРІ

  • @petertrevorah7689
    @petertrevorah7689 Місяць тому

    Gonn meur ras a’th gwydheo splann. Nebes tryst yw an istori ma.

  • @marty5796
    @marty5796 Місяць тому

    Found this because I couldn't find a video about ck2. But it is almost the same strategy. You will need everyone to join you at lincoln or you need them to join you at norfolk/suffolk. When you win against Ivar you need to chase him down and diminish his troops to a point where you can offer peace and enforce demands. Then you need to help northumbria. At this point when you secure the "choke point" that is northumbria you can aid wessex and mercia. But the most important would be that first battle with ivar in lincoln/suffolk. If you don't diminish his troops there he will be unstoppable and end up making your wife his concubine(as it happened to me in my first playthrough lol)

  • @JessicaBradshaw-rg7vi
    @JessicaBradshaw-rg7vi Місяць тому

    Great video, informative, clear diction, thx

  • @GravelGutz
    @GravelGutz 2 місяці тому

    I lived in Cornwall Ontario Canada. Thanks for the history lesson 👍

  • @neilog747
    @neilog747 3 місяці тому

    Assimilated into the Norman French? If that were true, we would have adopted Roman Law like the Scots, we would feel French, and our core word hoard would be French, none of which is true. The ability to shrug off political tragedies is a common thread amongst the nations of Britain. None of us know how to lie down once felled. Look at the comeback of the Welsh tongue for example.

  • @ConradAinger
    @ConradAinger 3 місяці тому

    As a Continental Saxon, I have found this video informative. Except for the references to the fictional Arthur.

  • @samclarke3573
    @samclarke3573 3 місяці тому

    Simple Answer....... King Arthur is a myth and Cornwall has NEVER been a country. I am Cornish and a lot of these views remind me of a little German who, caused quite a bit of trouble in his day. Be proud to be Cornish (Kernowek if you like) but don't be a massive tus (Erect Penis)

  • @Way2Chezzy
    @Way2Chezzy 3 місяці тому

    This is an awesome video!

  • @petertrebilco9430
    @petertrebilco9430 6 місяців тому

    In Nature, a responsible parent develops a dependant to the point where the dependant is properly prepared to safely operate independently. Operating independently does not imply hatred, disrespect, or even antipathy toward the parent. In fact, the more detailed and attentive the preparation, usually the stronger the bond between parent and independent offspring. It speaks volumes for the delinquent monarchy in England, a remnant feudal institution, that it fights tooth and nail to retain control over its northern, western and southwestern offspring. So tightly embraced are they that the monarchy stifles growth and maturity to the point where each of its five legitimate offspring-Alban, Iwerdhon, Manow, Kembra, and Kernow-now strongly resents the control exerted over their occupied lands. A different, fairer and more considerate relationship could have seen an island of independent nations independently working together for mutual defence, balanced trade, concerted foreign policy development, democratic (as opposed to monarchical) development of public policy and a much happier, perhaps even more welcoming cross-border interaction. As it is, the tighter the monarchy controls its offspring, the harder the offspring push back. Is it any wonder no one likes the British monarchs. The sooner Charles dies of cancer the better. Good riddance!

  • @SithFam
    @SithFam 6 місяців тому

    Do you have history or info on the Curnow’s?

  • @CemeteryHillFarm
    @CemeteryHillFarm 6 місяців тому

    Who was Mortaph and did he play a roll in Dumnonia at all?

  • @Tom_Wolf_
    @Tom_Wolf_ 7 місяців тому

    Fascinating. Did you know a comet hit Britain in the mid-6th century which is why the Saxons could move in without much resistance. You should check the work of Alan Wilson for some suppressed history. Also King Arthur the 2nd fought the Saxons during this time.

    • @samclarke3573
      @samclarke3573 3 місяці тому

      This has got to be the best reply on this page . Do you have anything on King Arthur 3? St Comet Major was named after the 6th century event

  • @eldritch3465
    @eldritch3465 8 місяців тому

    💢💢💯💯💢💥💥💥💢💢💯💥SOMERSET MENTIONED 💢💢💢💥💥💥💢💢💥💥💥💥💢

  • @gregchaynes
    @gregchaynes 9 місяців тому

    great work sir

  • @jamesdavies7860
    @jamesdavies7860 9 місяців тому

    KERNOW BYS VYKKEN

  • @johnfisk811
    @johnfisk811 10 місяців тому

    This does seem a little restricted to one story. It omits the raiding of the Irish which prompted the early Kernow migrations to Breizh and the observable depopulation of northern Kernow.

