Marcel Butschle
Marcel Butschle
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How to perform ANOVA
In this video, I’ll show you how to perform ANOVA on experimental data in Python 🐍 to identify significant factors. No programming expertise needed-I’ll walk you through the code with help from my AI assistant, so you can easily follow along!
WATCH THIS VIDEO TO LEARN:
- How to perform ANOVA in Python after an experiment.
- Steps to build and refine a model by identifying significant factors.
- Two model-building approaches: All Parameter (starting with all terms) and Stepwise Addition (adding likely significant terms).
- How to interpret key elements in the ANOVA table: degrees of freedom, sum of squares, F-value, and p-value.
🤖 GET ACCESS TO MY AI ASSISTANT: www.experimentaldesignhub.com/downloads/p/your-ai-assistant-for-doe
📖 READ THE BLOG POST: www.experimentaldesignhub.com/blog/anova-with-python-for-intermediates
---
CONNECT WITH ME!
💼 LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/marcel-butschle
✉️ marcel.butschle@icloud.com
Переглядів: 50

Відео

Python Tutorial: How to Visualize Experimental Results
Переглядів 57514 днів тому
In this video, I’ll show you how to visualize experimental data 📊 using main effects, interaction, contour, and 3D plots in Python. No programming expertise is needed-I’ll handle the coding with help from my AI assistant and you can do the same! WATCH THIS VIDEO TO LEARN: - Visualize data with main effects, interaction, contour, and 3D plots in Python. - Understand individual and interactive ef...
How to create a full factorial design plan with python
Переглядів 15521 день тому
FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN WITH PYTHON! CHATGPT MAKES IT EASY. In this video, I’ll guide you through creating a full factorial design plan using Python. We’ll start with a simple two-level design and then move on to more advanced multi-level designs. Plus, I’ll show you how to leverage a custom ChatGPT assistant to write your code, making your workflow smoother and more efficient. HERE‘S THE CHATGP...
Python EXPLAINED: what it is, why it matters and how to start
Переглядів 87Місяць тому
PYTHON CAN MAKE YOUR LIFE EASIER! CHATGPT HELPS YOU GET STARTED QUICKLY. In this video, I’ll show you how to get started with Python, how to install it, and how you can use ChatGPT to simplify your coding tasks, so you can save time and focus on what matters most in your experiments. HERE’S WHAT YOU’LL LEARN: - What Python is and why it’s useful for experimental design - How to install Python u...
What is a qq-plot and why is it important?
Переглядів 567Місяць тому
ANOVA ONLY WORKS WITH NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED DATA! QQ-PLOTS IS HOW YOU TEST THAT. In this video, I’ll walk you through everything you need to know about QQ-plots and what to do when your data isn’t normally distributed, so you can use ANOVA effectively. HERE’S WHAT YOU’LL LEARN: - What a normal distribution is and how it looks in a QQ-plot - How to interpret a QQ-plot and spot issues with normali...
Evaluating Model Performance with Residual Analysis
Переглядів 391Місяць тому
🚀 READY TO MAKE DATA-DRIVEN DECISIONS WITH CONFIDENCE? This video covers everything from simple visual comparisons to more advanced techniques like residual analysis. It will help you ensure that your model is not just good, but great for decision-making. WATCH THIS VIDEO TO LEARN: - How to validate your model effectively - Key metrics like RSS, MSE, and R-squared explained - Practical tips for...
ANOVA simply explained in less than 3 minutes
Переглядів 2,1 тис.Місяць тому
ANOVA FOR BEGINNERS - WHAT IS IT AND WHY YOU NEED IT... When conducting an experiment, you encounter experimental error and random fluctuations that are unavoidable. So, how do you determine if the observed differences in your result variable are due to the actual factor you are investigating or just by chance? The answer is to perform an ANOVA. WATCH THIS VIDEO TO LEARN: - What significant par...
Replication, Randomization & Blocking
Переглядів 97Місяць тому
HOW TO RECORD HIGH QUALITY EXPERIMENTAL DATA? High quality data is accurate, reliable and free from biases. In DoE there is the concept of replication, randomization and blocking that ensures that you record high quality data. WATCH THIS VIDEO TO LEARN: - What replication, randomization and blocking is - What difference it can make in your results READ THE BLOG POST: www.experimentaldesignhub....
Understanding Systematic and Random Errors
Переглядів 3812 місяці тому
UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMATIC AND RANDOM ERRORS IN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN! 🎯 Errors are an unavoidable part of any experimental process, but learning to understand and manage them is crucial to obtaining accurate, reliable results. In this video, we dive into the world of experimental errors, breaking down the differences between random and systematic errors and how they impact your data. WATCH THIS VI...
Understanding full factorial design
Переглядів 2672 місяці тому
A full factorial design is a type of experimental design used in DoE. It combines each factor at each level with every other factor and level to test their individual and combined effects on the response variable. WATCH THIS VIDEO TO DISCOVER: - What Full Factorial Design is - The benefits of full factorial design - Why it is not always a good idea to perform a full factorial design - How to cr...
DoE in 8 SIMPLE steps
Переглядів 5343 місяці тому
UNLOCK THE POWER OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (DOE)! 🎨🧪 Design of Experiments (DoE) is your go-to recipe for a systematic and efficient approach to planning, executing, and analyzing experiments. Just like a cooking guide, DoE helps you gather high-quality data by ensuring every step is measured and controlled. WATCH THIS VIDEO TO LEARN: - How DoE can streamline your experimental process - The key st...
An example of a 1/2 fractional design
Переглядів 412Рік тому
If you want access to the jupitor notebook file, drop me an email. 🎓 Who I am: I have a bachelors degree in coating science and a masters degree in material science. Currently I am doing my PhD in coatings technology. Also been passionate about teaching, I want to share my knowledge to people everywhere around the world. Connect with me on LinkedIn 🔗🤝: www.linkedin.com/in/marcel-butschle-09ba79...
Planning and analyzing a 2-level full factorial design in Python
Переглядів 4 тис.Рік тому
Access to the code: www.experimentaldesignhub.com/blog/example-of-a-full-factorial-design-in-python Also check out my other blog posts related to experimental design: www.experimentaldesignhub.com/ 🎓 Who I am: I have a bachelors degree in coating science and a masters degree in material science. Currently I am doing my PhD in coatings technology. Also been passionate about teaching, I want to s...
Why do you need replicates and how many?
Переглядів 332Рік тому
📈 G*Power Software: www.psychologie.hhu.de/arbeitsgruppen/allgemeine-psychologie-und-arbeitspsychologie/gpower 🎓 Who I am: I have a bachelors degree in coating science and a masters degree in material science. Currently I am doing my PhD in coatings technology. Also been passionate about teaching, I want to share my knowledge about coatings to people everywhere around the world. Connect with me...
Better experiments: 5 mistakes I fixed for myself
Переглядів 241Рік тому
🎓 Who I am: I have a bachelors degree in coating science and a masters degree in material science. Currently I am doing my PhD in coatings technology. Also been passionate about teaching, I want to share my knowledge about coatings to people everywhere around the world. Connect with me on LinkedIn 🔗🤝: www.linkedin.com/in/marcel-butschle-09ba79217 Or drop me an email 📧: marcel.butschle@icloud.com
I won a pitch competition with this presentation
Переглядів 145Рік тому
I won a pitch competition with this presentation
Factorial vs fractional vs response surface designs | when to use what?
Переглядів 4,1 тис.Рік тому
Factorial vs fractional vs response surface designs | when to use what?
You can do this with subjective result variables
Переглядів 174Рік тому
You can do this with subjective result variables
What are disturbance variables?
Переглядів 208Рік тому
What are disturbance variables?
The 3 basic rules of DoE
Переглядів 351Рік тому
The 3 basic rules of DoE
What is design of experiments (DoE)?
Переглядів 1,1 тис.Рік тому
What is design of experiments (DoE)?
Failings of traditional experimental design
Переглядів 264Рік тому
Failings of traditional experimental design
PVC & CPVC: How are the properties affected?
Переглядів 532Рік тому
PVC & CPVC: How are the properties affected?
How to calculate mixing ratios for two component systems
Переглядів 952Рік тому
How to calculate mixing ratios for two component systems
Two component epoxies: Applications, health issues, crosslinking & properties
Переглядів 109Рік тому
Two component epoxies: Applications, health issues, crosslinking & properties
Drying vs. Curing: A Deep Dive into Film Formation Mechanisms
Переглядів 504Рік тому
Drying vs. Curing: A Deep Dive into Film Formation Mechanisms
Organic Coatings 101: A Beginner's Guide
Переглядів 856Рік тому
Organic Coatings 101: A Beginner's Guide
How to communicate your research
Переглядів 3232 роки тому
How to communicate your research
XPS: The powerhouse of surface science
Переглядів 1,4 тис.3 роки тому
XPS: The powerhouse of surface science
The how’s and why‘s of adsorption
Переглядів 8943 роки тому
The how’s and why‘s of adsorption

КОМЕНТАРІ

  • @brightamenu1617
    @brightamenu1617 Годину тому

    Can one use factorial design and after use response surface design

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 7 хвилин тому

      Yes, you can do that. Just add the additional runs to the factorial design plan. You also don’t need to repeat the experiments you already completed through the factorial design.