  • @briancornish5857
    @briancornish5857 10 місяців тому

    Thank you.👍

  • @trevormorgan2636
    @trevormorgan2636 Рік тому

    It took centuries to develop from waring tribes into a nation. Now idiots dream of returning to waring tribes. Cornwall does not pay its way in the UK

    • @balls9420
      @balls9420 6 місяців тому

      Waring tribes is a bit of an insult to everyone there. They were ALL full fledged kingdoms in their own right just because they had less land doesn't make them primitive.

  • @trevormorgan2636
    @trevormorgan2636 Рік тому

    Dumnonia was Devon not Cornwall.

  • @ellismeah8110
    @ellismeah8110 Рік тому

    The UK is a tiny group of islands , its a shame all areas are so devided ,sadly politians keep it that way , the whole country isnt worth fighting for anymore , with the enemy within

  • @thespartan8476
    @thespartan8476 Рік тому

    No other small country can compare with Greece in terms of impact on human benefit. The Greeks created it, the Germans copy it, and the English exploit it.

    • @balls9420
      @balls9420 6 місяців тому

      Cornwall made the steam locomotive, that was pretty game changing.

  • @FaughtyEmit
    @FaughtyEmit Рік тому

    Proud to be Cornish..well, 50% Cornish at least.. and taken to Devon to be born. But I say it's where you first set foot on the land, So unless I was dropped as a baby in a Derriford carpark in 1986 - I consider myself proper Cornish!

  • @robertwoolstencroft5946
    @robertwoolstencroft5946 Рік тому

    Devon was also part of dumnonia Plymouth also called Aberplymm

  • @epilobia1
    @epilobia1 Рік тому

    There are massive English lies at the heart of this narrative .

  • @sallysmith920
    @sallysmith920 Рік тому

    It's NOT Fow-wee, it's Foy (Fowey) as in boy. You're welcome.

    • @neilog747
      @neilog747 3 місяці тому

      He was respecting the correct pronounciation from centuries ago, which is more than what people do now.

  • @brennditbrennus8916
    @brennditbrennus8916 Рік тому

    I think that Cornwall is culturally, historically, and geographically close enough to Wales for this to evolve towards concrete administrative and political developments. Why not an administrative and political association of Cornwall and Wales with its Welsh and Cornish Parliament / Senedd Cymru a Kornog?

  • @samhammer1134
    @samhammer1134 Рік тому

    Reparations from Rome! Lmao

  • @harry_woolcock5561
    @harry_woolcock5561 Рік тому

    You said Fowey wrong and Fowey is nowhere near Bodmin moor

  • @neilroberts5434
    @neilroberts5434 Рік тому

    Cornovii was in English midlands moved south and to top of what is now Scotland

  • @goeegoanna
    @goeegoanna Рік тому

    Fascinating, thank you chum.

  • @geraldallen2665
    @geraldallen2665 Рік тому

    I'm from Cornwall and if anyone asks me were I'm from I always say Cornwall not England. We are totally different people. I now live in the Philippines. I miss Cornwall though

    • @Ariueh
      @Ariueh Рік тому

      Same I never address myself as .British .English I’ll sometimes say “I’m Celtic” but normally I just say “I’m Cornish”

    • @trevormorgan2636
      @trevormorgan2636 Рік тому

      Your DNA does not agree

    • @balls9420
      @balls9420 6 місяців тому

      ​@@trevormorgan2636 You are accepting shit as fact. Anything involving humans cant be black and white. Even if not DNA, culturally they are Cornish.

    • @samclarke3573
      @samclarke3573 3 місяці тому

      Being cornish myself you guys are the problem causers

    • @neilog747
      @neilog747 3 місяці тому

      We're anything but totally different since we're both indo-european with a tiny tiny difference in DNA. You could be projecting your emotional issues onto your ethnicity.

  • @dubccoverseer
    @dubccoverseer Рік тому

    Parred in Dorset? It’s in Somerset!

  • @KingKong187911
    @KingKong187911 Рік тому

    The English are so blinded by their false sense of superiority and greatness, their ego and even arrogance won’t allow them to understand how a group of people amongst them would want to be separate. Love to all Cornish Warriors, you are always welcome in Jamaica 🇯🇲

    • @chesterdonnelly1212
      @chesterdonnelly1212 Рік тому

      The Cornish don't want independence. They're poor. What they want is handouts.