  • @edus82
    @edus82 4 дні тому

    Yes pls for a more detailed vid in Python

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 4 дні тому

      Here you go. Already online: How to perform ANOVA ua-cam.com/video/X7oiwUnLCRc/v-deo.html

    • @edus82
      @edus82 3 дні тому

      @ thank you!

  • @fightchris7359
    @fightchris7359 4 дні тому

    Simply and thoughtfully explained, thank you!

  • @Imran_et_al
    @Imran_et_al 11 днів тому

    Great Explanation. Thanks for the video and code...!

  • @ahmedaladily7360
    @ahmedaladily7360 16 днів тому

    How can I set the 5 level parameters, for example pH 2 3 4 5 6 and other 4 factors having 5 levels also using Responce surface ( central composite design) in DESIGN EXPERT 13 software

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 15 днів тому

      Hey, what you are describing is not really a central composite design but a full factorial design with multiple levels.

  • @rajeshsrivastava7464
    @rajeshsrivastava7464 16 днів тому

    Excellent explanation❤

  • @victorrossing6484
    @victorrossing6484 20 днів тому

    I have a problem when doing DOE in python. Lets say we have a 2^2 experiment single replicate with 5 centerpoints, then we have 4 degrees of freedom. One each of x1, x2, x1x2, whereby we only have one combined for x1^2 and x2^2, hence we need a pure quadratic term for these two combined, as they cant be separated. However OLS cant give me the pure quadratic term (just gives me an estimate of x1^2, which is equal to the estimate of x2^2), do you have a solution or another package you know that works? Code attached (chatGPT cant find a solution): test=pd.DataFrame({}) test["x1"]=[-1,-1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0] test["x2"]=[-1,1, -1,1, 0, 0, 0, 0,0] test["response"]=[39.3,40,40.9,41.5,40.3,40.5,40.7,40.2,40.6] model_poly = ols('Q("response") ~ x1 + x2 + I(x1 * x2) + I(x1**2 +x2**2)', data=test).fit() print(model_poly.summary())

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 15 днів тому

      Hey, if you perform a 2^2 design with 5 centerpoints then you have a total of 4+5=9 runs which results in 9-1=8 degrees of freedom. Hence, you should be fine with estimating the squared terms individually, or am I completely off?

  • @davemiller401
    @davemiller401 Місяць тому

    I think you do a nice job.

  • @lalababu-k1r
    @lalababu-k1r Місяць тому

    You are awesome!

  • @lalababu-k1r
    @lalababu-k1r Місяць тому

    Which software you use to make the videos

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Місяць тому

      At the time I was using LumaFusion, which is a video editor app for iPad. But now I switch back to classic PowerPoint for the animations and DaVinci Resolve for editing.

    • @lalababu-k1r
      @lalababu-k1r Місяць тому

      @MarcelButschle thank you, much appreciated!

  • @ralfenglisch7653
    @ralfenglisch7653 Місяць тому

    Yes in Python would be great, thefe must be a library alredy providing the whole calculation. Then we just need to know the tricks and how to feed then data into the object.

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Місяць тому

      Good news, I’ve already filmed the video, it just needs some editing before it’s ready to go live. But I have three more videos in the pipeline before that on how to get started with python, how to design a full factorial design with python and how to do data visualization in python.

  • @joeherro8723
    @joeherro8723 Місяць тому

    Marcel, this was a very clear presentation. Thanks

  • @arj123sub
    @arj123sub Місяць тому

    Nice explanation - learnt more in the 3 minutes rather than the lectures I sat through at college.

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Місяць тому

      Sometimes 3 minutes of very basics are worth more than a semester at college :)

  • @elsayed111
    @elsayed111 Місяць тому

    thanks so much for ur lecture, can you send me an example for ffd and an application i would be grateful

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Місяць тому

      Did you check my website? I have some examples there: www.experimentaldesignhub.com But I also have some videos in the pipeline that will come out soon. So subscribe if you did not do that already :)

  • @sthabileduma341
    @sthabileduma341 Місяць тому

    Really great video. Took down some good notes. Thank you.

  • @vasushanmugam9072
    @vasushanmugam9072 Місяць тому

    Thanks for explaining @Marcel

  • @vasushanmugam9072
    @vasushanmugam9072 Місяць тому

    Yes, we would like to know how do we do it in Python. please do interesting videos. Thank you for the very insightful information.

  • @AmenProletar
    @AmenProletar 2 місяці тому

    Really underrated video, Marcel. Straight to the point. Thank you!

  • @Daniel-ve8oi
    @Daniel-ve8oi 2 місяці тому

    The topic of DoE is such a complex field and you've explained this stuff so nice, I'd wish to hear much more on these topics!

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 2 місяці тому

      I‘m already working on it :) I have some more resources on experimentaldesignhub.com that I did not had the time to film a video yet. But I will.

  • @ShaheenGhiassy
    @ShaheenGhiassy 2 місяці тому

    “I’m less than a million years old” is 100% accurate, but not very precise “I’m 42.5883828736377262663772828727474888472726616 years old” is very precise - but not accurate

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 2 місяці тому

      Yes 👍 that’s another way to put it

  • @UnexpectedBooks
    @UnexpectedBooks 2 місяці тому

    This is exactly what I needed to know to help understand my experimental results. New subscriber!

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 2 місяці тому

      Thanks for letting me know! It’s really motivating to hear that the effort I’m putting into making these videos is paying off by helping others.

  • @malleus30
    @malleus30 2 місяці тому

    Why are there so many edits? I counted three in one sentence

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 2 місяці тому

      Haha 😂 yeah, what can I say. I am trying to get better at it 😅.

  • @punditgi
    @punditgi 2 місяці тому

    Many thanks for this video! 🎉😊

  • @ichu163
    @ichu163 3 місяці тому

    Excellent presentation. Thank you.

  • @BarisDuygu-q2u
    @BarisDuygu-q2u 3 місяці тому

    Hey Marcel, Ive got the issue, that the results I have had some slip region included. Now of course when I remove these points, my cubic won't be complete. I tried to make a model based on the remaining runs, Used anova for this.

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 3 місяці тому

      Hey Baris, then you are dealing with an unbalanced design. That is not necessarily a problem and ANOVA might still work.

    • @BarisDuygu-q2u
      @BarisDuygu-q2u 3 місяці тому

      Should I remove these points? As my model should actually be able to have an error less then 1 mm. If I include this points, the model seem to have high error.

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 3 місяці тому

      Well that depends… how many points do you have in total? And how many replicates did you include into your design? Would it make sense to measure these points that you want to exclude again? Is your prediction still valid when you exclude the points? What happens if you try to predict the results for new parameters that the model was not trained on?

  • @123tobiiboii123
    @123tobiiboii123 5 місяців тому

    Thank you for this video. Why is it so hard to find clear information about DOE? It seems like there are 1000 random videos on youtube telling 0.1% of the story. Is it something that is often taught in University classrooms but has not really made its way out to those that are self-studying?

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 5 місяців тому

      That is exactly why I started with these videos! I have put some more resources on www.experimentaldesignhub.com I don’t know why there is so few information about it. My guess would be that DoE is quite commercialized. Even courses about DoE. They are usually quite expensive and not affordable if there isn’t a company paying for you.

    • @123tobiiboii123
      @123tobiiboii123 5 місяців тому

      @@MarcelButschle Yes, it seems like many of the courses look like Sigma Six style, optimise your business for less waste and huge profit! I would like to find a comprehensive book or resource written for someone who knows some statistics and wants an overview of the techniques. I just read Naked Statistics and found the style so approachable. NightHawkInLight put out a pretty good video on using the Taguchi method for the layman. I'm thinking of finding the R. A. Fisher book, I think I will be out of my depth but at least most of the information will be in one place. The website looks great, I appreciate your efforts

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 5 місяців тому

      Do you know the book: Design and Analysis of Experiments by Douglas C. Montgomery? Might be for you.

  • @mizanulhoque7084
    @mizanulhoque7084 6 місяців тому

    Thanks man. God will reward you.

  • @rusty-y8r
    @rusty-y8r 6 місяців тому

    pydoe2 is not not importing well in anaconda python.. it says imp is needed but i cannot install imp in newer version of python. Can someone share what python version works for pydoe2?

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 5 місяців тому

      Hey, I am using python version 3.11.7 and it works fine.