    • @Dungiom
      @Dungiom Рік тому

      ❤❤

    • @Ariueh
      @Ariueh Рік тому

      We would be them with the pasties if we could get enough attention 😂

    • @balls9420
      @balls9420 6 місяців тому

      @@chesterdonnelly1212 We want a house! Rich Londoners see them as investments instead of what they should be! A home for a family.

    • @neilog747
      @neilog747 3 місяці тому

      Well, thanks for telling me who I am.

  • @kernom749
    @kernom749 Рік тому

    The Cornish will rise again! Pasty in hand!

  • @skathwoelya2935
    @skathwoelya2935 Рік тому

    Historians normally give 936AD as the last battle with the Saxons and the border with England being fixed on the east bank of the Tamar. This was never legally changed.

  • @waddaboing
    @waddaboing Рік тому

    As a cornish man I wish this happen irl

  • @petertrebilco9430
    @petertrebilco9430 Рік тому

    As a third generation Ostralian-Kernow, I identify very strongly as Kernow. I speak Kernewek and have visited my ancestral land in Peran ar Wodhel. Please keep this series going. Unlike our Gaelic brethren, we Kernowyon lack the great warrior sagas and narratives, or, if they exist, they are relatively untaught and therefore unknown. Kernow deserves much better public policies and self rule. Kernow Bys Vykken!

    • @petertrebilco9430
      @petertrebilco9430 9 місяців тому

      @@granite_4576 Yw. Yn arbennek an Kernowyon!

    • @samclarke3573
      @samclarke3573 3 місяці тому

      Sowsenek bys vyken tus!!

    • @petertrebilco9430
      @petertrebilco9430 3 місяці тому

      @@samclarke3573 …as a second language. There’s no earthly reason why Kernowyon should not try to understand the language of the English. It’s a global language, to be sure. But it’s fair I think to permit the Kernowyon their Kernewek without bitterness and envy. We can live as neighbours, Kernow and Pow Sows, and Pow Sows and Kernow. Chons da dhis ow howetha!

  • @pond_people
    @pond_people Рік тому

    Fowey is pronounced 'Foy'.

  • @BrotherJing1
    @BrotherJing1 Рік тому

    A couple of quick notes as I'm watching this; 1) Cornwall could never accurately be described as isolated; it had been trading tin with the Mediterranean and it's closer neighbours since the Bronze Age and this continued well into the Medieval period. 2) Migration to Britanny wasn't exacerbated by the Anglo-Saxon arrival. The Anglo-Saxons were still on the other side of the country when it started to increase. The Britons of Cornwall and the Veneti of Armorica were more culturally similar and had a shared interest in the tin trade (Armorica being another source of tin) since pre-Roman times (this is noted in the Barry Cunliffe book you are quoting). The movement of Britons after the romans left could be more accurately described as colonisation and was a clear move to secure the tin trade routes. Hence they also established a settlement in Galicia, Northen Spain. Where, once again, there are tin deposits. 3) The Battle of Deorham did cut off the SW from Wales however it had nothing to do with Dumnonia. The three Kings mentioned in the ASC are leaders of independent post-roman polities. Dumnonia at it's most generous border probably only extends to the Parrett in Somerset. As the Saxons advanced it could be argued this shifted East as the former Durotriges collapsed but that's very subjective. 4) The Saxons don't enter Devon until after 710, the 8th Century. The Parret is the border until this time. 5) Dumnonia is gone from all records after Hehil, Edwards is correct. However that doesn't mean the territory of Devon is lost. Much of the remaining fighting, including Hingston Down, is likely to have taken place in Mid to West Devon. This also clarifies things like 'raiding from East to West' and yet not controlling any territory past the Tamar. It makes mroe sense if Ecgbert is instead pushing the Britons out of Devon. 6) Gafulford was likely a Saxon defeat, it didn't assure Wessex's domination or the battle of Hingston down wouldn't have been necessary. In fact it's a very inconvenient time for Ecbert to have a battle as he was preparing to engage with Mercia decisively in the same year. 7) The Quote about 'disposing of their lands as seemed fit" Isn't from the Anglo Saxon Chronicle. It appears in a Cambridge History book but only quoted as 'A Later document mentions'. This isn't contemporary and doesn't reflect the evidence of charters, or of Church compliance. 8) The only land in english hands in Cornwall before Athelstans reign, that we know of, is Maker. This was granted by King Geraint of Dumnonia to Aldhelm of Sherbourne in the early 8th Century. Additionally, Alfred the Great was able to leave some land around LAunceston to his son in his will but that is it. It definitely wasn't 'more and more in the hands of Saxon nobles' 9) Hingston Down is more likely to be at Hingston Down near Moretonhampstead in Devon. The ASC makes it clear the Vikings and Cornish take the campaign into Wessex and Ecberht goes to meet them. They wouldn't leave their ships in the Tamar and wait for him to go past the ships and to them. 10) From Ecberht until Athelstan there is no grants of land in Cornwall from English Kings. Athelstans 'cleansing of Exeter' is also a myth written by William of Malmesbury. The Church also maintained it's own idiosyncrasies which can be seen in Edwards founding of Crediton where he left money for the Bishop to 'visit the Cornish priests, for Stubbornly they resist the truth'. It's not until Athelstan re-founds the Cornish Bishop of St Germans, basically acknowledging that his predecessors efforts to try and bring the Cornish into compliance had failed, that we see any growth of English control in Cornwall. By then it is also not replacing the native elites, but rather the Native Elites are starting to adopt English names and tie themselves more closely to the English state willingly. We can see this both in charter evidence and in dual-name use such as within the Bodmin Manumissions. I don't want to sound entirely negative, alot of your information is commonly found on the internet but unfortunately it is incorrect and a hangover of a view of history which has always placed English history first and attempted to write out other peopels stories as much as possible. I'd recommend reading any of the following: The Promontory People - Craig Weatherhill Cornwalls First Golden Age - Bernard Deacon Or my book if you want! The Western Kingdom : The Birth of Cornwall - John Fletcher