    • @danread1217
      @danread1217 5 місяців тому

      I had this recently. Try rolling back your Python version to 3.9.19. Seems pyDOE2 hasn't been updated for some time.

    • @danread1217
      @danread1217 5 місяців тому

      Also, try pyDOE3. It is a recent fork of pyDOE2 and is currently being maintained.

  • @aknaras6967
    @aknaras6967 6 місяців тому

    Thank you very much for your explaining.

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 6 місяців тому

      Pleasure :)

    • @uditsharma8438
      @uditsharma8438 3 місяці тому

      Bro, i requested to you kindly share the complete stoichiometry calculation with more example also supply ratio calculation

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 3 місяці тому

      Hey! Noted! Unfortunately I don’t have the time at the moment. Sorry…

  • @sebastianoverri9482
    @sebastianoverri9482 6 місяців тому

    Love your work. Thanks, your teaching is very clear even for a newby inthe subject like me.

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 6 місяців тому

      Thank you! Highly appreciated feedback :)

  • @pinkblossomsky
    @pinkblossomsky 6 місяців тому

    Why do we only work within the 0.05 to 0.25 relative pressure?

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 6 місяців тому

      The 0.05 to 0.25 relative pressure range is used in the BET method to ensure accurate surface area calculations, as it corresponds to the linear region of the BET plot where monolayer adsorption occurs.

    • @pinkblossomsky
      @pinkblossomsky 6 місяців тому

      @@MarcelButschle Thanks!!!

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 6 місяців тому

      No worries, sorry it took so long for me to respond :)

    • @pinkblossomsky
      @pinkblossomsky 6 місяців тому

      @@MarcelButschle au contraire, don't you worry. Thanks for answering my question.

  • @Cherrybl_29
    @Cherrybl_29 7 місяців тому

    Does that mean I can't use bet if I have type I isotherm?

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 6 місяців тому

      The BET method can be used with Type I isotherms, but it may not be ideal. Type I isotherms indicate microporous materials, where the BET assumptions may not hold true.

  • @mohammedbenali7546
    @mohammedbenali7546 7 місяців тому

    Thank you for this video. Please, if possible how we can do doehlert design in python, Video the scientific community please.

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 7 місяців тому

      Hi Mohammed, my approach is to keep it simple. I am aware that there are many different designs that can be very useful to some people but 90% of people will be fine with the combination of fractional design, full factorial design and central composite design. Therefore I am not planning to look into these „specialty designs“.

  • @aaGiGi
    @aaGiGi 8 місяців тому

    very clear, many thanks from me who know very little in statistic but have to use it 😊😊

  • @boulejouadilyas839
    @boulejouadilyas839 8 місяців тому

    so we can't calculate Sbet for a zeolite because it us microporous?

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 8 місяців тому

      Basically yes. You can of course calculate a number but it might not be very meaningful.

  • @BigAlpha365
    @BigAlpha365 9 місяців тому

    Easy to follow and relaxed explainatory video. Thanks for sharing

  • @christophersaid8985
    @christophersaid8985 9 місяців тому

    This is great, thanks for posting. I work at a startup that's extremely cheap, so having DOE capabilities in python is very cool. Would you be able to share the actual Jupyter Notebook? I couldn't find it on your site.

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 9 місяців тому

      Hey, sure! If you send me an email I can send you the actual Jupyter Notebook file. marcel.butschle@icloud.com

  • @PierriDellaBruna
    @PierriDellaBruna 10 місяців тому

    Great video! Really valuable material. Congratulations :)

  • @pauloboratto212
    @pauloboratto212 11 місяців тому

    Very interesting and well explained

  • @Sunilkharol
    @Sunilkharol 11 місяців тому

    Wow the video is so informative but still has very less views strange Very well explained 🙏

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 11 місяців тому

      Thank you 🙏 very much appreciated! Glad that the video was helpful to you :)

  • @pagoseto868
    @pagoseto868 Рік тому

    I have a question about the Atomicnumber example. When the Atomicnumber increases does the diameter really get bigger? Or do the electrons interact more because of the extra protons in the atomic core?

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Рік тому

      Hey Pagoseto, the atomic radius generally inceases when you move from left to right in the periodic table within a period due to increasing nuclear charge (more protons). However, if you move down a group, the atomic radius increases due to the increasing number of electron shells. Hope that helps.

  • @exploreyourdreamlife
    @exploreyourdreamlife Рік тому

    This video's explanation of better experiments in coating science is fantastic. Kudos to the creator for their expertise! Liked and Subbed!

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Рік тому

      Thanks for your feedback! Highly appreciated:)

  • @fightchris7359
    @fightchris7359 Рік тому

    Nice, explained very well. I like the approach to let ChatGPT write most of the code. Keep going!

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Рік тому

      Thank you fightchris! Highly appreciated. Yes, ChatGPT makes it extremely easy to write code. Saves a lot of time and it makes it very easy to get started also when you are less experienced.

  • @wolf4jidg
    @wolf4jidg Рік тому

    Cc?

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Рік тому

      Sorry, what is cc?

    • @vishwajoshi17
      @vishwajoshi17 Рік тому

      @@MarcelButschle cc means captions for the video. The video was helpful but it would be better if you include the captions, thank you much for this video

    • @DNAgaijin
      @DNAgaijin 11 місяців тому

      CC = Closed captions. This person is probably asking, "Hey, can you please electronically enable the SUBTITLES so he can read what you'e saying"@@MarcelButschle

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 11 місяців тому

      Hey, thanks for clarifying! Sorry it took so long but I finally added English subtitles. For some reason, UA-cam doesn’t want to do automatic captions so I added them manually.

  • @wolf4jidg
    @wolf4jidg Рік тому

    Cc?

  • @pagoseto868
    @pagoseto868 Рік тому

    Very helpful video to have an overview of what is important in such a case. Thanks :)

  • @punditgi
    @punditgi Рік тому

    This video is very important. Many thanks for creating it! 😊🎉

  • @SaeedZaker-k4s
    @SaeedZaker-k4s Рік тому

    Hi how XPS measures the surface composition by formula, which means under the peak ratio I know the software can do it, I want to know the formula. thank you

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Рік тому

      Hey, apologies for the late reply. I am not 100% sure but think it should be something like this: At%_i = (A_i/RSF_i / ∑(A_j/RSF_j for all j)) * 100% At%_i: atomic percentage of element i A_i: the peak area (or intensity) of element i RSF_i: the relative sensitivity factor for element i Explanation: When we look at the data from the XPS instrument, we see different peaks for the different elements. Each peak at corresponds to a different element. The number of electrons detected (the height of the peak) tells us how much of that element is present in the material. However, not all elements respond to XPS in the same way. Some elements naturally produce stronger signals (higher peaks) than others, even if they're present in the same amounts. That's where the relative sensitivity factor (RSF) comes in. The RSF is a correction factor that accounts for these differences. By dividing the raw signal (the initial height of the peak) by the RSF for that element, we can get a more accurate picture of how much of each element is actually present. Finally, we normalize the data. This means we adjust the numbers so they add up to 100%. This is useful because it allows us to express the composition of the material in terms of percentages, which are often easier to understand and compare.

  • @pagoseto868
    @pagoseto868 Рік тому

    I have 2 questions about the topic. What type of epoxy molecules do they use for those tabels? BADGE is not stable against uv light. As soon as an epoxy reacts with a hardener the oxiran ring opens and an OH group is formed. How impactful is the autocatalytic effect of those formed OH groups? Can their impact be compared to something like a DABCO catalyst?

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle Рік тому

      Hey pago, thanks for your questions and sorry for the delayed response. 1) They still use epoxy molecules that are BADGE based and you are right, they are not stable against UV-light. However, since the tables are indoor, UV dose is not as high. Thus, yellowing becomes manageable if light stabilizers are added to the resin. 2) I am not an organic chemist and I can’t give you a precise number on this autocatalytic effect. Not even sure how you would measure this impact since there are no epoxy resins that do not form this OH group. The reaction between phenol, formaldehyde and amines yields Mannich bases, which are used as catalyst for the epoxy curing reaction and it is the accelerating action of phenol that leads to this catalytic effect. In general, everything with hydroxyl groups catalyzes the reaction but I guess you already know that since you figured out the effect of the OH group within. And the effect of those might be comparable to DABCO or tin catalysts in PU systems. Hope this answer helps :)

    • @pagoseto868
      @pagoseto868 Рік тому

      @@MarcelButschle Thanks alot. Nice videos. They help me to refresh my knowledge (i am Studying at Esslingen, like you did) in a fast way.

  • @saidarhzaf
    @saidarhzaf Рік тому

    This video was very helpful and useful but it will be better with subs tiles in different languages to help us understand better 🙂

    • @MarcelButschle
      @MarcelButschle 11 місяців тому

      Hey, sorry it took so long… I finally added English subtitles.