    • @theholyromanducklord8121
      @theholyromanducklord8121 Рік тому

      Hi John, thanks very much for your thorough feedback. I've pinned your comment to the top so that people can see the corrections and get a full account. This video wasn't intended as a proper documentary, rather as an overview to complement my other gaming videos, but I will take your feedback on board and will take greater care in researching in the future! Thanks again for taking the time to comment, I'll be sure to check out your book!

    • @kernowboy137
      @kernowboy137 Рік тому

      It is also worth mentioning that Cornwall retained its own laws and customs long after the Norman takeover of England. The Normans for their part appointed a number of Bretons as Earl’s of Cornwall in deference to Cornish sensibilities. Indeed, it wasn’t until the Tudor period that this political and cultural accommodation of the Cornish was ended, which is somewhat ironic, given the Tudors historical affiliation with Wales.

    • @shuanluke3983
      @shuanluke3983 Рік тому

      KBV

    • @davewatson309
      @davewatson309 Рік тому

      I would suggest the post Dyrham border would be the Wansdyke, there are several Marksburys, border strong place, at least 2 of which are by Forts on it. The Duke would have guarded the winter grazing while the Gwlad Haf, summer country was flooded, hence Chew Valley Ciw Welsh being a baby animal. Also Glastonbury features heavily in the age of saints. Dumnonians fought in 950 at Brunanborough after which the Britons were expelled from Exeter.

    • @oro7114
      @oro7114 Рік тому

      No expert but you mention Galicia being colonised after the romans left British as part of a colonial effort to control the tin trade. But from what I understand the Celtic Gallacian language went extinct in the 1st century AD at the latest and the Romans only lost any control of Spain to Germanic tribes in the 5th century, implying Galician celts were a pre Roman population in Iberia. Is this incorrect?

  • @Y_Surniaiev
    @Y_Surniaiev Рік тому

    Cheers to a fellow CK3 gamer! I studied the history of Brythonic kingdoms and your video gives a good insight and good overall review. I wanna know about Cornish language - did it die out completely and was recently revived exclusively from written sources? Or there was a tiniest minority which helped the enthusiasts to recreate the language? How is it going on now with Cornish? Is there a tendency to grow the number of speakers?

    • @petertrebilco9430
      @petertrebilco9430 Рік тому

      As far as I ‘know’, Kernewek died out in exclusive fluency…that is, fluent speakers on any topic, to the exclusion of sowsnek…but small disparate groups maintained a skeletal almost pidgin mix of the dominant sowsnek, peppered with Kernewek, enough to be the basis of an assisted revival. That revival relies on the remnant vocabulary, religious and other historical texts, and borrowing and approximations of lost Kernewek based on extant bretonic and kembrek. So, as a widely-spoken, taught-in-school language, Kernewek ‘died out’. But there’s energy and focus on renewing and recreating our language. Kernow Bys Vykken!

    • @skathwoelya2935
      @skathwoelya2935 Рік тому

      Cornish was never completely dead because as soon as it fell out of use as a community language (around 1800), scholars started translating the mediaeval, or Middle Cornish, literature throughout the 19th century. For example, "An Ordinale Kernewek" originally written around AD1400 was translated in 1859 as "The Ancient Cornish Drama" with original text and notes by Edwin Norris. There are other texts and scholars. Middle Cornish/ Kernewek Kres dates from AD1200 to 1600 and is the basis of the modern revival. Late Cornish/ Kernewek Diwedhes dates from AD1600 to 1800. During the late period, Cornish was increasingly anglicized (watered down by English) and not such a good basis for reviving the language as literature had almost stopped being produced. The numbers of modern Cornish language speakers is growing all the time and, I believe, is taught in some schools.

  • @shuanluke3983
    @shuanluke3983 Рік тому

    Kernow was never annexed into Saxon land nor modern English ✌

    • @samclarke3573
      @samclarke3573 3 місяці тому

      Erm are you stupid well I guess so because from where I'm sat in Cornwall it is very much within England and even a county! It is not like Wales or Scotland cornish independence is a myth at best

  • @shuanluke3983
    @shuanluke3983 Рік тому

    Prest omma sos . Kernow bys vyken 😎

  • @MrSwankypants
    @MrSwankypants Рік тому

    Thank you for this video, as someone whose historical focus tends to be Cornwall it was just really great to see... On a side note, Cornwall during the English civil war and the work of Mark Stoyle is fascinating too 😉

  • @CinnamonKnightEntertainment

    As a silly american, one who found out about my majority of Cornish ancestry this was a weird way to WARm my heart

  • @gerardzerrudo9740
    @gerardzerrudo9740 Рік тому

    Nice ♥️

  • @martinmargerrison2300
    @martinmargerrison2300 2 роки тому

    It's pronounced FOY and not Fow-ey. Lose 10 points

  • @musicmasterplayer4532
    @musicmasterplayer4532 2 роки тому

    Cornwall was never a county. When William the Conqueror took control in the 1080s he named his brother as the first Duke or Earl of Cornwall. It was never a county, and the head of state is not the Queen but the Duke of Cornwall. The local laws for property are very different from British laws. The Cornish identity has been preserved in distinctive institutions. The Cornish have always maintained their own regiment in the British Army, which was independently commanded by the Cornish until the 16th century.

    • @YorkyOne
      @YorkyOne 9 днів тому

      The first comment confuses Cornwall with the Duchy of Cornwall - the head of the latter being the Duke of Cornwall. Well over 80% of the Duchy is actually outside of Cornwall. And, of course, the Head of State is the reigning monarch. The rest of the post is just as confused.

  • @eoinh
    @eoinh 2 роки тому

    I've only started the video, but naming the peninsula karnos is interesting to me, as just across the water is the southernmost tip of Ireland, Carnesore Point or just Carne (hard c). I wouldn't say Carne is nearly as horn-shaped as Cornwall but now I'm wondering if the etymology is the same 🤔

    • @oro7114
      @oro7114 Рік тому

      Well in Irish it’s Ceann an Chairn and So either Chairn was a person the area was named after or Chairn is in reference to the land reaching out to Cornwall, it’s an interesting idea!

    • @skathwoelya2935
      @skathwoelya2935 Рік тому

      In the Cornish language, Karn = rocky outcrop. Examples around Cornwall's rocky SW coast are: Carn Kez, Carn Greeb, Carn Cravah, Carn Boel, Carn Guthensbras, Carn Scathe, Carn Glaze (on OS Explorer map no.102) and lots of others across Cornwall/ Kernow. Cornish names are sometimes anglicized with a "c" but still pronounced with a hard "c" like a "k". Iwerdhon ha Kernow bys vykken! 😉

  • @jameshazelwood9433
    @jameshazelwood9433 2 роки тому

    Is the word Diwedh meaning to end or finish? we have a similar word in Welsh